[Cite as Xtreme Elements, L.L.C. v. Foti Contracting, L.L.C., 2018-Ohio-3323.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
ELEVENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
LAKE COUNTY, OHIO
XTREME ELEMENTS, LLC, : OPINION
Plaintiff-Appellant, :
CASE NO. 2017-L-099
- vs - :
FOTI CONTRACTING, LLC, et al., :
Defendant-Appellee. :
Civil Appeal from the Lake County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2014 CV 000639.
Judgment: Affirmed.
Matthew D. Gurbach, Thomas O. Crist, and Anthony C. Sallah, Benesch, Friedlander,
Coplan & Aronoff LLP, 200 Public Square, Suite 2300, Cleveland, OH 44114 (For
Plaintiff-Appellant).
John K. Lind, Jr., 3185 Belvoir Boulevard, Shaker Heights, OH 44122 (For Defendant-
Appellee).
DIANE V. GRENDELL, J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant, Xtreme Elements, LLC, appeals from the Judgment
Entry of the Lake County Court of Common Pleas, denying Xtreme’s request for
attorney’s fees. The issue to be determined in this case is whether a trial court errs by
failing to award attorney’s fees in an action under the Prompt Payment Act when such an
award would be inequitable given the excessive amount requested and that the attorneys’
work was duplicative. For the following reasons, we affirm the decision of the lower court.
{¶2} On March 18, 2014, Xtreme filed a Complaint against defendant-appellee,
Foti Contracting, LLC, and Associated Associates in the Lake County Court of Common
Pleas. Foti had a contract with Southington Local School District for the construction of
a school facility and Xtreme entered into three subcontracts with Foti in 2009 to perform
concrete work for the project. Xtreme stated that it had completed all work and that Foti
had raised baseless complaints and withheld partial payment in the amount of $91,230.
Count One was for Breach of Contract. Count Two was raised under the Prompt Payment
Act, for Foti’s failure to pay Xtreme “within 10 days of receipt of funds associated with the
subcontractor’s work.” Count Three was for Breach of Contract against Associated, a
concrete supplier, for failing to timely furnish materials and Count Four was for Indemnity
against Associated.
{¶3} Foti filed its Answer and Counterclaim on April 11, 2014, raising a
counterclaim for Breach of Contract.
{¶4} A trial to the court was held in 2015. The following pertinent testimony and
evidence were presented:
{¶5} Xtreme entered into three subcontracts, worth over $800,000, with Foti, the
general contractor, in 2009 to perform concrete work on the Southington School District
construction project. Work performed included, in part, inside foundation, a back-door
entryway with a broom finish, walk-off mats, and sidewalks.
{¶6} Hugh Lockhart, Xtreme’s owner, testified regarding issues that arose while
working on the project. One related to a defect in the sidewalk, and led to a dispute over
whether replacement was necessary. A triangular area of concrete completed with a
“broom finish” was poured near the back door of the school in the spring of 2011 and was
also the subject of a dispute. Lockhart testified that all work was completed adequately.
Lockhart believed that Foti owed Xtreme a total balance of $87,650.20.
2
{¶7} Richard Dopatka, a project manager for Scaparotti Construction, testified
that approximately $20,000 was initially withheld for the “broom finish” back-door area of
concrete due to concerns with its appearance/aesthetics. Paul Gillespie, Foti’s project
manager, expressed similar concerns. The payment was withheld for roughly a year, with
a decision made by several parties to wait during the winter to determine if it would be
“structurally sound.” It was then decided that the work was acceptable and the funds
were released by Southington to Foti.
{¶8} Gillespie admitted that money was still owed to Xtreme but expressed
concern regarding the dispute between Associated, the concrete supplier, and Xtreme,
and questioned the proper party for payment. He admitted that some portion of the money
should have been paid to Xtreme but was not sure why it was not, noting that Xtreme may
have failed to send a final invoice.
{¶9} Testimony was also presented by several parties disputing whether work
on walk-off mats and interior concrete was performed correctly by Xtreme. Foti
employees contended extra work had to be done to repair defects.
{¶10} On March 30, 2016, the trial court issued a Judgment Entry, finding Foti was
justified in withholding amounts to repair or replace walk-off mats, aluminum thresholds,
interior concrete work, and HVAC filters, totaling approximately $31,000. It found that
Foti was unjustified in withholding $19,723.99 for the sidewalk and in removing/replacing
it, but denied a request for interest under the Prompt Payment Act.
{¶11} Regarding the broom finish/back door concrete work, the court found that
Foti was not justified in continuing to withhold the payment. Xtreme was awarded interest
under the Prompt Payment Act from November 10, 2012, shortly after the money for that
work had been paid by the owner to Foti. Relating to this claim, the court determined that
3
an award of attorney’s fees would be inequitable. The court rendered judgment in favor
of Xtreme against Foti in the amount of $56,651.30, with applicable interest.
{¶12} Xtreme appealed this judgment on several grounds. This court reversed, in
part, due to the lower court’s failure to hold a hearing on the issue of attorney’s fees for
the broom finish/back entrance claim as required by R.C. 4113.61(B)(3). Xtreme
Elements, LLC v. Foti Contracting, LLC, 11th Dist. Lake No. 2016-L-043, 2017-Ohio-254,
¶ 42.
{¶13} A hearing on attorney’s fees was held on March 3, 2017. The following
pertinent testimony was presented:
{¶14} Thomas Crist, a partner at Benesch, Friedlander, Coplan, & Aronoff,
testified in relation to the representation of Xtreme in this matter. He testified that, even
taking into account amounts under dispute, Xtreme was not paid approximately $26,000
for the broom-finish work, even after it had been accepted by Foti. He believed the
amount was not in dispute and was held with “zero justification.” Thus, recovery of
interest and attorney’s fees under the Prompt Payment Act was justified, especially given
that the attorney’s fees expended far exceeded the amount sought for Foti’s breach.
{¶15} Crist testified that it was necessary for his firm to perform research to
demonstrate that Foti had been paid by Southington for the concrete work because Foti’s
answers to this question provided in discovery and during mediation were inaccurate
and/or misleading. He determined that Foti had been paid by the owner for the broom
finish work as of October 30, 2012, but that money was not paid to Xtreme. Total fees
billed by the firm for the entire litigation were approximately $250,000. Crist believed that,
taking into account amounts billed for items unrelated to the work giving rise to the
application of the Prompt Payment Act, the court should award reasonable fees in the
4
range of $130,000 to $150,000. He testified that a significant amount of work took place
on this case over a five-year period.
{¶16} On July 13, 2017, the trial court denied the request for attorney’s fees. It
found an award of attorney’s fees would be inequitable since: there was a dispute as to
the amount of money owed to Xtreme, the amount of the judgment subject to the Prompt
Payment Act was less than a third of the amount in controversy, and the attorney’s fees
incurred in prosecuting the claim at issue “likely would have been incurred even if the
$25,921.62 had been paid because the remaining funds were subject to disputes.” The
court also noted litigating the broom finish claim “likely involved little, if any additional
work.”
{¶17} Xtreme timely appeals and raises the following assignment of error:
{¶18} “The trial court committed prejudicial error when it held that Xtreme was not
entitled to attorney’s fees under Ohio’s Prompt Payment Act, R.C. § 4113.61(B)(1).”
{¶19} A determination of whether to award attorney’s fees is evaluated under an
abuse of discretion standard. Novy v. Ferrara, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2014-P-0064, 2015-
Ohio-4428, ¶ 15. This standard is also applied in cases involving awards of attorney’s
fees under the Prompt Payment Act. Frank Novak & Sons, Inc. v. A-Team, L.L.C., 2014-
Ohio-922, 6 N.E.3d 1242, ¶ 63 (8th Dist.) (whether an award of attorney’s fees would be
inequitable “lies within the sound discretion of the trial court”). An abuse of discretion is
the trial court’s “‘failure to exercise sound, reasonable, and legal decision-making.’” State
v. Beechler, 2d Dist. Clark No. 09-CA-54, 2010-Ohio-1900, ¶ 62, quoting Black’s Law
Dictionary (8 Ed.Rev.2004) 11.
{¶20} Pursuant to the Ohio Prompt Payment Act, if a contractor fails to pay a
subcontractor within ten days of proper submission of a request for payment in
5
accordance with R.C. 4113.61(A)(1)(a), the contractor must pay “interest in the amount
of eighteen per cent per annum of the payment due, beginning on the eleventh day
following the receipt of payment from the owner and ending on the date of full payment *
* *.” R.C. 4113.61(A)(1)(b). Payment can be withheld by the contractor in the event of a
good faith dispute. Mike McGarry & Sons, Inc. v. Marous Bros. Constr., Inc., 11th Dist.
Lake No. 2009-L-056, 2010-Ohio-823, ¶ 44.
{¶21} When payment is not made in compliance with R.C. 4113.61(A), “the court
shall award the prevailing party reasonable attorney fees and court costs” unless the court
determines that “the payment of attorney fees to the prevailing party would be
inequitable.” R.C. 4113.61(B)(1) and (3); Masiongale Elec.-Mechanical, Inc. v. Constr.
One, Inc., 102 Ohio St.3d 1, 2004-Ohio-1748, 806 N.E.2d 148, ¶ 17. In deciding whether
to award attorney’s fees, “the court shall consider all relevant factors, including but not
limited to the following: (a) The presence or absence of good faith allegations or defenses
asserted by the parties; (b) The proportion of the amount of recovery as it relates to the
amount demanded; (c) The nature of the services rendered and the time expended in
rendering the services.” R.C. 4113.61(B)(2).
{¶22} Xtreme was a prevailing party under the Prompt Payment Act as to the
broom finish/back entrance claim. The trial court held that payment was improperly
withheld by Foti for this work since November 10, 2012, and awarded the amount owed
plus 18% interest under the Prompt Payment Act. At issue is Xtreme’s contention that
the trial court abused its discretion in finding it would be inequitable to award attorney’s
fees to Xtreme.
{¶23} It is evident that the trial court considered each of the R.C. 4113.61(B)(2)
factors, as well as other pertinent factors, in determining that an award of attorney’s fees
6
would be inequitable. It noted the existence of questions by Foti about whether Xtreme
should have or had been paid. While it did conclude that Foti improperly withheld the
payment for a period of time, there was at least some testimony that there was confusion
about payment due to paperwork and conflicts with Associated seeking a lien because of
nonpayment by Xtreme. More importantly, the court emphasized the disparity between
the attorney’s fees requested and the amount of work done for the one claim at issue and
noted that it was likely the attorney’s fees would have been expended regardless of the
dispute on this sole issue.
{¶24} Xtreme raises arguments in relation to each of the findings made by the
court. First, Xtreme argues that Foti acted in bad faith by withholding payment and made
misrepresentations about payment. As described above, it appears there was a question
about what money had been paid and who should be paid. While there was some
testimony that Foti may have been inaccurate at points either during mediation or in
interrogatories about the money it had received from the school district and whether it
was paid to Xtreme, it was not unreasonable for the court to conclude this was due to
legitimate confusion or questions rather than “misrepresentation” or being “evasive” as is
asserted by Xtreme.
{¶25} Xtreme cites Masiongale Elec.-Mechanical, Inc. v. Const. One, Inc., 10th
Dist. Franklin No. 02AP-138, 2002-Ohio-4736, in support of its arguments, noting that the
Tenth District determined it is equitable to award attorney’s fees where the act of
improperly withholding payment to a subcontractor gives rise to litigation and leads to the
expenditure of such fees. In Masiongale, the court upheld a decision to award fees as
equitable. Since we evaluate this claim under an abuse of discretion standard, however,
the decision to uphold the award did not amount to a determination that a court could not
7
have decided the matter differently. As the appellate court noted, “the magistrate’s
decision as a whole shows that the magistrate had before it all the evidence on what
occurred in this case—at all relevant points in time. The magistrate determined which of
appellant’s assertions were acceptable and which were not, and he adjusted the attorney
fees award accordingly.” Id. at ¶ 55. Masiongale also specifically notes the need to
perform analysis of the R.C. 4113.61(B)(2)(a) attorney’s fee factors on a “case-by-case
basis.” Id. at ¶ 52. Here, the court was well within its discretion to evaluate all of the
facts and reach a determination based on those facts.
{¶26} To the extent that Xtreme argues Foti’s alleged bad faith, or even Foti’s
failure to act reasonably in making the payment in a prompt manner, renders an attorney’s
fees award equitable, we emphasize that there are various other factors for consideration
as outlined above. If the failure to make the payment in a timely manner, for whatever
reason, were the sole ground for awarding attorney’s fees, there would be no separate
standard for evaluating the equity of a fee award as set forth in R.C. 4113.61(B)(2). It
was in the court’s discretion to determine whether an award was equitable under all of
the facts of this case.
{¶27} Xtreme next argues that the court erred in determining no attorney’s fees
should be awarded when only a portion of the fees were unrelated to the claim at issue.
We disagree.
{¶28} The court’s reasoning as to this issue was wholly appropriate.
Approximately $250,000 of attorney’s fees were claimed to have been expended in this
entire matter, but Crist testified that attorney’s fees in the range of $130,000 to $150,000
should be awarded for work on the broom finish/back-door claim. This is inconsistent
with a review of the record, including the pleadings and the transcripts. Xtreme raised
8
claims relating to payment for the back door concrete area, a sidewalk, walk-off mats,
and interior foundation work. A large portion of the testimony presented at trial related to
a dispute over the pouring of a sidewalk and Xtreme’s dispute with its concrete supplier,
Associated. Significant time was also devoted to disputing the walk-off mats and the
interior work. None of these claims are subject to attorney’s fees awards. The witnesses
generally testified as to all of the work done and there was no particular expert witness
testifying solely to the broom finish work at issue here.
{¶29} The Complaint also raised causes of action that were related to all of the
disputed concrete work jointly, raising claims regarding prompt payment and breach of
contract, which would have been raised regardless of the broom finish claim. Two of the
claims also related entirely to Associated, with which Xtreme had a dispute on a different
portion of the work. Attorney Crist testified that “the rest of the case would have to be
tried no matter what” and that discovery work was “duplicative.” He generally stated that
a “portion of the trial was spent fighting over legitimately disputed back charges” but did
not provide a specific analysis of the work performed for each of the individual disputed
areas of work. He also testified that the work which he claimed resulted from Foti’s
alleged failure to disclose its receipt of payment from Southington totaled only a few
hours.
{¶30} As the broom finish/back door claim equaled less than a third of the total
recovery requested, and given that the majority of the work would have had to be
completed regardless of this particular dispute, it was entirely unreasonable for Crist to
claim the work on the back door issue accounted for sixty percent of the attorney’s fees.
Given this unreasonable testimony and the overall facts of this case, it was not an abuse
of discretion for the trial court to decline to accept this testimony and conclude that the
9
broom finish issue “likely involved little, if any additional work,” rendering it inequitable to
award attorney’s fees. See Novak, 2014-Ohio-922, ¶ 63 (even where a party presents
“compelling” arguments in support of his argument on fees, this determination lies within
the sound discretion of the trial court); Enyart v. Columbus Metro. Area Community Action
Org., 115 Ohio App.3d 348, 358, 685 N.E.2d 550 (10th Dist.1996) (it is within the trial
court’s discretion to determine reasonableness of attorney’s fees).
{¶31} To the extent that Xtreme argues the court was not permitted under the
statute to have considered the total amount of the contract, which was approximately
$800,000, but only the disputed amounts raised at trial, we note that R.C. 4113.61(B)
provides a nonexhaustive list of factors to be considered when determining the equity of
a fee award. Regardless of the relevance of this consideration, it was only one of several
reasons the trial court provided to justify its ruling.
{¶32} Finally, while Xtreme’s assertion that the purpose of the Prompt Payment
Act is to assure proper and timely payment of subcontractors, it does not follow that this
mandates recovery of attorney’s fees in every case. See Novak at ¶ 63 (“although Novak
is entitled to prejudgment interest, the award of attorney fees is not automatic”). Such is
the case here, where we cannot find that the trial court’s decision to deny attorney’s fees
was unreasonable such that it would constitute an abuse of discretion.
{¶33} The sole assignment of error is without merit.
{¶34} For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Lake County Court of
Common Pleas is affirmed. Costs to be taxed against appellant.
CYNTHIA WESTCOTT RICE, J., concurs,
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., dissents with a Dissenting Opinion.
10
__________________________________
COLLEEN MARY O’TOOLE, J., dissents with Dissenting Opinion.
{¶35} I respectfully dissent.
{¶36} The majority contends that the trial court properly examined the record and
concluded that an award of attorney’s fees would be inequitable. For the following
reasons, I disagree.
{¶37} In considering the Prompt Payment Act, R.C. 4113.61(B)(2) factors, the trial
court wrote, “[A]warding attorney fees would be inequitable as there existed a good faith
dispute as what amount of money was owed to Xtreme … the broom finish work was not
accepted and paid for by the owner until after litigation had commenced. Thus, this
amount was still in dispute when this litigation began. It was, therefore, not unreasonable
for Foti to await the outcome of this litigation to determine what was owed to Xtreme.” The
court also considered that Xtreme requested $130,000-$150,000 in attorney’s fees, an
amount vastly disproportionate to the amount Foti withheld in bad faith, $25,921.62.
{¶38} Although a trial court has discretion to decide that it would be inequitable to
award attorney’s fees to the prevailing party under R.C. 4113.61(B)(2), the statutory
language shows a presumption for fees. A court “shall award the prevailing party
reasonable attorney’s fees…” R.C. 4113.61(B)(2) (emphasis added). The Prompt
Payment Act’s purpose is to protect downstream contractors. See Masiongale, Electrical
Mechanical, Inc. v. Construction One, Inc. 102 Ohio St.3d, 2004 – Ohio – 1738, ¶30.
{¶39} The trial court’s conclusion that attorney’s fees would be inequitable fails to
effectuate the Prompt Payment Act’s purpose. Namely, the trial court found that Foti
11
withheld $25,921.62 in bad faith. Because it found that Foti acted in bad faith, it abused
its discretion when it subsequently found that Xtreme was not entitled to attorney’s fees.
Allowing the trial court unlimited discretion to deny attorney’s fees even where a
contractor withholds payment in bad faith incentivizes a contractor’s withholding behavior.
If the sum of the contractor’s withheld payment is lower than the expected cost for the
subcontractor to litigate and demand payment, a contractor will withhold. This is precisely
the type of behavior the Prompt Payment Act seeks to eliminate.
{¶40} True, the trial court concluded that there was a good faith dispute as to the
amount Foti owed Xtreme. Further, the trial court found that Xtreme’s claim of $130,000-
150,000 in attorney’s fees was disproportionate to the amount that Foti withheld in bad
faith. However, the proper result of these findings is to lower Xtreme’s attorney’s fees
award, not to fail to effectuate the statute by withholding them altogether.
{¶41} For the foregoing reasons, I dissent from the majority.
12