MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Aug 16 2018, 8:12 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
court except for the purpose of establishing Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Kimberly A. Jackson Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Indianapolis, Indiana Attorney General of Indiana
Tyler G. Banks
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Timothy Allen, August 16, 2018
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-367
v. Appeal from the Franklin Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable J. Steven Cox,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
24C01-1108-FB-48
Brown, Judge.
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[1] Timothy Allen appeals the revocation of his probation. Allen raises two issues
which we revise and restate as:
I. Whether the trial court abused its discretion when it denied his
counsel’s motion to withdraw; and
II. Whether the trial court committed fundamental error when it
admitted certain evidence.
We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On August 15, 2012, the court sentenced Allen to twenty years for conspiracy
to manufacture methamphetamine as a class B felony with all time suspended
to probation. On April 5, 2017, the State filed a verified petition of probation
violation. On May 24, 2017, the court entered an order finding that Allen
violated the terms and conditions of his probation and sentenced him to serve
the previously-suspended sentence of twenty years. Allen appealed and argued
that he did not waive his right to counsel at the fact-finding hearing on the
petition to revoke his probation. Allen v. State, No. 24A05-1706-CR-1303, slip
op. at 1 (Ind. Ct. App. October 17, 2017). The State agreed that the record did
not reflect a valid waiver of the right to counsel, and we reversed and
remanded. Id. at 2.
[3] On October 24, 2017, the State filed an amended verified petition of probation
violation alleging that Allen committed: Count I, dealing in methamphetamine
as a level 3 felony; Count II, possession of methamphetamine as a level 5
felony; Count III, illegal possession of precursors as a level 6 felony; and Count
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IV, maintaining a common nuisance as a level 6 felony in cause number 24C01-
1704-F3-299. The State also alleged that Allen tested positive for THC on April
17, 2015, for THC and methamphetamine on July 17, 2015, for THC on
August 28, 2015, for methamphetamine on July 8, 2016, and for
methamphetamine on August 19, 2016.
[4] On October 25, 2017, the court scheduled a fact-finding hearing for December
6, 2017. On November 22, 2017, an attorney was appointed to represent Allen.
On November 30, 2017, Allen filed a motion for continuance. On December 5,
2017, the court granted the motion and rescheduled the hearing for January 31,
2018.
[5] On January 24, 2018, Allen’s counsel filed a petition to withdraw appearance
asserting that Allen “expressed to [counsel] that he does not want him to
represent him in this matter and therefore has stopped working with [counsel]
on his defense and has made further representation impossible.” Appellant’s
Appendix Volume II at 82. On January 25, 2018, the court denied the petition.
That same day, Allen filed a handwritten motion asking to terminate his
attorney because he “said he has more clients than just me and couldn’t or
didn’t have time to look up or try to fight for me” and that he believed his
attorney did not have “any interest and says I will not beat my case.” Id. at 85.
The motion also stated: “I need an attorney who will at least try to help me.”
Id.
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[6] On January 31, 2018, the court held a hearing and mentioned Allen’s motion.
The following exchange then occurred:
THE COURT: . . . [I]s there any response from either, uh,
[Allen’s counsel] or the State?
[Prosecutor]: State has no response.
[Allen’s Counsel]: Your Honor, I’ve done everything that I can
to prepare for trial, other then [sic] that I have no response.
THE COURT: Well, the Court is aware of many things that you
have done, the Pre-Trials that we have conducted off . . . out of
hearing and with the State. It’s never been my experience with
counsel that he was not at all times in those and other
conferences, uh continuing in not only advocacy, but vehement
advocacy on behalf of Mr. Allen. So, it’s . . . it’s . . . the . . . I
don’t know what . . . I’m not privy to your conversations with
each other, but the Motion itself seems innocuous to . . . uh, the
effort I’ve seen you expend at least when the Court and the State
were all present. So, uh, I guess the only question is, uh, are you
still in a position to go forward with whatever you’ve prepared to
do in assisting or advocating for Mr. Allen in this matter?
[Allen’s Counsel]: Your Honor, I’m prepared to go forward, but
I also filed a Motion to Withdraw because Mr. Allen indicated
that he did not want me as his counsel. So, that was denied by
the Court.
THE COURT: Well, the problem with the request is that to
relieve you of . . . of representation puts us back in the position of
Mr. Allen being unrepresented . . . .
[Allen’s Counsel]: Correct, Your Honor.
THE COURT: . . . . which the Court of Appeals said was
inappropriate. Uh, even though he didn’t ask for counsel until
the day of the hearing, so the Court will deny the Motion so that
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we can continue with counsel and with representation of record.
The law does not require a harmonious relationship between the
parties. It only requires that, uh, confident advocacy is exhibited
on behalf of the issues that are presented before the Court. So the
Motion to . . . for you to withdraw would be denied and the
Motion for substitution of counsel or to remove you as counsel
by Mr. Allen would also be denied, uh, and preserved for the
record.
Transcript Volume II at 5-6.
[7] Chief Probation Officer Brian Campbell testified that Allen failed drug screens
administered by the probation department and was alleged to have committed a
new offense. He testified that he was not “personally always” involved in
supervising Allen, that Allen Benker and Kent Hildenbrand, who were under
his supervision, were engaged in supervising Allen. Id. at 8. The prosecutor
introduced a drug report as State’s Exhibit 2, and Allen’s counsel objected on
the basis of a lack of proper foundation. Campbell testified that the documents
included a drug screen result from Allen’s test on April 17, 2015, that he
collected the sample, and that Allen signed the document in his presence. He
also testified that State’s Exhibit 2 included a drug screen result from Allen’s
test on July 17, 2015, and that Hildebrand collected that sample. He testified
that the exhibit included an affidavit from Bridget Lorenz Lemberg who was a
technician at the lab. He stated that the documents indicated that Allen tested
positive for THC and oxycodone on April 17, 2015, and amphetamine,
methamphetamine, and THC on July 17, 2015. Allen’s counsel again objected
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to the admission of the documents, and the court admitted the documents as
State’s Exhibit 2.
[8] Campbell testified that State’s Exhibit 3 contained the results of a drug screen
sent to a different lab, which indicated that Allen tested positive for marijuana,
and the court admitted the exhibit without objection. Campbell stated that
State’s Exhibit 4 contained a drug test result for July 8, 2016, which indicated
that Allen tested positive for methamphetamine, amphetamine, hydrocodone,
and hydromorphone. The court admitted State’s Exhibit 4 without objection.
Campbell testified that State’s Exhibit 5 consisted of drug screen results from
August 19, 2016, indicating Allen tested positive for methamphetamine and
amphetamine, as well as a chain of custody form and an affidavit from the
toxicologist. The court admitted State’s Exhibit 5 without objection.
[9] Campbell also testified that Allen had been charged with new offenses and that
State’s Exhibit 6 consisted of the new charges. The court admitted State’s
Exhibit 6 for the limited purpose of showing that Allen was charged with new
offenses including Count I, dealing in methamphetamine as a level 3 felony,
Count II, possession of methamphetamine as a level 5 felony, Count III, illegal
possession of precursors as a level 6 felony, and Count IV, maintaining a
common nuisance as a level 6 felony.
[10] Indiana State Trooper Rusty Slater testified that he investigated Allen, checked
NPLEx, a national precursor log exchange, and found that Allen had made
thirteen to fourteen purchases after his conviction between April 26, 2016, and
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March 7, 2017. He testified that Trooper Pete Gates and Trooper Tim
Wuestefeld performed a trash pull from Allen’s residence and that he went
through the trash and found a meth lab. Allen’s counsel objected on the basis
that Trooper Slater was testifying what somebody said to him, and the court
allowed the testimony. Trooper Slater testified that he obtained a search
warrant for Allen’s residence and discovered a meth pipe, paraphernalia, a
coffee filter that tested positive for methamphetamine, ammonia nitrate, liquid
fire, sodium hydroxide, and a methamphetamine producing lab.
[11] Franklin County Sheriff’s Deputy Ryan Geiser testified that he assisted in the
execution of the warrant, located a bottle in the direction from which he saw
Allen walking when he arrived, and that the contents of the bottle were
consistent with a process of manufacturing methamphetamine known as the
shake and bake process.
[12] After the parties’ arguments, Allen stated that he “failed because of me” and
that he thought he would have been “better off if I could have went somewhere
else.” Id. at 46. The following exchange occurred:
THE COURT: . . . Now the State’s request is for the entire
amount to be revoked. I did that once without an attorney. The
Court of Appeals said, no, you should have an attorney. You’ve
got one sitting there. I don’t know of anything that he’s done
that is not vehement advocacy on your behalf. I can tell you in
our pre-trial conferences with the State and he, he has made
every argument under the sun about while [sic] we should put
this off. We should postpone it. We should let you prove
something else. We should . . . I mean, the thought that he has
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not advocated for you is frankly laughable, but he’s . . . he’s up
against a pretty tall brick wall, isn’t he?
[Allen]: Yes.
THE COURT: That you created, right?
[Allen]: Yes.
Id. at 48. The court later stated:
And I want you to understand this, . . . State’s Exhibit 2, 3, 4 and
5 are all failed drug screens that any of them would have revoked
your probation. And we continued to work with you to try to get
you to Community Mental Health and to other things that would
help you, short of in-patient treatment again because you had
already completed that. It just didn’t work. No one is faulting
you for relapsing, it is expected by people who struggle with
addictions. That’s why there was no revocations in those
periods, but when you turned around and got arrested for the
allegation of making or creating for others use, or for your own
use. No, that isn’t going to happen. That’s the problem. Now I
don’t know if the State can ever prove you did that, they don’t
have to for revocation of probation. The bar is much higher and
there [sic] standard is much lower. All they have to show, is that
you have now gone beyond just failing drug screens, and you’re
buying, your [sic] accumulating precursors, you are involved in
things completely against your ability to be involved in a
probation . . . probation program. And that’s . . . that’s exactly
what they’ve shown. So, uh, the Court will . . . order the
suspended portion executed.
Id. at 50.
[13] On February 5, 2018, the court entered an order finding that Allen “did violate
the terms and conditions of Probation,” sentencing him to serve his previously-
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suspended sentence of twenty years, and finding that he was allowed to
participate in the Purposeful Incarceration Program. Appellant’s Appendix
Volume II at 90.
Discussion
I.
[14] The first issue is whether the trial court abused its discretion when it denied
Allen’s motion that his attorney withdraw. Allen argues that the trial court
abused its discretion by ruling on his motion without ever speaking to him or
hearing from him at the hearing. He asserts that this Court’s prior opinion
never barred him from validly waiving his right to counsel at the new hearing or
prohibited the trial court from accepting such a valid waiver.
[15] The State argues the grounds alleged in Allen’s motion were insufficient to
constitute viable grounds for withdrawal of counsel and asserts that Allen’s
motion was filed only six days before the date of the fact-finding hearing on the
petition to revoke. It also contends that Allen failed to prove prejudice from the
denial of his motion for his counsel to withdraw. It argues that Allen’s claim
that his motion was actually a motion to proceed pro se is unpersuasive because
at no point did he state that he wanted to represent himself.
[16] To the extent Allen phrases the issue as whether he was denied his right to
proceed pro se, we cannot say that reversal is warranted. The Indiana Supreme
Court has observed that a request to proceed pro se is a waiver of the right to
counsel and that consequently there are several requirements to invoking the
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right of self-representation successfully. Stroud v. State, 809 N.E.2d 274, 279
(Ind. 2004). A defendant’s request must be clear and unequivocal, and it must
be made within a reasonable time prior to trial. Id. The record reveals that
Allen did not request to proceed pro se. Allen’s handwritten motion, which
stated that he needed an attorney who would try to help him, did not constitute
a clear and unequivocal request to proceed pro se.
[17] To the extent Allen argues that his right to counsel of choice was violated, we
observe that a probationer faced with a petition to revoke his probation is
entitled to representation by counsel. Cooper v. State, 900 N.E.2d 64, 66 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2009); Ind. Code § 35-38-2-3(f). Generally, the right to counsel of
choice is not absolute. Lewis v. State, 730 N.E.2d 686, 688-689 (Ind. 2000). “It
is well settled that the right to counsel of choice must be exercised at the
appropriate stage of the proceeding.” Id. (citations and internal quotation
marks omitted). The Indiana Supreme Court has stated that a “trial court, in
the exercise of its discretion, may refuse to allow an accused to replace counsel
during or immediately before trial because such a substitution would require the
court to grant a continuance.” Id. at 690. “The denial of a continuance is
reviewed for an abuse of discretion, and the denial of the right to counsel of
choice . . . is reviewed to determine whether the trial court acted unreasonably
and arbitrarily.” Id. (citations omitted). A defendant must demonstrate that he
was prejudiced before we may reverse because the trial court denied counsel’s
motion to withdraw. See Bronaugh v. State, 942 N.E.2d 826, 830 (Ind. Ct. App.
2011) (citing Corder v. State, 467 N.E.2d 409, 413 (Ind. 1984) (stating that “[a]s
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defendant has not shown that the denial of the motion to withdraw jeopardized
or prejudiced him, we cannot now reverse”)), trans. denied.
[18] The record reveals that the State filed its initial verified petition for probation
violation on April 5, 2017, and following remand by this Court, the State filed
an amended verified petition of probation violation on October 24, 2017, the
trial court initially scheduled a fact-finding hearing for December 6, 2017, but
later granted a motion to continue filed by Allen and rescheduled the hearing
for January 31, 2018. Seven days prior to the hearing, Allen’s counsel filed a
petition to withdraw his appearance. Six days prior to the hearing, Allen filed a
handwritten motion asking to terminate his attorney. Under these
circumstances, we cannot say that Allen has demonstrated that he was
prejudiced by the denial or that reversal is warranted. See Bronaugh, 942 N.E.2d
at 830 (citing Moore v. State, 557 N.E.2d 665, 668 (Ind. 1990) (recognizing the
“late date” of a motion to withdraw filed three weeks before trial)).
II.
[19] The next issue is whether the trial court committed fundamental error when it
admitted certain evidence. Allen argues that the testimony of Trooper Slater
and Probation Officer Campbell and State’s Exhibits 2 through 5 and 7
constituted inadmissible hearsay which does not pass the substantial
trustworthiness test. He states that he did not object to most of the evidence
presented by the State and that the fundamental error doctrine applies. The
fundamental error doctrine is extremely narrow and applies only when the error
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amounts to a blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for
harm is substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant fundamental
due process. Lehman v. State, 926 N.E.2d 35, 38 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), reh’g
denied, trans. denied.
[20] “Although probationers are not entitled to the full array of constitutional rights
afforded defendants at trial, ‘the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment [does] impose [ ] procedural and substantive limits on the
revocation of the conditional liberty created by probation.’” Debro v. State, 821
N.E.2d 367, 374 (Ind. 2005) (citing Cox v. State, 706 N.E.2d 547, 549 (Ind.
1999) (citing Black v. Romano, 471 U.S. 606, 610, 105 S. Ct. 2254 (1985))). The
minimum requirements of due process that inure to a probationer at a
revocation hearing include the right to confront and cross-examine adverse
witnesses. Woods v. State, 892 N.E.2d 637, 640 (Ind. 2008). See also Ind. Code §
35-38-2-3 (providing in pertinent part that a probationer “is entitled to
confrontation, cross-examination, and representation by counsel”).
[21] “Nonetheless, confrontation rights in the context of probation revocation are
not as extensive as they are in criminal trials.” Knecht v. State, 85 N.E.3d 829,
833 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). Indiana Evidence Rule 101(c)(2) allows for the
admission of evidence during probation revocation hearings that would not be
permitted in a full-blown criminal trial. Yet, “[t]his does not mean that hearsay
evidence may be admitted willy-nilly in a probation revocation hearing.” Reyes
v. State, 868 N.E.2d 438, 440 (Ind. 2007), reh’g denied. The Indiana Supreme
Court adopted the substantial trustworthiness test as the means for determining
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whether hearsay evidence should be admitted at a probation revocation
hearing. Id. In applying the substantial trustworthiness test, “‘ideally [the trial
court should explain] on the record why the hearsay [is] reliable and why that
reliability [is] substantial enough to supply good cause for not producing . . .
live witnesses.’” Id. at 442 (quoting United States v. Kelley, 446 F.3d 688, 693
(7th Cir. 2006)). Failure to provide an explanation on the record is not fatal
where the record supports such a determination. Id. We also observe that the
Indiana Supreme Court noted that the United States Supreme Court’s decision
on the Sixth Amendment right to confrontation in criminal trials, Crawford v.
Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 124 S. Ct. 1354 (2004), is not implicated because
probation revocation hearings are not criminal trials. Reyes, 868 N.E.2d at 440
n.1.
[22] In this case, Allen’s failure to object to some of the evidence deprived the court
of the opportunity to make a substantial trustworthiness determination.
Nevertheless, the record reveals that the evidence would support a
determination that the evidence challenged by Allen was substantially
trustworthy.
[23] The record includes test results from Forensic Fluid Laboratories, an affidavit of
Bridget Lorenz Lemberg, M.S., and her curriculum vitae. The drug test results
indicated that Allen’s sample collected on April 17, 2015, tested positive for
THC and oxycodone and that his sample collected on July 17, 2015, tested
positive for amphetamine, methamphetamine, and THC. In her affidavit,
Lemberg asserted that she is the Laboratory Director at Forensic Fluids
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Laboratories, stated she was “familiar with the procedures employed to ensure
the chain of custody of samples, the testing of those samples, and the validity of
the test procedures employed by our laboratory,” detailed the procedure
employed by the laboratory, stated that she “reviewed all of the records in this
lab in regard to the oral fluid sample as identified in the attached report,”
asserted that “[a]ll of the procedures identified in this affidavit were followed in
regards to this sample,” and stated that the “attached document(s) are the
original or exact duplicates of the original business records maintained by
Forensic Fluids Laboratories Inc. in regards to Timothy Allen (Donor).”
State’s Exhibit 2.
[24] The record also includes an affidavit of Jeff Retz, the Scientific Director and a
Certifying Scientist at Witham Memorial Hospital Toxicology Laboratory, his
curriculum vitae, and test results. In his affidavit, Retz asserted that, prior to
his employment as toxicologist, he worked for fifteen years as the laboratory
supervisor at the Indiana Department of Toxicology. He asserted that he was
“familiar with the procedures employed to ensure the chain of custody of
samples, the testing of those samples and the validity of the test procedures
employed by our lab.” State’s Exhibit 3. The affidavit referenced the urine
sample taken from Allen on July 8, 2016, and stated that Retz concluded that
Allen would have used “an opiate containing drug (or food) some time in the
48 hours prior to collection / an amphetamine some time in the 72 hours prior
to collection.” Id. State’s Exhibit 4 and 5 included a similar affidavit of Retz,
his curriculum vitae, and test results. In his affidavit, Retz concluded that
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Allen’s sample taken on August 19, 2016, indicated the presence of
amphetamines and that Allen would have used an amphetamine some time in
the seventy-two hours prior to collection.
[25] Based upon the record, we conclude that the evidence adequately supports a
finding that the affidavits of Lemberg and Retz are substantially trustworthy.
See Reyes, 868 N.E.2d at 442 (holding that the evidence supported a finding that
Retz’s affidavits were substantially trustworthy). Consequently, we cannot say
that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the affidavits and
toxicology reports.
Conclusion
[26] For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the revocation of Allen’s probation.
[27] Affirmed.
Bailey, J., and Crone, J., concur.
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Timothy Allen v. State of Indiana (mem. dec.)
Combined Opinion