in the Interest of A. R. O., a Child

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS

§
No. 08-18-00025-CV
IN THE INTEREST OF A.R.O., §
Appeal from
A CHILD. §
65th District Court
§
of El Paso County, Texas
§
(TC # 2016DCM2321)
§

OPINION

This appeal is from a judgment terminating the parental rights of Appellant, C.O., to her

daughter. We affirm.

FACTUAL SUMMARY

Appellant and her four-year-old daughter, A.R.O. (hereinafter referred to by the fictitious

name “Amber”), have lived in various homeless shelters in El Paso, and they have also lived with

Appellant’s boyfriend, C.E. (hereinafter referred to by the fictitious name “Charlie”). 1 In March

2016, Appellant left Amber at the Child Crisis Center because she was having financial difficulties

and did not have a place where both of them could stay. On March 18, 2016, personnel at the

Child Crisis Center filed a report with the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services

1
To protect the identity of the minor child and for convenience, the opinion will refer to C.O. as Appellant and to
A.R.O. by the fictitious name “Amber”. See TEX.R.APP.P. 9.8(a), (b). The opinion will also refer to Appellant’s
boyfriend, C.E., by the fictitious name, “Charlie”. The child’s father is unknown.
(the Department) regarding their concerns about Amber. The report addressed two subjects:

Appellant’s failure to pick up Amber after ten days2 and concerns about Charlie’s behavior when

he and Appellant visited Amber at the Child Crisis Center. It is the Child Crisis Center’s policy

to file a report if a child is not picked up within ten days. During the visits, Charlie appeared to be

mentally unstable and intoxicated, and on one occasion, he admitted having narcotics in his

possession. He also referred to himself as Appellant’s “personal protection agent.” Amber also

appeared to be afraid of him.

The intake was assigned to Erika Montoya who is an investigator with the Department.

Montoya attempted to speak with Amber about the allegations, but she responded to Montoya by

just saying the names of different colors. Montoya also spoke with a therapist at the Child Crisis

Center about Amber. On March 21, 2016, Montoya went to Charlie’s apartment to interview

Charlie and Appellant regarding the allegations in the intake report. Montoya saw bottles of

alcohol in the kitchen. Montoya informed Appellant that Amber could remain at the Child Crisis

Center only through that day and she needed to seek shelter for herself and Amber. Appellant told

Montoya that she had been living at Charlie’s apartment for a couple of weeks. She also told

Montoya that she had left the battered women’s shelter, La Posada, because she believed the

program was not helping her. At trial, however, Appellant testified that she left La Posada because

the facility had bed bugs. Appellant admitted to Montoya that she could not return to the Salvation

Army because she failed to meet the program’s requirements and was asked to leave. Montoya

explained that the Salvation Army has a “chronically homeless program” which requires parents

who are living there to actively seek employment, take care of their children, and apply for

housing.

2
When the Child Crisis Center filed the report on Friday, March 18, 2016, Amber had been at the center for a “couple
of weeks”, and Appellant had been given an extension until Monday, March 21, 2016 to pick up Amber.

-2-
 The Department worked with Appellant to find a shelter, but they were unsuccessful

because Appellant either did not meet a shelter’s requirements or she was not welcome to return

due to past non-compliance with the shelter’s programs. The Child Crisis Center was unwilling

to grant Appellant any additional extensions. When Montoya asked what her plan was for Amber,

Appellant stated that she wanted the Department to take temporary custody of Amber so she could

get her life together and find employment.

Montoya explained to Appellant that this would constitute failure to take parental

responsibility and Appellant stated she understood. The Department took emergency custody of

the Amber on March 22, 2016. It subsequently filed a petition seeking to terminate Appellant’s

parental rights.

The case was assigned to the Department’s caseworker, Amy Rivera, on March 23, 2016.

The Department developed a service plan for Appellant, but Appellant did not attend the meeting

scheduled for her to review the service plan with Rivera in April 2016. Rivera met with Appellant

in May 2016 to discuss the service plan. The service plan required Appellant to complete

psychological and psychiatric evaluations, OSAR assessment, to participate in individual

counseling, parenting classes, and random drug screening, and to maintain housing and

employment. Appellant completed the psychological evaluation and the OSAR drug and alcohol

assessment. As a result of the OSAR assessment, Appellant was referred to Aliviane for outpatient

treatment. She also completed the psychiatric evaluation, individual therapy, and parenting

classes. Appellant did not, however, maintain employment or stable housing during the pendency

of the case. She worked in temporary jobs, and at the time of trial, was working an average of

twenty hours a week for two weeks each month although she had worked thirty-seven hours the

week before trial. She sometimes worked as a food service substitute for the El Paso Independent

-3-
School District but was called only sporadically to fill in for an absent worker.

With regard to housing, Appellant had an apartment from November 2016 to about April

2017. In February 2017, the Department began working towards reuniting Appellant with Amber,

and Rivera had a meeting with Appellant to explain what was expected. Rivera specifically told

Appellant that Charlie could not be present during the visits. The Department scheduled the first

unsupervised visit for Appellant and Amber on February 25, 2017, but Appellant missed the visit

and she did not answer her telephone when Rivera attempted to contact her. Appellant later told

Rivera that her phone’s battery had died. Appellant had a visit with Amber the following day.

Rivera went to the apartment and saw that there was food in the refrigerator and the utilities were

working. The following week, Appellant had a second visit with Amber at the apartment, but there

was no food and Amber told the caseworker that she was hungry. At a visit in early March, the

caseworker observed that the apartment’s electricity had been turned off, but the Department gave

Appellant an opportunity to correct the issue before they canceled the visits. At the next visit, the

foster parent reported that Appellant failed to return Amber to the designated drop off point in

front of the apartment complex. Rivera went to the apartment complex and eventually found

Appellant and Amber at a different apartment complex on the same street. Appellant explained

that she had lost track of time and her phone’s battery had died. The Department canceled the

unsupervised visits because Appellant had not been providing food for Amber, the utilities in her

apartment had not been turned back on, she was not abiding by the pick-up and drop-off times,

and she had been allowing Charlie to be present during the visits.

In May 2017, Appellant was no longer living in the apartment and she told Rivera that she

was living with a man she had met at Wal-Mart. Rivera went to the home and met the man, but

she was unable to run a background check on him because she did not have the necessary

-4-
identifying information. Appellant began living at the Rescue Mission in July 2017 and she was

living there at the time of trial on January 26, 2018, but Appellant had been given a termination

notice from the Rescue Mission because she was not in compliance with its policies. Her final day

at the Rescue Mission was January 31, 2018, just five days after the final hearing. Appellant

believed the Rescue Mission would give her an extension, but George Sigales, a caseworker from

the Rescue Mission, testified that Appellant would not be given any additional extensions because

she had not applied for housing and had not saved 10% of her income as required by the Rescue

Mission’s policies. Appellant planned to call the Transitional Living Center but she had not yet

done so. Appellant admitted that her ability to care for Amber had not changed since the case

began. The Department filed a termination petition alleging that Appellant: (1) knowingly placed

or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or surroundings which endanger the

physical or emotional well-being of the child (Section 161.001 (b )( l )(D), Texas Family Code);

(2) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which

endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the child (Section 161.00l(b)(l)(E), Texas

Family Code); (3) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established

the actions necessary for the mother to obtain the return of the child who has been in the permanent

or temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective Services for

not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for

the abuse or neglect of the child (Section 161.00l(b)(l)(O), Texas Family Code); and (4) used a

controlled substance, as defined by Chapter 481, Health and Safety Code, in a manner that

endangered the health or safety of the child, and failed to complete a court-ordered substance abuse

treatment program; or (ii) after completion of a court-ordered substance abuse treatment program,

continued to abuse a controlled substance (Section 161.001(b)(1)(P), Texas Family Code). The

-5-
trial court found that the Department had proven the termination grounds under Section

161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), (O), and (P) by clear and convincing evidence, and that termination of

Appellant’s parental rights was in the child’s best interest. The trial court appointed the

Department as the permanent managing conservator of the child.

TERMINATION GROUNDS AND BEST INTEREST
UNDER SECTION 161.001

Appellant raises five issues challenging the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence

supporting the trial court’s findings. In Issues One through Four, Appellant attacks the legal and

factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting the four predicate termination grounds found by the

trial court under Section 161.001(b)(1). In Issue Five, she challenges the legal and factual

sufficiency of the evidence supporting the best interest finding made under Section 161.001(b)(2).

Parental rights may be involuntarily terminated through proceedings brought under Section

161.001 of the Texas Family Code. See TEX.FAM.CODE ANN. § 161.001 (West Supp. 2017).

Under this provision, the petitioner must (1) establish one or more of the statutory acts or omissions

enumerated as grounds for termination, and (2) prove that termination is in the best interest of the

children. See id. Both elements must be established and termination may not be based solely on

the best interest of the child as determined by the trier of fact. Texas Department of Human

Services v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987); In the Interest of A.B.B., 482 S.W.3d 135, 138

(Tex.App.--El Paso 2015, pet. dism’d w.o.j.). Only one predicate finding under Section

161.001(b)(1) is necessary to support a judgment of termination when there is also a finding that

termination is in the child’s best interest. In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003). We will

affirm the termination order if the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support any

alleged statutory ground the trial court relied upon in terminating the parental rights as well as the

-6-
finding of best interest. J.S. v. Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, 511 S.W.3d

145, 159 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2014, no pet.).

Standards of Review

When reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a termination case, we consider

all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s finding, “to determine whether a

reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” In

the Interest of J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 573 (Tex. 2005), quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266

(Tex. 2002); see In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344 (Tex. 2009). We give deference to the fact

finder’s conclusions, indulge every reasonable inference from the evidence in favor of that finding,

and presume the fact finder resolved any disputed facts in favor of its findings, so long as a

reasonable fact finder could do so. In the Interest of J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573. We disregard any

evidence that a reasonable fact finder could have disbelieved, or found to have been incredible,

but we do not disregard undisputed facts. In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d at 573; In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d

at 266.

In a factual sufficiency review, the inquiry is whether the evidence is such that a fact finder

could reasonably form a firm belief or conviction about the challenge findings. See In re J.F.C.,

96 S.W.3d at 266. We must give due consideration to evidence that the fact finder could

reasonably have found to be clear and convincing. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. A court of

appeals should consider whether disputed evidence is such that a reasonable fact finder could not

have resolved that disputed evidence in favor of its finding. Id. If the disputed evidence that a

reasonable fact finder could not have credited in favor of the finding is so significant that a fact

finder could not reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually

insufficient. Id.

-7-
 Section 161.001(b)(1)(E)

In Issue Two, Appellant contends that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to

support termination of her parental rights under Section 161.001(b)(1)(E). If the evidence is

legally and factually sufficient to support this termination ground, it is not necessary to address the

sufficiency challenges raised in Issues One, Three, and Four.

The trial court found by clear and convincing evidence that Appellant engaged in conduct,

or knowingly placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct, that endangered the physical

or emotional well-being of the child. The term “conduct,” as used in Section 161.001(b)(1)(E),

includes both the parent’s actions and failures to act. In re M.J.M.L., 31 S.W.3d 347, 351

(Tex.App.--San Antonio 2000, pet. denied). To “endanger” means to expose the child to loss or

injury or to jeopardize a child’s emotional or physical health. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d at 533; J.S. v.

Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, 511 S.W.3d at 159. Conduct that subjects a

child to a life of uncertainty and instability endangers the physical and emotional well-being of a

child. See A.S. v. Texas Department of Family and Protective Services, 394 S.W.3d 703, 712

(Tex.App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.); In re M.R.J.M., 280 S.W.3d 494, 503 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth

2009, no pet.). Neglect can be just as dangerous to the well-being of a child as direct physical

abuse. In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d 268, 270 (Tex. 1996). Endanger means more than a threat of

metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal family environment, but it is not

necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child suffer injury. Castaneda v.

Texas Department of Protective and Regulatory Services, 148 S.W.3d 509, 522 (Tex.App.--El

Paso 2004, pet. denied).

Under Section 161.001(b)(1)(E), the relevant inquiry is whether evidence exists that the

endangerment of the child’s physical well-being was the direct result of the parent’s conduct,

-8-
including acts, omissions, or failures to act. See In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex.App.--

Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). Termination under this subsection must be based on more than a single

act or omission; the statute requires a voluntary, deliberate, and conscious course of conduct by

the parent. Id. When determining whether a parent has engaged in an endangering course of

conduct, a fact finder may consider the parent’s actions and inactions that occurred both before

and after the child was born. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009); In re B.C.S., 479

S.W.3d 918, 926 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2015, no pet.); In re S.M., 389 S.W.3d 483, 491-92 (Tex.

App.--El Paso 2012, no pet.).

Appellant’s parental rights to her two older children were terminated in January 2011. The

evidence in that case showed that Appellant left the children with intoxicated neighbors while she

went drinking. Amber was born just a few months after the court signed the termination order.

Appellant is consistently homeless and she sometimes spends the night with men she meets on the

street or in stores. For example, Appellant met Charlie in 2014 when she was walking down the

street. Appellant told Charlie she did not have a place to stay and asked him for help. Charlie

invited them to stay at his home and they began a romantic relationship. In 2014, the Department

investigated allegations that Charlie and Appellant had violent altercations and he had pointed a

gun at her. The investigation was closed based on Appellant’s representation that she and Amber

had moved out of Charlie’s home. Appellant continued this pattern of spending the night with

strangers even during the pendency of this case.

Appellant and Amber have resided in shelters in El Paso, but Appellant is not welcome to

return to them. Most recently, she was asked to leave the Rescue Mission because she failed to

comply with its requirements of applying for housing and putting a portion of her income in

savings. Since the case began, Appellant has been working temporary jobs and she lived in an

-9-
apartment for a few months, but the electricity was disconnected due to her failure to pay the bill.

The caseworker provided Appellant with information about non-profit organizations that would

help her pay the utility bills, but Appellant did not contact any of them. Appellant also had

difficulty paying the rent and she sometimes did not have food for Amber during visits.

Appellant also endangered Amber’s emotional well-being by failing to regularly visit with

her. She attended only five out of twenty visits with Amber between April and May of 2017, and

she did not visit or communicate with her for the next several months. Rivera observed that when

she visited Appellant at the Rescue Mission, Appellant never asked her about Amber and did not

seem motivated to be reunited with her. The record demonstrates that Appellant has Appellant has

subjected Amber to a life of instability and uncertainty, and she has not provided for the child’s

basic needs. This conduct existed both before and after the case began. Despite being provided

with services and assistance, Appellant has not taken advantage of the assistance or significantly

altered her patterns of behavior. After reviewing the entire record, we conclude that the evidence

is both legally and factually sufficient to establish a firm conviction in the mind of the trial court

that Appellant engaged in conduct that endangered the physical or emotional well-being of the

child. See In re A.N., No. 02-14-00206-CV, 2014 WL 5791573 at *18 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth

2014, no pet.)(father’s continued homelessness and conduct of having the children sleep on pallets

behind a bar and panhandle along a highway was evidence of endangering conduct by father).

Issue Two is overruled. Consequently, it is unnecessary to address Issues One, Three, and Four.

Best Interest - Legal Sufficiency

In Issue Five, Appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence

supporting the best interest finding made under Section 161.001(b)(2) of the Family Code. A

determination of best interest necessitates a focus on the child, not the parent. See In the Interest

- 10 -
of B.C.S., 479 S.W.3d 918, 927 (Tex.App.--El Paso 2015, no pet.); In the Interest of R.F., 115

S.W.3d 804, 812 (Tex.App.--Dallas 2003, no pet.). There is a strong presumption that it is in the

child’s best interest to preserve the parent-child relationship. In re B.C.S., 479 S.W.3d at 927.

Several factors must be considered in our analysis of the best interest issue: the child’s desires;

the child’s emotional and physical needs now and in the future; the emotional and physical danger

to the child now and in the future; the parenting abilities of the individuals seeking custody; the

programs available to assist those individuals to promote the child’s best interest; the plans for the

child by those individuals or the agency seeking custody; the stability of the home or proposed

placement; the parent’s acts or omissions that may indicate that the existing parent-child

relationship is not a proper one; and any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions. Holley v.

Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 372 (Tex. 1976)(“the Holley factors”). We also must bear in mind that

permanence is of paramount importance in considering a child’s present and future needs. In re

B.C.S., 479 S.W.3d at 927.

We begin by examining the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the best interest

finding. The first factor is the desires of the child. Amber was six years of age at the time of trial,

and she indicated that she wishes to stay with her foster family and be adopted by them. This factor

weighs in favor of the best interest finding.

The next two factors are the child’s emotional and physical needs now and in the future,

and the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future. The need for permanence

is a paramount consideration for a child’s present and future physical and emotional needs.

Edwards v. Texas Department of Protective & Regulatory Services, 946 S.W.2d 130, 138

(Tex.App.--El Paso 1997, no pet.), disapproved of on other grounds by In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d

256 (Tex. 2002); In re U.P., 105 S.W.3d 222, 230 (Tex.App.--Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet.

- 11 -
denied)(stating that children need permanency and security). A fact finder may infer that past

conduct endangering the well-being of a child may recur in the future if the child is returned to the

parent. In re D.L.N., 958 S.W.2d 934, 934 (Tex. App.--Waco 1997, pet. denied). As determined

in our review of Issue Two, the evidence at trial established that Appellant engaged in conduct

which endangered the physical and emotional well-being of the child. Psychologist Felix Carrion

diagnosed Amber with attachment disorder and neglect. He testified that Amber’s circumstances

while living with Appellant caused her to experience a great deal of stress if not trauma. He

recommended that she remain with her foster family and offered his opinion that being returned to

Appellant could place Amber at great risk and have a devastating effect on her functioning. Based

on the evidence, the trial court could have determined that the second and third factors weigh

heavily in support of the best interest finding.

The fourth factor is the parenting abilities of the individuals seeking custody. In reviewing

the parenting abilities of a parent, a fact finder can consider the parent’s past neglect or past

inability to meet the physical and emotional needs of the children. D.O. v. Texas Department of

Human Services, 851 S.W.2d 351, 356 (Tex.App.--Austin 1993, no writ), disapproved of on other

grounds by In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256 (Tex. 2002). Even though Appellant successfully

completed the parenting classes she was required to take, she continued to make poor decisions

while the case was pending. The trial court could have determined that Appellant was unable to

provide for Amber physically or meet her emotional needs both before the case began and while

it was pending. This factor weighs heavily in favor of the best interest findings.

The fifth factor examines the programs available to assist those individuals to promote the

child’s best interest. Various programs were available to provide assistance to Appellant but she

failed to take advantage of them. The trial court could infer from Appellant’s failure to take the

- 12 -
initiative to utilize the available programs that she would not have the ability to motivate herself

in the future. In re W.E.C., 110 S.W.3d 231, 245 (Tex.App.--Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). This

factor supports the court’s best interest finding.

We will consider the sixth and seventh factors together. The sixth factor examines the

plans for the child by those individuals or the agency seeking custody. The seventh factor is the

stability of the home or proposed placement. The fact finder may compare the parent’s and the

Department’s plans for the child and determine whether the plans and expectations of each party

are realistic or weak and ill-defined. D.O., 851 S.W.2d at 356. At trial, Appellant indicated that

she needed additional time to address her employment and housing situation, and she indicated

that her plan was to continue living in shelters. This demonstrates the same lack of planning and

poor decision-making that caused Appellant to leave Amber at the Child Crisis Center in March

2016. As Appellant admitted, her circumstances had not changed since the case began. The trial

court could have found after comparing these plans that the Department’s plan is significantly

more realistic than Appellant’s ill-defined plan.

Amber is bonded with her foster family and refers to her foster parents as “mom” and

“dad”. Amber has improved significantly since she began living with the foster family in that she

has become engaged and talkative and has improved at school. Further, she is engaged in

extracurricular activities at school. The foster parents have expressed an interest in adopting

Amber. The trial court could have found that allowing Amber to remain with her foster parents in

a stable home is the far better plan and offers Amber permanency she would not have with

Appellant. The sixth and seventh factors weigh in favor of the best interest finding.

The eighth factor is the parent’s acts or omissions that may indicate that the existing parent-

child relationship is not a proper one. The evidence established that Appellant endangered

- 13 -
Amber’s physical and emotional well-being by failing to provide a safe and stable home for

Amber, moving in with strangers, moving from shelter to shelter, failing to take the steps that

would lead to reunification, and failing to visit her. Based on this evidence, the trial court could

have found that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one.

The ninth factor is whether there is any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions.

Appellant’s brief does not address this factor. This factor supports the best interest finding.

Having reviewed all of the Holley factors, we conclude that the evidence is both legally

and factually sufficient to establish a firm conviction in the mind of the trial court that termination

of Appellant’s parental rights is in the child’s best interest. Issue Five is overruled. The judgment

terminating Appellant’s parental rights to Amber is affirmed.

August 14, 2018
ANN CRAWFORD McCLURE, Chief Justice

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Palafox, JJ.

- 14 -