IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-1372
Filed August 15, 2018
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
PAUL JOSEPH HOPKINS,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Monroe County, Lucy J. Gamon,
Judge.
Paul Hopkins appeals his conviction for extortion. AFFIRMED IN PART,
REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Theresa R. Wilson, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Louis S. Sloven, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Vaitheswaran, P.J., and Potterfield and Tabor, JJ.
2
VAITHESWARAN, Presiding Judge.
Paul Hopkins entered First State Bank in Albia and loudly and angrily
demanded money. In his words, if he did not receive the money, “the whole town
would burn.”
The State charged Hopkins with extortion. See Iowa Code § 711.4(1)(a),
711.4(1)(g), 711.4(2) (2016). A jury found him guilty as charged. Hopkins filed a
post-trial motion seeking to discharge his attorney. In response, his attorney
moved to withdraw. After questioning Hopkins, the district court allowed him to
represent himself in arguing his post-trial motion and at sentencing.
On appeal, Hopkins challenges (1) his trial attorney’s failure to request a
jury instruction defining the “threat” required for extortion and (2) the district court’s
colloquy to establish whether his post-trial waiver of his right to counsel was
knowing, voluntary, and intelligent.
I. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel – Jury Instruction
The jury was instructed the State would have to prove the following
elements of extortion:
1. On or about the 9th day of March, 2016, the defendant
threatened:
a. To inflict physical injury on employees of First Iowa
State Bank; or
b. To injure the property of First Iowa State Bank.
It is not necessary that all jurors agree to just “a” or “b.” It is
only necessary that all jurors agree to at least one of the two
alternatives.
2. The defendant communicated the threat towards
employees of the First Iowa State Bank.
3. The threat was made for the purpose of obtaining
something of value for the defendant or another person.
3
Hopkins contends his trial attorney was ineffective in failing to request the following
jury instruction defining “threat”:
As used in Instruction No. 15 a “threat” is a promise of
punishment, reprisal, or other distress. A “threat” need not be explicit
and may arise out of innuendo or suggestion. All that is necessary
is that the “threat” be definite and understandable to a reasonable
person of ordinary intelligence and that a reasonable person would
expect the “threat” to be carried out under the existing facts and
circumstances.
To prevail, Hopkins must show (1) counsel breached an essential duty and
(2) prejudice resulted. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984). We
find the record adequate to address the issue. State v. Schminkey, 597 N.W.2d
785, 788 (Iowa 1999).
Our de novo review reveals the following pertinent background. At trial, the
State proposed the following instruction defining “threat:”
As used in Instruction No. 15 a “threat” is a promise of
punishment, of reprisal, or of other distress. Such a “threat” may
arise out of innuendo or suggestion. All that is necessary is that the
“threat” be definite and understandable to a reasonable person of
ordinary intelligence.
Hopkins objected to the instruction on the ground it was “highly unnecessary and
extremely prejudicial” and “in effect” attempted to “tailor an element of the offense
to the defendant’s detriment.” His objection was successful. The district court
declined to give the State’s proposed instruction on the ground “threat” was “readily
understandable without a definition.”
Hopkins’ objection and the court’s ruling were consistent with precedent.
See State v. Crone, 545 N.W.2d 267, 271 (Iowa 1996) (applying the ordinary
dictionary definition of “threaten”); see also State v. Gant, 597 N.W.2d 501, 504-
05 (Iowa 1999) (same); cf. State v. Soboroff, 798 N.W.2d 1, 8-9 (Iowa 2011)
4
(concluding defendant was prejudiced by counsel’s failure to request a definition
of threat under a different Code provision—section 712.8—where there was
evidence the threat might not be taken seriously and was not intentionally
disseminated); State v. Virgil, 895 N.W.2d 873, 881 (Iowa 2017) (noting
“cohabitation” and “reside” have “specialized meanings under the Domestic Abuse
Act that warrant definitional instructions to guide the jury”). The objection was also
a reasonable strategic decision; Hopkins could have believed a “readily
understandable” definition of threat rather than a legalistic definition would inure to
his benefit. See State v. Johnson, 604 N.W.2d 669, 673 (Iowa Ct. App. 1999).
Hopkins acknowledges the State’s proposed instruction to which he
objected at trial is only “slightly different” from the one he now proposes. He
rationalizes his about-face by citing the Iowa Supreme Court’s holding in State v.
Jackson, 305 N.W.2d 420, 422-25 (Iowa 1981), overruled on other grounds by
State v. Lyman, 776 N.W.2d 865, 873 (Iowa 2010). The court there addressed a
jury instruction addressing threats under our terrorism and extortion statutes.
Jackson, 305 N.W.2d at 422. The court held both statutes focused on “the actor’s
intent, not on the victim’s expectations.” Id. at 423. The court also addressed
whether there was sufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that “a
reasonable person could have believed the threat would be carried out.” Id. at
424.
Hopkins seizes on this discussion to support the last sentence of his
proposed instruction: “a reasonable person would expect the ‘threat’ to be carried
out under the existing facts and circumstances.” But this language incorporates
an element not present in the definition of extortion. Accordingly, counsel had no
5
duty to advocate for the added language. We conclude Hopkins’ attorney was not
ineffective in failing to offer the proposed jury instruction.
II. Waiver of Right to Counsel
A defendant has a constitutional right to counsel at all critical stages of the
criminal proceeding and the corollary right to self-representation. See Iowa v.
Tovar, 541 U.S. 77, 80-81 (2004) (providing right to counsel exists “at all critical
stages of the criminal process”); Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 821 (1975)
(“The Sixth Amendment does not provide merely that a defense shall be made for
the accused; it grants to the accused personally the right to make his
defense.”). Sentencing is a critical stage of the criminal process. See State v.
Boggs, 741 N.W.2d 492, 506 (Iowa 2007). Before the district court accepts a self-
representation request, the court must make the defendant “aware of the dangers
and disadvantages of self-representation.” Faretta, 422 U.S. at 835
(quoting Adams v. United States, 317 U.S. 269, 279 (1942)); Hannan v. State, 732
N.W.2d 45, 55 (Iowa 2007).
Hopkins contends the district court allowed him to waive his right to counsel
without ensuring the waiver was knowing, voluntary, and intelligent. Our review of
this constitutional issue is de novo. State v. Rater, 568 N.W.2d 655, 658 (Iowa
1997).
The court engaged in the following colloquy with Hopkins:
COURT: All right. Mr. Hopkins, you did say off the record that
you wanted Mr. McCoy to withdraw and that you wanted to proceed
representing yourself from this point out. Is that correct?
HOPKINS: Yes.
COURT: And are you making that decision knowingly and
voluntarily?
HOPKINS: Yes.
6
COURT: Do you believe that you are fully capable of
representing yourself for the judgment and sentence phase of this
trial?
HOPKINS: Yes.
COURT: Do you believe you are fully capable of representing
yourself on the motion for new trial that you have filed?
HOPKINS: Yes.
COURT: Sir, are you currently under the influence of any
alcohol or prescription drugs or illegal drugs?
HOPKINS: I am not.
COURT: And let me ask you, Mr. McCoy. Mr. McCoy, do you
believe that the defendant is competent to represent himself going
forward?
McCOY: I understand him to be, Your Honor.
COURT: Okay. And, Mr. Hopkins, you understand you have
the right to have counsel represent you. Do you understand that?
HOPKINS: Yes.
COURT: And it is your own free choice to proceed in this
matter without counsel. Do you understand that?
HOPKINS: Yes.
COURT: Well, based on this informal colloquy, I am going to
allow you to withdraw, Mr. McCoy.
The colloquy failed to ensure Hopkins understood the dangers and disadvantages
of self-representation. See Hannan, 732 N.W.2d at 53 (“[E]ven if there was a
cognizable colloquy, it fell far short of discussing the necessary constitutional
concerns.”). As Hopkins points out, the court did not inquire into [his] education or
his level of comprehension”; ask about “his knowledge of the range of sentencing
options available”; ask about “his understanding of the risks of self-representation”;
or warn him “of the disadvantages of proceeding without counsel.”
The State argues “there was less of a need for a searching inquiry” in a
post-trial waiver of counsel. But the Iowa opinion cited for the proposition involved
an uncounseled sentencing hearing preceded by a counseled guilty plea at which
the defendant “was advised, in writing and in person . . . of the nature of the
7
charges, the possible punishments, and his procedural rights.” See State v. Harris,
No. 16-1139, 2017 WL 1735753, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. May 3, 2017).
Similarly, an Eighth Circuit opinion cited for the same proposition involved
a defendant with standby counsel at the sentencing hearing who was told he
“‘could consult with . . . counsel’ as much as he pleased”; made “extensive use of”
materials prepared by prior counsel at an earlier sentencing hearing; had sufficient
prior contact with the criminal justice system to give him a general knowledge of
the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation; and showed “a
sophisticated understanding of the hearing’s purposes and procedures.” See
United States v. Day, 998 F.2d 622, 626-27 (8th Cir. 1993).
Day is also inapposite because the Iowa Supreme Court has refused to
consider some of the factors cited in that opinion. See State v. Cooley, 608 N.W.2d
9, 18 (Iowa 2000). In Cooley, the court held “a harmless error analysis cannot be
utilized to cure the error incurred by an invalid acceptance of a defendant’s waiver
of the constitutional right to counsel and the resultant election to proceed with self-
representation.” Cf. State v. Hardin, No. 17-0595, 2017 WL 4050884, at *2 (Iowa
Ct. App. Sept. 13, 2017) (concluding colloquy was sufficient where the district court
advised Hardin “of the nature of the proceeding” and “that Hardin would be
advantaged by retaining counsel during the sentencing proceeding and
disadvantaged by representing himself”; “the sentencing hearing at issue was the
third sentencing hearing in this case”; “there was only one statutorily authorized
sentence available to the district court: a life sentence with the immediate
possibility of parole”; Hardin previously went through a colloquy and signed a
written waiver of counsel; and standby counsel was available); State v. Leonard,
8
No. 02-0120, 2003 WL 1968293, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 30, 2003) (upholding
the defendant’s waiver of right to counsel at the time of sentencing, concluding
although “the penalty here is severe”; “the defendant has a long history of criminal
activity and a history of pro se representation”; “[h]e was well aware of the charges
leveled against him as evidenced by the several pro se motions he personally
filed”; and “the only penalty that could be imposed was that which was set forth in
the plea agreement.”).
Even if we could consider the Day factors, such as a defendant’s knowledge
of the legal system, Hopkins lacked that knowledge. His arguments in support of
his new trial motion failed to identify any legally cognizable grounds. And his
statements at sentencing evinced a lack of understanding about the purposes
underlying a sentencing hearing. Hopkins did not speak in mitigation of
punishment other than to state he was innocent and did not question or discuss
the presentence investigation report. We conclude “the failure of the trial court to
conduct an adequate inquiry . . . results in reversible error.” State v. Stephenson,
608 N.W.2d 778, 783 (Iowa 2000).
III. Disposition
We affirm the jury’s finding of guilt, which was obtained with counsel. We
reverse the uncounseled post-trial proceedings and remand for post-trial
proceedings with the benefit of counsel or a knowing, intelligent and voluntary
waiver of counsel.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED WITH
DIRECTIONS.