Filed 8/24/18
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
DIVISION ONE
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
THE PEOPLE, D073304
Plaintiff and Respondent,
v. (Super. Ct. No. SCS295489)
VERONICA AGUAYO,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Dwayne
K. Moring, Judge. Affirmed.
Linnéa M. Johnson, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and
Appellant.
Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney
General, Julie L. Garland, Assistant Attorney General, Warren Williams and Steve
Oetting, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.
Veronica Aguayo hit her elderly father about 50 times with a bicycle lock and
chain, then threw a ceramic pot on his head. A jury found her guilty of assault with a
deadly weapon other than a firearm (Pen. Code, § 245, subd. (a)(1)) and assault by means
of force likely to produce great bodily injury (force-likely assault) (Pen. Code, § 245,
subdivision (a)(4)).1 The trial court placed her on probation. On appeal, Aguayo
contends we must vacate her conviction for force-likely assault because it is a lesser
included offense of assault with a deadly weapon. We reject this contention, and affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On the afternoon of August 8, 2017, 43-year-old Veronica Aguayo was working
on her bicycle in her parents' yard. Her 72-year-old father (Father) turned on the
sprinklers to water the plants, accidentally wetting Aguayo's cell phone charger. Aguayo
began yelling expletives and insults at Father, who turned around to go back inside
because he "didn't want to hear her mouth calling [him] names."
As Father turned, Aguayo hit him on the back with her bicycle lock and chain.
Father grabbed the lock to prevent Aguayo from hitting him again, but as they struggled
over the lock, Father slipped and let go of the chain. Aguayo then hit Father with the
chain and lock about 15 times on the arms, chest, and head. Father again grabbed the
lock, and during a struggle for possession, Aguayo fell to the ground, pulling Father with
her.
1 Statutory references are to the Penal Code unless otherwise noted. For
convenience, we will use the phrase "deadly weapon" to refer to a deadly weapon other
than a firearm, unless otherwise noted.
2
On the ground, Aguayo began "hollering" for her mother (Mother) inside. Aguayo
then grabbed a small ceramic pot and threw it at Father, striking his head exactly where
he had previously had two brain surgeries. Father fell on top of Aguayo, grabbed a rock
to hit her with, but thought better of it and threw the rock away. However, the rock
ricocheted off the house and hit Aguayo.
Father got up to go back in the house, and another struggle ensued for possession
of the chain and lock, which Father apparently won. As Aguayo picked up a rock to hit
Father, Mother emerged from the front door and warned, "Don't do that." Aguayo
discarded the rock, and Father tossed the chain and lock toward her. Aguayo picked up
the chain and lock, and rode off on her bicycle. The whole encounter lasted between five
minutes (according to Mother) and 30 minutes (according to Father), during which Father
estimated he was hit about 50 times.
Mother called 911, and police and paramedics responded. Father was evaluated at
the hospital and released with only minor treatment. Police apprehended Aguayo a few
hours later during an unrelated traffic stop.
Aguayo was charged with three offenses: (1) elder abuse, with deadly-weapon and
great-bodily-injury enhancement allegations (§§ 368, subd. (b)(1), 1192.7, subd. (c)(23),
12022, subd. (b)(1)); count 1); (2) assault with a deadly weapon, with an enhancement
allegation that she "personally used a dangerous and deadly weapon, to wit: bicycle
chain/lock" (§§ 245, subd. (a)(1), 1192.7, subd. (c)(23); count 2); and (3) force-likely
assault (§ 245, subd. (a)(4); count 3). After deliberating less than two hours, the jury
found Aguayo guilty on both assault counts, and found true the deadly-weapon-use
3
allegation attached to count 2. The jury was unable to reach a verdict on the elder abuse
count, which the court ultimately dismissed at the prosecutor's request.
Although Aguayo was presumptively ineligible for probation, the court found she
had untreated mental health issues that constituted unusual circumstances warranting
probation. Accordingly, the court suspended imposition of sentence and placed Aguayo
on three years' formal probation with a variety of terms and conditions, including that she
spend 365 days in local custody. Despite having suspended imposition of sentence, the
court sentenced Aguayo concurrently on counts 2 and 3, but stayed the sentence on count
3 under section 654.
Aguayo appeals.
DISCUSSION
Aguayo contends we must vacate her conviction for force-likely assault because it
is a lesser included offense of assault with a deadly weapon. We disagree.
"In general, a person may be convicted of, although not punished for, more than
one crime arising out of the same act or course of conduct." (People v. Reed (2006) 38
Cal.4th 1224, 1226 (Reed); see §§ 954,2 654;3 People v. Sanders (2012) 55 Cal.4th 731,
2 Section 954, which addresses multiple convictions, states in part: "An accusatory
pleading may charge two or more different offenses connected together in their
commission, or different statements of the same offense or two or more different offenses
of the same class of crimes or offenses, under separate counts . . . . The prosecution is
not required to elect between the different offenses or counts set forth in the accusatory
pleading, but the defendant may be convicted of any number of the offenses charged, and
each offense of which the defendant is convicted must be stated in the verdict or the
finding of the court . . . ."
4
736 (Sanders); People v. Cady (2016) 7 Cal.App.5th 134, 139 (Cady).) "However, a
'judicially created exception to this rule prohibits multiple convictions based on
necessarily included offenses.' " (Sanders, at p. 736; see Reed, supra, 38 Cal.4th at p.
1227; Cady, at p. 139.) "When a defendant is found guilty of both a greater and a
necessarily lesser included offense arising out of the same act or course of conduct, and
the evidence supports the verdict on the greater offense, that conviction is controlling,
and the conviction of the lesser offense must be reversed." (Sanders, at p. 736; Cady, at
p. 139.) "If neither offense is necessarily included in the other, the defendant may be
convicted of both, 'even though under section 654 he or she could not be punished for
more than one offense arising from the single act or indivisible course of conduct.' "
(Sanders, at p. 736.)
The courts "have established two tests for whether a crime is a lesser included
offense of a greater offense: the elements test and the accusatory pleading test." (People
v. Gonzalez (2018) 5 Cal.5th 186, 197.) The parties agree that "[i]n deciding whether
multiple convictions are barred because one offense is a lesser included offense of the
other, we apply the 'elements' test." (Cady, supra, 7 Cal.App.5th at p. 140; see Reed,
supra, 38 Cal.4th at p. 1229.) "Under the elements test, if the statutory elements of the
greater offense include all of the statutory elements of the lesser offense, the latter is
3 Section 654, subdivision (a), which prohibits multiple punishments, states: "An act
or omission that is punishable in different ways by different provisions of law shall be
punished under the provision that provides for the longest potential term of
imprisonment, but in no case shall the act or omission be punished under more than one
provision. An acquittal or conviction and sentence under any one bars a prosecution for
the same act or omission under any other."
5
necessarily included in the former." (Reed, at p. 1227; see Sanders, supra, 55 Cal.4th at
p. 737.) "In other words, ' "[i]f a crime cannot be committed without also necessarily
committing a lesser offense, the latter is a lesser included offense within the former." ' "
(Sanders, at p. 737; see Reed, at p. 1227.) We apply the elements test "in the abstract,"
without regard to the "evidence introduced at trial." (People v. Chaney (2005) 131
Cal.App.4th 253, 256 (Chaney).)
Simple assault "is an unlawful attempt, coupled with a present ability, to commit a
violent injury on the person of another." (§ 240.) Section 245 enumerates several forms
of aggravated assault. We are concerned here with two of the forms specified in
subdivision (a):
"(1) Any person who commits an assault upon the person of another
with a deadly weapon or instrument other than a firearm shall be
punished . . . . [¶] . . . [¶]
"(4) Any person who commits an assault upon the person of another
by any means of force likely to produce great bodily injury shall be
punished . . . ."
Using CALCRIM No. 875, the trial court instructed the jury regarding the
elements of assault with a deadly weapon and force-likely assault. As instructed, the
elements of assault with a deadly weapon are:
"1. The defendant did an act with a deadly weapon other than a
firearm that by its nature would directly and probably result in the
application of force to a person;
"2. The defendant did that act willfully;
"3. When the defendant acted, she was aware of facts that would
lead a reasonable person to realize that her act by its nature would
directly and probably result in the application of force to someone;
6
"4. When the defendant acted, she had the present ability to apply
force with a deadly weapon other than a firearm[;] [¶] AND
"5. The defendant did not act in self-defense."4
The elements of force-likely assault are:
"1. The defendant did an act that by its nature would directly and
probably result in the application of force to a person, and
"2. The force used was likely to produce great bodily injury;
"3. The defendant did that act willfully;
"4. When the defendant acted, she was aware of facts that would
lead a reasonable person to realize that her act by its nature would
directly and probably result in the application of force to someone;
"5. When the defendant acted, she had the present ability to apply
force likely to produce great bodily injury to a person. [¶] AND
"6. The defendant did not act in self-defense."
As to both offenses, the jury was instructed with CALCRIM No. 875 regarding the
meaning of "force":
"The terms application of force and apply force mean to touch in a
harmful or offensive manner. The slightest touching can be enough
if it is done in a rude or angry way. Making contact with another
person, including through his or her clothing, is enough. The
touching does not have to cause pain or injury of any kind.
[¶] . . . [¶] The People are not required to prove that the defendant
actually touched someone. [¶] The People are not required to prove
that the defendant actually intended to use force against someone
when she acted. [¶] No one needs to actually have been injured by
defendant's act. But if someone was injured, you may consider that
4 The court included this optional self-defense element because Aguayo testified she
struck her father with the chain and lock only because he lunged at her while she was
swinging the chain defensively.
7
fact, along with all the other evidence, in deciding whether the
defendant committed an assault, and if so, what kind of assault it
was."
The elements of both offenses are, thus, substantially similar except for the first
element of assault with a deadly weapon (doing an act with a deadly weapon), and the
first and second elements of force-likely assault (doing an act that would probably result
in the application of force to a person where the force is "likely to produce great bodily
injury"). Force-likely assault, then, is only a lesser included offense of assault with a
deadly weapon if every assault with a deadly weapon requires that the defendant use the
weapon in a way that is likely to produce great bodily injury. Although that will often be
the case, it is not necessarily so.
In People v. Aguilar (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1023 (Aguilar), the California Supreme
Court addressed whether hands and feet can constitute deadly weapons under section
245. (Aguilar, at p. 1026.) In doing so, the court explored the meaning of "deadly
weapon" as used in section 245:
"[A] 'deadly weapon' is 'any object, instrument, or weapon which is
used in such a manner as to be capable of producing and likely to
produce, death or great bodily injury.' [Citation.] Some few objects,
such as dirks and blackjacks, have been held to be deadly weapons
as a matter of law; the ordinary use for which they are designed
establishes their character as such. [Citations.] Other objects, while
not deadly per se, may be used, under certain circumstances, in a
manner likely to produce death or great bodily injury. In
determining whether an object not inherently deadly or dangerous is
used as such, the trier of fact may consider the nature of the object,
the manner in which it is used, and all other facts relevant to the
issue." (Aguilar, at pp. 1028-1029.)
8
In light of this definition, the court explained that, "Ultimately, (except in those
cases involving an inherently dangerous weapon), the jury's decisionmaking process in
an aggravated assault case under section 245, subdivision (a)(1),[5] is functionally
identical regardless of whether, in the particular case, the defendant employed a weapon
alleged to be deadly as used or employed force likely to produce great bodily injury; in
either instance, the decision turns on the nature of the force used." (Aguilar, supra, 16
Cal.4th at p. 1035, italics added.) Thus, although the court concluded "a 'deadly weapon'
within the meaning of section 245 must be an object extrinsic to the human body" (id. at
p. 1034), the court found the prosecutor's contrary closing argument was harmless
because the jury necessarily engaged in the same analysis under either theory because the
alleged weapons (hands and feet) were not inherently deadly and, thus, their deadly
nature turned on the manner of their use. (Id. at p. 1036 ["Regardless . . . of which path
the jury took, the same finding was necessary to a verdict of guilt."].)
But the Aguilar court explained that its reasoning equating assault with a deadly
weapon and force-likely assault does not apply in the context of an inherently deadly
weapon:
"We observe that, despite the identity of the jury's reasoning
processes under either the 'deadly weapon' clause or the 'force likely'
5 When Aguilar was decided, assault with a deadly weapon and force-likely assault
were both contained in subdivision (a)(1) of former section 245. (Aguilar, supra, 16
Cal.4th at p. 1028.) The Legislature subsequently split them into subdivisions (a)(1) and
(a)(4), respectively. (Stats. 2011, ch. 183, § 1; see People v. Brunton (2018) 23
Cal.App.5th 1097, 1104, rehg. den. June 11, 2018, petn. for review pending, petn. filed
July 5, 2018 (Brunton).) As we explain below, this legislative amendment does not alter
our analysis.
9
clause in this case, our holding does not reduce the former clause to
surplusage. There remain assaults involving weapons that are
deadly per se, such as dirks and blackjacks, in which the prosecutor
may argue for, and the jury convict of, aggravated assault based on
the mere character of the weapon." (Aguilar, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p.
1037, fn. 10, italics added.)
Justice Mosk wrote a concurring opinion synthesizing the Aguilar majority's
reasoning:
"[Section 245] punishes an assault committed either (1) with a
'deadly weapon or instrument' other than a firearm or (2) by means
of any 'force likely to produce great bodily injury.' [¶] In turn, a
'deadly weapon or instrument' is either (1) a weapon that is deadly
per se (e.g., a dagger) or (2) any 'object, instrument, or weapon' that
is used in a way likely to produce death or great bodily injury (e.g., a
hammer). [Citations.] [¶] Reading this definition back into the
statute, we find that section 245 . . . thus actually punishes an assault
committed in any one of three ways: i.e., (1) with a weapon deadly
per se, or (2) with an object used in a way likely to produce great
bodily injury, or (3) by means of a force also likely to produce great
bodily injury." (Aguilar, supra, 16 Cal.4th at p. 1038 (conc. opn. of
Mosk, J.).)
Aguilar's distinction between inherently and noninherently deadly weapons is
reflected in CALCRIM No. 875's definition of "deadly weapon," which states: "A deadly
weapon other than a firearm is any object, instrument, or weapon that is [1] inherently
deadly or [2] one that is used in such a way that it is capable of causing and likely to
cause death or great bodily injury."
Applying these principles, we conclude force-likely assault is not a lesser included
offense of assault with a deadly weapon because, although every force-likely assault must
be committed in a way that is likely to produce great bodily injury (either with or without
a deadly weapon), there is a subset of assaults with deadly weapons—those committed
10
with inherently deadly weapons—that are not necessarily likely to produce great bodily
injury. The Attorney General posits the following illustration:
"For example, if a defendant cuts a single strand of a sleeping
person's hair with an inherently dangerous weapon such as a dagger,
he will have committed assault with a deadly weapon even if no
evidence shows he used the dagger in a manner capable of causing
or likely to cause death or great bodily injury. Although a defendant
must do an act 'that by its nature would directly and probably result
in the application of force to a person' (CALCRIM [No.] 875), the
'terms application of force and apply force mean to touch in a
harmful or offensive manner. The slightest touching can be enough
if it is done in a rude or angry way.' (Ibid.) Moreover, the 'People
are not required to prove that the defendant actually touched
someone.' (Ibid.)" (Italics added.)
Aguayo maintains we are not bound by Aguilar because its discussion of
inherently deadly weapons is merely dicta and it addressed an earlier version of section
245. We agree Aguilar is not binding, but we find its analysis highly persuasive because
of the depth in which the court analyzed the interplay between deadly weapons and the
use of force likely to produce great bodily injury. (See People v. Brown (2000) 77
Cal.App.4th 1324, 1336 ["even dictum from our Supreme Court is considered 'highly
persuasive' "].) And although section 245 was amended post-Aguilar to separate assault
with a deadly weapon and force-likely assault into separate subdivisions, our court
previously explained that "the Legislature made clear it was making only 'technical,
nonsubstantive changes' to section 245 (Legis. Counsel's Dig., Assem. Bill No. 1026
(2011-2012 Reg. Sess.)) to provide clarity for purposes of recidivist enhancements . . . ."
(Brunton, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th at p. 1107.)
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Aguayo relies heavily on In re Jonathan R. (2016) 3 Cal.App.5th 963, which
concluded force-likely assault is a lesser included offense of assault with a deadly
weapon. (Id. at pp. 971-972.) We decline to follow Jonathan R. First, it focuses
primarily on noninherently deadly weapons, relegating to a single footnote its discussion
of Aguilar's recognition of inherently deadly weapons. (Jonathan R., at pp. 971-974 &
fn. 5.) In that footnote, the Jonathan R. court concludes that the use of inherently deadly
weapons "necessarily involves the use of force likely to produce death or serious injury"
because they " 'are "dangerous or deadly" to others in the ordinary use for which they are
designed.' " (Id. at p. 973-974, fn. 5, italics added.) But as the Attorney General's
example illustrates, there are nonordinary uses to which one can put an inherently deadly
weapon (e.g., cutting a single strand of hair) without altering the weapon's inherently
deadly character.6 Second, as our court previously explained in Brunton, due to
intervening California Supreme Court authority, we place less weight on the intervening
amendment to section 245 than did the Jonathan R. court. (See Brunton, supra, 23
Cal.App.5th at pp. 1106-1107.)
Aguayo argues we should follow Jonathan R. here because a different panel of our
court applied it in an admittedly different context in In re Jose S. (2017) 12 Cal.App.5th
1107. We are not persuaded. In Jose S., a former ward of the juvenile court sought to
seal his juvenile criminal record, which included an admission of assault with a deadly
6 By analogy, an individual can commit an assault with a semiautomatic firearm
(§ 245, subd. (b)) even if the firearm is unloaded and used as a mere bludgeon. (See
People v. Miceli (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 256, 270.)
12
weapon (a knife). (Id. at p. 1112.) The juvenile court concluded his record was ineligible
for sealing because his assault conviction was a disqualifying offense under the statutory
sealing scheme. (Id. at p. 1112-1113.) On appeal, the appellant argued (for the first
time) his assault conviction was not disqualifying because the sealing statute enumerated
assault with a firearm and force-likely assault, but not assault with a deadly weapon (the
offense he admitted). (Id. at p. 1121.) In rejecting this argument, our court noted the
juvenile court was authorized to consider not only the allegations of the charging
document, but also the facts and circumstances of the actual offense. (Id. at p. 1122.) In
that light, our court concluded the juvenile court was justified in concluding the
defendant's assault with a deadly weapon "amounted to" and "encompasse[d]" force-
likely assault because the evidence supported the factual finding that "[t]he knife used by
[the minor] was capable of causing, and did cause, great bodily injury." (Id. at pp. 1122-
1123.) In that sense, the manner in which the minor committed the assault with a deadly
weapon was also likely to produce great bodily injury and, thus, was tantamount to a
force-likely assault.
Here, unlike in Jose S., we are not authorized to consider the facts and
circumstances of the offense. Rather, we must apply the elements test "in the abstract,"
without regard to the "evidence introduced at trial." (Chaney, supra, 131 Cal.App.4th at
p. 256.) Thus, Jose S. is inapposite.
In sum, because an assault can be committed with an inherently deadly weapon
without necessarily using force likely to produce great bodily injury, force-likely assault
is not a lesser included offense of assault with a deadly weapon.
13
In her reply brief, Aguayo raises for the first time the alternative argument that
even if we conclude (as we have) that force-likely assault is not a lesser included offense
of assault with a deadly weapon, we must nonetheless vacate her conviction for force-
likely assault because it is based on the same act as the assault with a deadly weapon
conviction. This argument fails for several reasons. First, "[o]rdinarily, we do not
consider arguments raised for the first time in a reply brief." (People v. Mickel (2016) 2
Cal.5th 181, 197.) Aguayo has given us no reason to depart from this practice. Second,
Aguayo has not sufficiently developed the argument or supported it with citations to
supporting legal authority. (See In re Groundwater Cases (2007) 154 Cal.App.4th 659,
690, fn. 18 [failure to develop an argument or cite any authority in support of a
contention results in the forfeiture of the issue on appeal].) Finally, the only case Aguayo
cites in support of her argument, Brunton, supra, 23 Cal.App.5th 1097, is readily
distinguishable. There, our court concluded convictions for force-likely assault and
assault with a deadly weapon were impermissibly duplicative because they were both
based on the defendant's single act—"choking his cellmate with a tightly rolled towel."
(Id. at p. 1099.) Here, however, Aguayo's convictions are based on multiple acts—hitting
her father with the bicycle chain and lock, and hitting him with the ceramic pot.
DISPOSITION
Affirmed.
HALLER, Acting P. J.
14
WE CONCUR:
IRION, J.
DATO, J.
15