State v. Hart

[Cite as State v. Hart, 2018-Ohio-3272.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 105673

STATE OF OHIO

PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

vs.

DAVID HART

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT

JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART,
AND REMANDED

Criminal Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-16-611012-A

BEFORE: E.T. Gallagher, P.J., Stewart, J., and S. Gallagher, J.

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: August 16, 2018
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Mary Catherine Corrigan
4403 St. Clair Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44103

Marcus S. Sidoti
Jordan & Sidoti, L.L.P.
50 Public Square
Terminal Tower Suite 1900
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

BY: Oscar Albores
Gregory Paul
Assistant Prosecuting Attorneys
The Justice Center, 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, P.J.:

{¶1} Defendant-appellant, David Hart, appeals his convictions and claims the following

three errors:

1. The trial court erred by failing to grant the appellant’s motion to dismiss due
to preindictment delay.

2. The trial court erred by admitting evidence of prior acts as said evidence did
not meet the requirements of Evid.R. 404(B).

3. The guilty verdict cannot stand as the state failed to prove the case beyond a
reasonable doubt.

{¶2} We find some merit to the appeal and affirm the trial court’s judgment denying

Hart’s motion to dismiss for preindictment delay. However, we reverse Hart’s convictions and

remand the case to the trial court for a new trial.

I. Facts and Procedural History

{¶3} Hart was charged with one count of rape with a sexually violent predator

specification; one count of corruption of a minor; and one count of kidnapping with sexual

motivation and sexually violent predator specifications. Prior to trial, Hart filed a motion to

dismiss the indictment, arguing he was prejudiced by preindictment delay. The offenses

allegedly occurred in October 1998, and Hart was indicted in October 2016. The trial court

denied the motion, and the case proceeded to trial.

{¶4} On the eve of trial, the state filed a notice of intent to introduce other acts evidence

pursuant to Evid.R. 404(B). Hart’s trial counsel sought to exclude the other acts evidence on
grounds that the evidence was inadmissible under Evid.R. 404(B) and because the notice was

untimely. The trial court admitted the evidence over defense objection.

{¶5} The victim, C.H., testified at trial that on or about October 12, 1998, she and her

friend T.J., who were students at Shaw High School in East Cleveland, decided to cut school.

While they were walking down the street, they observed a car driven by someone whom T.J.

knew but C.H. did not. They entered the vehicle, which was occupied by two men including

Hart, and drove to a brick, ranch style house in “the Miles area” of Cleveland. (Tr. 290-291.)

At the house, T.J., C.H., Hart, and the driver of the car went directly into a TV room in the

basement where a third man was playing video games. On one side of the room, a doorway

opened into a laundry room. On the other side of the room, a doorway opened into a small

room that contained a weight bench and some weights.

{¶6} At first, C.H., T.J., Hart, and the driver sat on couches in the basement drinking and

smoking. After awhile, T.J. and the driver went into the laundry room, and Hart began fondling

C.H.’s breasts and kissing her neck in the presence of the third man, who was playing video

games. (Tr. 296.) C.H. told him “no,” and stood up to walk out of the house. (Tr. 299-300.)

Hart blocked her exit and pushed her onto a weight bench in the weight room, where he removed

her pants and held her down by the wrists while he put on a condom. C.H. alleges that Hart then

vaginally raped her. (Tr. 300-303.)

{¶7} After the rape, C.H. told T.J., who was still in the laundry room, that it was time to

go. The girls walked to C.H.’s sister’s house in East Cleveland where she called her mother and

reported what happened. C.H.’s mother took her to Huron Hospital where a rape kit was

collected. C.H. spoke with the police at the hospital, and a detective later went with C.H. to the

house where the rape occurred for identification purposes. However, C.H. did not hear from the
police again until the summer of 2016. (Tr. 311-312.) By that time, investigators had

discovered that DNA from the rape kit matched Hart’s DNA in the Combined DNA Index

System (“CODIS”), a national database used to collect and store DNA profiles from convicted

offenders.

{¶8} T.J. testified at trial and confirmed that she and C.H. cut school one day in October

1998 and went to an unknown man’s house in the Miles area. According to T.J., C.H. was

emotional when they left the house because the man she was with “possibly took it too far.” (Tr.

372.) T.J. explained that C.H. “probably did not want to do what they did.” (Tr. 372.)

However, T.J. also stated that C.H. went with Hart into the weight room voluntarily. (Tr. 370.)

{¶9} A.P., a victim from a prior criminal case, testified over objection that she was

sexually assaulted by Hart in 1996 when she was 15-years old. A.P. explained that her friend

Ann, pretending to be A.P., arranged to meet Hart at Ann’s house. Hart and his friend picked up

Ann and A.P. and took them to a house on Cleveland’s west side near Denison Avenue. They

went directly into the basement of the house where A.P. soon found herself alone with Hart.

(Tr. 453.) A.P. testified that Hart grabbed her breasts and tried to pull her shorts down. Hart

forcibly rubbed A.P.’s vagina, but before he could rape her, A.P. escaped out of the house. (Tr.

457.)

{¶10} Detective Sonya Dziuba testified that she conducted the investigation after

investigators discovered the CODIS “hit” that identified Hart as the perpetrator of C.H.’s rape.

When Dziuba called Hart and told him she was investigating “an old case,” he asked, “Is this

about a rape?” (Tr. 572.) Dziuba informed Hart that she could neither confirm nor deny the

circumstances of the old case, and Hart indicated that he did not want to talk to her. Dziuba did
not speak with Hart again until after he was arrested and she executed a search warrant to obtain

a buccal swab for his DNA, which again matched the DNA in the rape kit.

{¶11} After hearing all the evidence, the jury reached an impasse in their deliberations

and the court gave them a Howard charge. A juror failed to appear for service the following

day, and the deliberations began anew. Ultimately, the jury found Hart guilty on all counts, and

the court found him guilty of the sexually violent predator specifications. The kidnapping and

corruption of a minor charge merged with the rape conviction, and the court sentenced Hart to

ten years to life in prison on the rape conviction and sexually violent predator specification.

Hart now appeals his convictions.

II. Law and Analysis

A. Preindictment Delay

{¶12} In the first assignment of error, Hart argues the trial court erred in denying his

motion to dismiss for preindictment delay.

{¶13} The statute of limitations for a criminal offense is the defendant’s primary

protection against overly stale criminal charges. U.S. v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 322, 92 S.Ct.

455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971). However, the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment

provides additional protection against prejudice caused by preindictment delay if preindictment

delay is (1) unjustifiable and (2) causes actual prejudice. State v. Jones, 148 Ohio St.3d 167,

2016-Ohio-5105, 69 N.E.3d 688, ¶ 12.

{¶14} In Jones, the Ohio Supreme Court established a burden-shifting framework for

analyzing a due-process claim based on preindictment delay. Id. at ¶ 13. Under this

framework, a defendant is first required to present evidence of actual prejudice, and if actual

prejudice is established, the burden shifts to the state to produce evidence of a justifiable reason
for the delay. Id. If the defendant fails to establish actual prejudice, the court is not required to

consider the reasons for the delay. State v. Adams, 144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, 45

N.E.3d 127, ¶ 107.

{¶15} In Jones, the court also set forth the appropriate standard for evaluating actual

prejudice, which involves a “delicate judgment” and a “case-by-case consideration” of the

particular circumstances. Id. at ¶ 20. In determining whether a defendant has suffered actual

prejudice, “[a] court must ‘consider the evidence as it exists when the indictment is filed and the

prejudice the defendant will suffer at trial due to the delay.’” Id., quoting State v. Walls, 96

Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059, 775 N.E.2d 829, ¶ 52. A claim of actual prejudice should be

scrutinized “vis-à-vis the particular evidence that was lost or unavailable as a result of the delay”

and “the relevance of the lost evidence and its purported effect on the defense.” Id. at ¶ 23.

{¶16} “The ‘possibility that memories will fade, witnesses will become inaccessible, or

evidence will be lost is not sufficient to establish actual prejudice.’” Id. at ¶ 21, quoting Adams,

144 Ohio St.3d 429, 2015-Ohio-3954, 45 N.E.3d 127 at ¶ 105. (Emphasis sic.) “Those are ‘the

real possibilit[ies] of prejudice inherent in any extended delay,’ and statutes of limitations

sufficiently protect against them.” Id., citing Marion, 404 U.S. at 326, 92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d

468.

{¶17} “That does not mean, however, that demonstrably faded memories and actually

unavailable witnesses or lost evidence cannot satisfy the actual-prejudice requirement.” Id.

The Jones court explained that even when a defendant does not know what the exact substance of

an unavailable witness’s testimony would have been, actual prejudice may still be shown where

“missing evidence or unavailable testimony, identified by the defendant and relevant to the
defense, would minimize or eliminate the impact of the state’s evidence and bolster the defense.”

Id. at ¶ 28, citing State v. Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d 150, 157, 472 N.E.2d 1097 (1984).

{¶18} Thus, a defendant is not required to establish “precisely” what an unavailable

witness would have testified to at trial. Id. at ¶ 27. However,

a defendant cannot rely upon broad assertions of missing evidence or an
unavailable witness to establish prejudice. A defendant must demonstrate a
viable, tangible connection between the missing evidence or the unavailable
witness to the defense of the case.

State v. Richardson, 2016-Ohio-5843, 70 N.E.3d 1175, ¶ 13 (8th Dist.).

{¶19} As the Ohio Supreme Court recognized in Jones, the due process requirement of

actual prejudice may be shown upon “the proven unavailability of specific evidence or testimony

that would attack the credibility or weight of the state’s evidence against a defendant, and thereby

aid in establishing a defense.” Jones at ¶ 25. Thus, while precision is not required, “there must

be some indication in the record of what the missing evidence or unavailable witness might have

offered.” Richardson at ¶ 13.

{¶20} The court in Jones relied on its earlier decision in State v. Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d 150,

472 N.E.2d 1097, to illustrate how a defendant may establish actual prejudice resulting from the

unavailability of a key witness. In that case, Luck filed a motion to dismiss murder charges

against her, claiming prejudice caused by preindictment delay. While Luck was in custody, she

confessed to a detective that she and her friend, Larry Cassano, were present in the victim’s

apartment at the time of her death. Luck also told the detective that Cassano “‘was the only

person who could have helped her in the matter but he [wa]s dead.’” Id. at 157.

{¶21} In her motion to dismiss the indictment, Luck argued that the victim physically

attacked her and that the victim was killed in the ensuing fight. Id. Luck asserted that she
would have raised self-defense as an affirmative defense at trial but for the fact that the only

witness to the events was now dead. Therefore, the Ohio Supreme Court concluded that Luck

was “obviously prejudiced by not being able to seek verification of her story from Cassano and

thereby establish mitigating factors or a defense to the charge against her.” Id. at 158.

{¶22} Hart claims he is prejudiced because he is unable to seek verification of his story

since three of the four witnesses who were present in the home at the time of the alleged rape are

now deceased. But Hart has no story. Unlike Luck, who claimed she acted in self-defense,

Hart has told us nothing about the events of that day. In fact, Hart asserted in his motion for

preindictment delay that “his own memory of what did or did not occur on that day in 1998 has

faded due to the passage of time.” (Motion to dismiss for preindictment delay at 4.) But, as

previously stated, faded memories are not sufficient to establish actual prejudice. Jones at ¶ 21.

{¶23} Hart also asserts that had the case been prosecuted sooner, three of the four

witnesses would still have been alive and “could have provided relevant testimony concerning

what did or did not occur on the day in question. Because the police failed to pursue the

investigation, that relevant testimony is lost.” Hart claims the driver of the car and the third

individual in the basement, who was playing video games, observed Hart and the victim and

“could show that the interactions between the victim and the defendant did not amount to the

actions that gave rise to the indictment.” (Motion to dismiss for preindictment delay at 5.)

{¶24} Hart also asserts that his grandmother, who owned the home where the alleged rape

occurred, spoke with the victim on the day of the incident and therefore “could shed further light

onto the nature of the interaction between the defendant and the victim that day and other

information that might exculpate the defendant.” (Motion to dismiss for preindictment delay at

5, emphasis added.)
 {¶25} Finally, Hart contends he was prejudiced by the unavailability of Detective

Nathaniel Pursley, who was subpoenaed for trial but failed to appear. Detective Pursley was one

of the original investigators in this case in 1998. But Hart tells us nothing about how the

testimony of these missing witnesses would have minimized or eliminated the impact of the

state’s evidence and bolstered the defense. See Jones at ¶ 28. Whether they would have

assisted the defense or aided the prosecution is entirely unknown. Thus, Hart cannot

demonstrate that the testimony of these unavailable witnesses “would minimize or eliminate the

impact of the state’s evidence and bolster his defense.” State v. Jones, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No.

101258, 2017-Ohio-176, ¶ 8. He therefore cannot establish actual prejudice.

{¶26} Accordingly, the first assignment of error is overruled.

B. Other Acts Evidence

{¶27} In the second assignment of error, Hart argues the trial court erred by admitting

“other acts” into evidence in violation of Evid.R. 404(B). Hart contends the court erred in

allowing the state to present evidence regarding Hart’s prior attempted corruption of a minor

conviction.

{¶28} The admission of evidence lies within the broad discretion of a trial court, and a

reviewing court should not disturb evidentiary decisions in the absence of an abuse of discretion

that has created material prejudice. State v. Noling, 98 Ohio St.3d 44, 2002-Ohio-7044, 781

N.E.2d 88, ¶ 43.

{¶29} “Evidence that an accused committed a crime other than the one for which he is on

trial is not admissible when its sole purpose it to show the accused’s propensity or inclination to

commit crime, or that he acted in conformity with bad character.” State v. Williams, 134 Ohio
St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, ¶ 15. However, there are exceptions that allow

other acts of wrongdoing to be admitted into evidence.

{¶30} First, R.C. 2945.59 provides that:

[i]n any criminal case in which the defendant’s motive or intent, the absence of
mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant’s scheme, plan, or system in
doing an act is material, any acts of the defendant which tend to show his motive
or intent, the absence of mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant’s
scheme, plan, or system in doing the act in question may be proved, whether they
are contemporaneous with or prior or subsequent thereto, notwithstanding that
such proof may show or tend to show the commission of another crime by the
defendant.

Evid.R. 404(B) also provides that evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is permitted to show

proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or the absence of

mistake or accident.

{¶31} In Williams, the Ohio Supreme Court set forth the following three-step analysis for

determining whether other acts evidence is admissible:

The first step is to consider whether the other acts evidence is relevant to making
any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less
probable than it would be without the evidence. Evid.R. 401.

The next step is to consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts
is presented to prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in
conformity therewith or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a
legitimate purpose, such as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B).

The third step is to consider whether the probative value of the other acts evidence
is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See Evid.R. 403.

Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278 at ¶ 20.

{¶32} A.P., the victim from Hart’s prior criminal case, testified that Hart sexually

assaulted her. Hart was convicted of attempted corruption of a minor as a result of that assault.

Hart argues that evidence of this prior conviction was offered for the sole purpose of proving
Hart’s propensity for sexual violence and to show that he acted in conformity therewith when he

allegedly raped C.H. The state argues the evidence demonstrated Hart’s motive, intent,

preparation, and plan to target vulnerable teenage girls with intent to be sexually gratified.

{¶33} Although the Ohio Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d

521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278, is not directly on point, it is instructive. In that case,

Williams was charged with multiple counts of rape, kidnapping, and unlawful sexual conduct

with a minor after he allegedly molested a 14-year old boy. Williams had become the child’s

mentor in his local church and groomed him for a period of time before the sexual assaults

began. Prior to impaneling the jury, the state moved to admit evidence that Williams had had a

similar relationship with a 16-year-old member of the high school swim team Williams had

coached. In support of its motion, the state argued that Williams’s relationship with the

swimmer paralleled the relationship he had with his mentee. According to the state, both

relationships “indicated a course of conduct constituting a common plan, demonstrated a distinct

pattern of sexual conduct constituting modus operandi, and by reasonable inference, tended to

prove Williams’s intent to achieve sexual gratification with teenage males.” Id. at ¶ 5.

{¶34} The trial court in Williams allowed the evidence to be admitted, but gave a

cautionary instruction before the evidence was presented. Id. at ¶ 8. The trial court reiterated

this instruction prior to deliberations, and the jury found Williams guilty.

{¶35} Williams appealed his convictions, arguing the trial court erred in admitting

evidence of his prior criminal acts with another teenage boy. After conducting the three-step

analysis described above, the Ohio Supreme Court determined that the evidence was admissible.

First, the court found that the swimmer’s testimony was relevant because it tended “to show the

motive Williams had and the preparation and plan he exhibited of targeting, mentoring,
grooming, and abusing teenage boys.” The court noted that the swimmer’s testimony also

rebutted the suggestion offered by the defense during opening statements that the victim had

falsely accused Williams of abuse with the hope of getting out of trouble at school. The court

also found the swimmer’s testimony that “Williams received ‘some type of sexual gratification’”

was relevant to show Williams’s intent to receive sexual gratification. Id. at ¶ 22. Therefore,

with respect to the first step of the analysis, the court determined that the swimmer’s testimony

was relevant.

{¶36} The Williams court also determined, in the second step of the analysis, that the state

did not offer the testimony to prove that Williams’s conduct was in conformity with his bad

character. In making this conclusion, the Williams court found that the swimmer’s testimony

demonstrated Williams’s plan and preparation to target teenage males, who had no father figure,

in order to gain their trust and confidence for the purpose of grooming them for sexual activity.

Id. at ¶ 21.

{¶37} Finally, the court determined, in the third step of the analysis, that the probative

value of the evidence was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. The

court reasoned that the limiting instructions “lessened the prejudicial effect” of the swimmer’s

testimony and corroborated the victim’s testimony, which had been disputed by Williams.

Moreover, the court concluded that the swimmer’s testimony was probative because “it helped

prove motive, preparation, and plan on the part of Williams.”

{¶38} The defendant in Williams took time and planning to groom his victims. Hart

could not have planned on raping C.H. in advance because he did not know he was going to have

the opportunity for sex until he and his friend happened to pick up C.H. and T.J., who were

supposed to be in school. Although Hart’s prior case with A.P. demonstrates possible prior
planning because he prearranged the meeting by phone, there is no evidence that Hart

prearranged his encounter with C.H. Therefore, any evidence of prior planning and scheming in

A.P.’s case was irrelevant since there was no evidence of prior planning or scheming in this case.

The opportunity for rape arose spontaneously, and Hart simply took advantage of it.

{¶39} Furthermore, Hart’s motive and intent to obtain sexual gratification is inherent in

any rape case. Therefore, the state did not need any extrinsic evidence to prove Hart’s motive or

intent. And since there is nothing unique or unusual about Hart’s criminal conduct, there was no

evidence of a modus operandi.

{¶40} Hart’s assault of A.P. is strikingly similar to his assault on C.H. Both victims

were 15-year-old girls. Hart and a friend picked up each of the victims, purchased alcohol and

offered it to the teens before arriving at a house where Hart directed his victims to the basement

where he assaulted them. He even restrained both victims in the same manner, by holding their

wrists. But these similarities can be viewed as nothing more than a propensity for corrupting

and raping minors, and Hart’s conduct in conformity with that character.

{¶41} As previously stated, the third step of the Williams analysis requires the court to

consider whether the probative value of the prior criminal acts is substantially outweighed by the

danger of unfair prejudice. As in Williams, the trial court gave a limiting instruction prior to

deliberations to lessen the prejudice caused by the prior bad acts evidence. Although we may

presume that the jury followed this instruction, the similarities between this case and Hart’s prior

criminal conduct is hard to ignore, and the prior case offers nothing probative. Moreover, the

risk of unfair prejudice resulting from the wrongful inclusion of other acts evidence “is

‘particularly high when the other acts are very similar to the charged offense or of an

inflammatory nature.’” State v. Sargent, 2015-Ohio-704, 29 N.E.3d 331, ¶ 31 (6th Dist.),
quoting State v. Miley, 5th Dist. Richland Nos. 2005-CA-67 and 2006-CA-14, 2006-Ohio-4670,

¶ 58.

{¶42} The only evidence of the rape in this case came from the victim. Hart argued the

rape was consensual. Although T.J. testified that C.H. was upset following her encounter with

Hart in the weight room, T.J. testified that C.H. went with Hart into the weight room “willingly.”

(Tr. 370.) Therefore, the jury’s determination was necessarily based on the victim’s credibility

vis-a-vis the defendant’s version of the facts. In a “he said/she said” case, where credibility is

paramount, we cannot say that the erroneous admission of other acts evidence was harmless.

{¶43} Therefore, the second assignment of error is sustained.

{¶44} We affirm the trial court’s judgment denying Hart’s motion to dismiss. Having

sustained the second assignment of error, the third assignment of error, which challenges the

manifest weight of the evidence, is moot. The trial court’s judgment of conviction is reversed,

and the case is remanded to the trial court for a new trial.

It is ordered that appellee and appellant share costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate issue out of this court directing the common pleas

court to carry this judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the

Rules of Appellate Procedure.

EILEEN T. GALLAGHER, PRESIDING JUDGE

MELODY J. STEWART, J., CONCURS IN JUDGMENT ONLY;
SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH
SEPARATE OPINION

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, J., CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN PART:

{¶45} I concur with the lead opinion to reverse the conviction for a new trial based on the

erroneously admitted other acts evidence, but I write separately to clarify the analysis. I also

dissent from the lead opinion’s rationale for rejecting Hart’s preindictment-delay challenge.

{¶46} Hart demonstrated actual prejudice under State v. Jones,148 Ohio St.3d 167,

2016-Ohio-5105, 69 N.E.3d 688, ¶ 28, in that a witness who was present during the events

underlying the criminal conduct has died and Hart is unable to seek verification of his story from

two other deceased witnesses who were present around the time of the events but were not

necessarily present for any of the alleged criminal conduct. Id. It is irrelevant that Hart is

unable to articulate specifically what the testimony would have been. Id.

{¶47} “Courts apply a two-part test to determine whether preindictment delay constitutes

a due process violation. The defendant has the initial burden to show that he was substantially

and actually prejudiced due to the delay.” State v. Dixon, 2015-Ohio-3144, 40 N.E.3d 601, ¶ 19

(8th Dist.), citing State v. Whiting, 84 Ohio St.3d 215, 217, 1998-Ohio-575, 702 N.E.2d 1199. If

a defendant can show actual prejudice, the burden shifts to the state to produce evidence of a

justifiable reason for the delay. Id., citing State v. Walls, 96 Ohio St.3d 437, 2002-Ohio-5059,

775 N.E.2d 829, ¶ 51, and Whiting at 217.

{¶48} In this case, the trial court did not resolve the second part of the inquiry; Hart’s

motion was denied after the state provided an argument to support its burden to produce evidence

of a justifiable reason for delay but before Hart had an opportunity to respond. By implication,

the trial court could only have considered the first prong of the preindictment-delay inquiry.
 {¶49} In this case, the police report indicated that the victim spoke with Hart’s

grandmother, who was erroneously referred to as someone else, on the day of the incident.

Jones, 148 Ohio St.3d 167, 2016-Ohio-5105, 69 N.E.3d 688, at ¶ 28 (defendant may establish

actual prejudice where he is unable to seek verification of his story from deceased witnesses

present during the alleged crimes). Hart also identified two other individuals by name that were

allegedly present in the car and in the basement who are also no longer available to testify. Id.

{¶50} Importantly, one of those individuals was in a position to witness the alleged sexual

assault, which had occurred on the couch in the common area of the basement according to the

victim’s testimony. The victim claimed that after she and the others had smoked marijuana for a

bit, her friend and another guy went to a separate room. It was then, while she and Hart were on

the couch with another male who continued to play video games and who was later identified by

Hart as being deceased at the time of trial, that Hart started forcefully fondling and kissing her,

despite the victim’s panicked protestations. The victim stood up and began walking toward the

exit, but she was blocked by Hart who then forced her into the weight room. Importantly, the

victim claimed her friend had left the room by that time, so the deceased witness was the only

person other than the victim and Hart to have observed the events as they unfolded.

{¶51} According to the victim’s friend, after the group sat around for a bit, the victim

voluntarily went into the separate room with Hart and the friend did not observe any of the events

as described by the victim.

{¶52} Thus, and contrary to the lead opinion’s conclusion that Hart did not have a story

or version of events, Hart is not relying on broad assertions of missing evidence to establish

prejudice — he presented a tangible connection between the deceased witness and his defense.

The deceased witness was present when the victim claimed to have been sexually assaulted.
Moreover, the lead opinion recognizes that Hart’s story was essential to the conviction: “the

jury’s determination was necessarily based on the victim’s credibility vis-a-vis the defendant’s

version of the facts.” Lead opinion at ¶ 43. Because the victim’s credibility was essential to the

state’s case, it cannot be concluded that the defendant failed to demonstrate actual prejudice

under the first prong of the preindictment-delay analysis. At the least, Hart is unable to seek

verification of his version of events or seek to impugn the victim’s credibility with the testimony

of the only other person present during the initial stages of the alleged sexual assault.

{¶53} The state’s only argument against the demonstrated, actual prejudice is that Hart is

unable to specifically indicate to what, if anything, the unavailable witnesses would testify, and

therefore, Hart’s claims of prejudice are speculative. The Ohio Supreme Court has rejected this

all-or-nothing approach. Jones 148 Ohio St.3d 167, 2016-Ohio-5105, 69 N.E.3d 688, at ¶

27-28; State v. Luck, 15 Ohio St.3d 150, 472 N.E.2d 1097 (1984) (although there is no record

demonstrating the content of the missing witness’s testimony, the defendant can demonstrate

actual prejudice based on the inability to verify his story or establish mitigating factors). A

defendant does not need to articulate specifically what the unavailable witness would have said.

The lack of specificity does not render the claim of prejudice fatally speculative. Jones at ¶ 27.

The lead opinion disagrees, concluding that Hart’s inability to articulate what the deceased

witnesses’ testimony would have been renders his claim for actual prejudice to be speculative

because Hart cannot demonstrate that the testimony of the deceased witnesses would have

minimized or eliminated the impact of the state’s evidence. As the Ohio Supreme Court has

rejected this rationale, so should we.

{¶54} Although I previously took the approach that a bright-line rule requiring a

defendant claiming prejudice to show exactly what a missing witness would have said was the
best approach, as noted, that view was rejected by the Supreme Court in Jones. Because of the

Supreme Court’s holding in Jones, I would hold that the trial court erred in denying Hart’s

motion for preindictment delay without considering the second part of the inquiry. Jones at ¶ 18

(courts must consider the second prong of the inquiry once the defendant demonstrates actual

prejudice). The matter should be remanded for the trial court to consider the entirety of the

preindictment-delay analysis.

{¶55} With respect to the issues relating to the evidence admitted under Evid.R. 404(B),

although I agree with the outcome, a small clarification is necessary. All too often the state

presents Evid.R. 404(B) as if the jury must determine the state’s intended reason for introducing

the other acts evidence. For example, most juries are instructed, as they were in this case, that

[e]vidence was received about the commission of other acts than the offenses with
which the defendant is charged in this trial. That evidence was received only for a
limited purpose. It was not received, and you may not consider it, to prove the
character of the defendant in order to show that he acted in conforming or in
accordance with that character.

If you find that evidence of other acts is true and that the defendant committed
them, you may consider that evidence only for the purposes of deciding whether it
proves, A, the absence of mistake or accident, or B, the defendant’s motive,
opportunity, intent, or purpose, preparation or plan to commit the offense charged
in this trial, or C, knowledge of circumstances surrounding the offense charged in
this trial, or D, the identity of the person who committed the offense in this trial.
That evidence cannot be considered for any other purpose.

{¶56} Evid.R. 404(B) provides a nonexhaustive list of alternatives for admitting other

acts evidence. Not all factors are relevant in every case such that the above instruction is always

appropriate. The proponent of the evidence must demonstrate the applicability of one or more

of the exceptions. It is not enough to simply cite them all and let the jury figure out which one

applies.
 {¶57} The lead opinion thoroughly analyzes the issue under State v. Williams, 134 Ohio

St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d 1278. The state, however, is not contending that this is

a “grooming” case, one in which the defendant systematically takes steps to expose a child to

sexual material with the goal of reducing the child’s inhibitions to prepare the child for sexual

activity. Id. at ¶ 21. The state claimed that the other acts evidence demonstrated a scheme, a

pattern, or modus operandi because both girls were plied with alcohol and then sexually

assaulted. Williams has no relevance to the Evid.R. 404(B) discussion in this case other than

setting forth the black-letter framework.

{¶58} The starting point of the analysis should always be the stated reason upon which

the trial court admitted the evidence, or if the record is silent as to the trial court’s reasoning, the

proponent’s stated reason for seeking to admit the evidence. According to the trial court, in this

case, the other acts evidence was admitted for the express purpose to demonstrate Hart’s motive

or intent “to take advantage of young girls when the situation presents itself.”

{¶59} Taking advantage of a victim whenever the opportunity arises is the quintessential

propensity evidence prohibited under Evid.R. 404(B). The trial court permitted the evidence for

the purpose of demonstrating that if Hart has the opportunity to sexually assault a teenaged girl,

he will. I would hold that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting the evidence under its

stated rationale. According to the trial court, there was no alternative purpose for the admission

of the character evidence; it simply proved Hart’s propensity to act in conformity therewith.

{¶60} The state concedes the point through its silence. On appeal, the state seeks to

affirm the evidentiary judgment on a ground other than relied on by the trial court. The state

contends that the other acts evidence of the prior sexual assault was probative of a common plan

or scheme. According to the state, the evidence admitted under Evid.R. 404(B) in this case
“clearly demonstrated the defendant’s intent and scheme in obtaining sexual gratification by

isolating two 15 yr [sic] olds in an unknown residence while attempting to get them drunk,” and

the pattern of conduct is similar between both crimes in that Hart sexually assaulted the victims

by first isolating them from their friends.

{¶61} There is no evidence to support such a claim. As the lead opinion concluded,

Hart’s intent, sexual gratification, is inherent to the sexual misconduct in this particular case.

The state did not need extrinsic evidence of another sexual assault in order to demonstrate Hart’s

intent.

{¶62} The state’s second potential use of the prior bad acts evidence, common scheme, or

plan, is not borne out from the evidence either. The other acts evidence of driving the teenaged

victim to a house she was unfamiliar with and engaging in similar sexual misconduct is not

probative evidence of a common plan or scheme. In In re C.T., 2013-Ohio-2458, 991 N.E.2d

1171, ¶ 33 (8th Dist.), it was concluded that manufacturing an opportunity to be alone with a

young female to commit acts of sexual misconduct was not the type of plan or scheme envisioned

by the drafters of Evid.R. 404(B). Id. at ¶ 33. In that case, the offender was accused of forcing

the victim to perform oral sex on him and digitally penetrating her after the defendant drove the

victim to a secluded area. Id. at ¶ 20. At trial under cross-examination, the offender stated that

he had previously been convicted of the same type of sexual misdeeds with another victim after

likewise taking the victim to a secluded area to facilitate the crime. Id. at ¶ 21. According to

the state, in that case, the similarities between the sexual misconduct and the similar methods of

isolating the victim demonstrated a common plan or scheme for the purposes of Evid.R. 404(B).

{¶63} That reasoning was rejected. Id. It was concluded that similarities between the

charged crimes and the prior bad acts are insufficient to demonstrate a common scheme or plan.
Id. at ¶ 33. Finding an opportunity to be alone with another is a necessary part of engaging in

sexual misconduct, and the similarities with respect to the sexual misconduct address the

elements of the sexual assault crimes, not a common plan or scheme. Id. This is not to suggest

that the similarities would be entirely irrelevant in all cases. For instance, the similarities in

committing the crimes could be probative of a behavioral footprint for the purposes of

establishing identity or intent. State v. Wilson, 2016-Ohio-2718, 51 N.E.3d 676, ¶ 50 (8th Dist.).

As already noted, identity was not an issue at trial because the state established identity with the

undisputed DNA evidence and the intent to obtain sexual gratification is inherent in the rape

crime itself.

{¶64} With that clarification, I agree with the lead opinion that the other acts evidence of

Hart’s earlier conviction was inadmissible under Evid.R. 404(B).

{¶65} Nevertheless, I dissent from the lead opinion’s conclusion — that the existence of a

deceased witness, who was present during the acts underlying the criminal conduct, does not

constitute actual prejudice because the defendant is unable to articulate specifically what that

witness’s testimony would have been. The Ohio Supreme Court has unambiguously rejected the

lead opinion’s stated rationale. I would find that Hart has demonstrated actual prejudice from

his inability to call the only other person present during the events to which the victim testified,

and remand for the trial court to consider the remaining aspects of the preindictment-delay

analysis.