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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
SIDNEY WHITE, :
:
Appellant. : No. 3146 EDA 2017
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence, August 14, 2017,
In the Court of Common Pleas of Delaware County,
Criminal Division at No(s): CP-23-CR-0007275-2016.
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., DUBOW, J., and KUNSELMAN, J.
MEMORANDUM BY KUNSELMAN, J.: FILED AUGUST 24, 2018
Sidney White appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed after a
jury convicted him of possession of a controlled substance and possession of
drug paraphernalia.1 In his sole issue raised on appeal, he challenges the trial
court’s denial of his suppression motion. After careful review, we affirm.
We enumerate the trial court’s factual findings made at the conclusion
of the suppression hearing as follows:
1. Lieutenant Richard Gibney is employed by the Darby
Borough Police as a Lieutenant in the anti-crime unit. He
has been a police officer with Darby Borough since 1987.
2. In the evening of March 29th, 2016 at approximately
11:10 p.m. he received information regarding drug sales
in the area of the Wishing Well bar. The call came from
Officer [Stacey] Rucker, a sworn police officer with the
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1 35 P.S. §§ 780-113(a)(16), and 780-113(a)(32), respectively.
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Borough of Darby, who was working in an undercover
capacity at that time.
3. Officer Rucker informed Lieutenant Gibney that one of
the individuals she had been purchasing drugs from that
evening was leaving the Wishing Well bar. Officer Rucker
gave Lieutenant Gibney a description of that individual as
a black male wearing a black coat with grey sleeves.
4. In response to that information, Lieutenant Gibney
observed a black male fitting that description leaving the
Wishing Well bar parking lot. Lieutenant Gibney waited
until the suspect walked across 6th and Main Streets
where he then pulled his vehicle up beside [the suspect]
and stopped him. The suspect was later identified as
[White]. Lieutenant Gibney was able to identify [White]
as the person Officer Rucker described because he was
the only one in the area that fit Officer Rucker’s
description.
5. Lieutenant Gibney exited his vehicle and approached
[White] from the front. As Lieutenant Gibney walked
over to [White] his badge was clearly visible to [White].
6. [White] began reaching into his pockets and Lieutenant
Gibney told him to stop. Lieutenant Gibney then asked
[White], “are you holding.” In street slang, “are you
holding” means are you in possession of drugs. [White’s]
response to Lieutenant Gibney’s question was “yes,”
indicating he was in possession of drugs.
7. After [White] said he was holding, Lieutenant Gibney
recovered drugs out of his pockets. [White] was then
taken into custody.
Trial Court Opinion, 4/18/17, at 1-3 (citations omitted).
Relevant to the present appeal, another police officer transported White
to the police station. After doing so, that officer checked his transport van
and discovered two clear baggies of cocaine in the backseat where White had
been sitting. The transport van had not had anyone in it prior to White, and,
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as per protocol, the van had been checked earlier that day. At that time, the
officer found nothing was inside it.
On January 5, 2017, White filed a motion to suppress evidence,
including his statements to the police, and the drugs found on his person and
in the police van. Within this motion, White averred that he “was stopped,
detained, and interrogated” by the police “without reasonable suspicion that
[he] was involved in criminal activity and without observation of unusual
conduct.” White further averred the police “searched and transported [him]
subsequent to an unlawful investigation detention [sic].” Omnibus Motion,
1/5/17, at 3-4.
The trial court held an evidentiary hearing on February 24, 2017.
Lieutenant Gibney was the only witness to testify. At the hearing’s conclusion,
the trial court took the matter under advisement. By order and opinion filed
on April 18, 2017, the trial court denied the suppression motion. Thereafter,
the trial court permitted the Commonwealth to consolidate this case with
charges filed against White in connection with his two undercover sales to
Officer Rucker in December 2015.2 Following a two-day trial, the jury
convicted White of the above charges. On August 14, 2017, the trial court
sentenced White to an aggregate term of three years of probation. This appeal
follows. Both the trial court and White have complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
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2 At a separate docket, a jury convicted White for these drug sales. White
also has filed an appeal from the judgment of sentence imposed in that case.
See Commonwealth v. White, No. 3144 EDA 2017.
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White presents the following issue for our review:
1. Whether the court erred in failing to suppress the cocaine
and paraphernalia that was seized from the police van
and used to convict [White] in this matter since the
recovery of the contraband was the direct result of the
police detaining [White] without probable cause or
reasonable suspicion which led to his arrest and presence
in the van.
White’s Brief at 7 (excess capitalization omitted).
Our scope of review limited to the testimony and other evidence
presented at the suppression hearing. See generally, In re L.J., 79 A.3d
1073 (Pa. 2013). Because the Commonwealth prevailed on this issue in the
suppression court, we consider “only the evidence of the prosecution and so
much of the evidence for the defense as remains uncontradicted when read in
the context of the record as a whole. When the record supports the findings
of the suppression court, we are bound by those facts and may reverse only
if the legal conclusions drawn therefrom are in error.” Commonwealth v.
Johnson, 33 A.3d 122, 124 (Pa. Super. 2011).
Our review of the suppression-hearing transcript supports the trial
court’s factual findings.3 Thus, we must next determine whether the trial
court’s legal conclusions are correct. The trial court explained:
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3 We note that, contrary to the trial court’s finding, on cross-examination,
Lieutenant Gibney testified that he did not recall Officer Rucker stating that
she observed White sell drugs in the bar that night. Rather, she stated that
she had bought drugs from him twice in December 2015, while working
undercover, but did not know his identity. See N.T., 2/27/17, at 24.
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[White] alleges there was no reasonable suspicion or
probable cause for Lieutenant Gibney to stop him. . . .
The record in this case confirms that the contact between
Lieutenant Gibney and [White] began as a mere encounter.
A person is not seized when the police approach him or even
ask him questions; that is a mere encounter which does not
require any level of suspicion. Commonwealth v. Smith,
836 A.2d 5, 11 (Pa 2003) (mere approach of police followed
by questioning is not a seizure); In re D.M., 781 A.2d 1161,
1164 (Pa. 2001) (police may approach anyone in a public
place to talk to him without any level of suspicion).
As the officers approached[4], [White] began reaching
into his pockets. Lieutenant Gibney told him to stop [doing
so]. Lieutenant Gibney then asked [White], “are you
holding.” In street slang, “are you holding” means are you
in possession of drugs. [White’s] response to Lieutenant
Gibney’s question was “yes,” indicating that he was in
possession of drugs. At this point the encounter became a
lawful investigative detention, or Terry stop[.] Under the
totality of the circumstances as viewed through the eyes of
Lieutenant Gibney, a trained and credible police officer,
Lieutenant Gibney, had a reasonable suspicion to continue
his investigation.
A police officer may conduct a brief investigatory stop if
he has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal
activity is afoot, Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968); he need
not merely shrug his shoulders and allow a criminal to
escape. Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 145-46 (1972).
Reasonable suspicion exists when, under the totality of the
circumstances, an officer is “able to articulate something
more than an ‘inchoate and unparticularized hunch’” that
criminal activity is afoot. Alabama v. White, 496 U.S. 325,
329 (1990), quoting Terry v. Ohio, supra. See In the
Interest of N.L., 739 A.2d 564, 567 (Pa. Super. 1999)
(citation omitted) (reasonable suspicion is “less than a
preponderance of the evidence but more than a hunch”).
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4Lieutenant Gibney approached White accompanied by his partner, Lieutenant
Joseph Gabe, who was similarly dressed in plain clothes and exhibiting only a
police badge. See N.T., 2/24/17 at 8-10.
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Based on [White’s] admission he was in possession of
drugs, Lieutenant Gibney had probable cause to place
[White] under arrest. Probable cause exists if “the facts and
circumstances within the knowledge of the police officer at
the time of the arrest are sufficient to justify a person of
reasonable caution in believing the suspect had committed
or is a committing a crime.” Commonwealth v. Colon,
777 A.2d 1097, 1100 (Pa. Super. 2001). When determining
whether probable cause exists, a court must view the
circumstances in their totality “as they appeared to the
arresting officer” rather than in isolation or through the eyes
of “an average citizen.” Commonwealth v. Dennis, 612
A.2d 1014, 1016 (Pa. Super. 1992). Moments later
Lieutenant Gibney recovered drugs from [White’s] pocket.
Once a valid arrest was made, the arresting officers,
without a warrant, were permitted to search [White]
incident to his arrest. The fact of a lawful arrest, standing
alone, authorizes such a search. Commonwealth v.
Ventura, [975 A.2d 1128, 11 (Pa. Super. 2009)].
Trial Court Opinion, 4/18/17, at 6-9. Our review supports the trial court’s
legal conclusions.
In arguing to the contrary, White first challenges the trial court’s
determination that his initial interaction with Lieutenant Gibney constituted a
mere encounter. He avers that, “the Commonwealth failed to establish the
necessary probable cause to effect the initial stop that led directly to his arrest
and placement in the van.” White’s Brief at 12. White further argues that
Lieutenant Gibney’s initial interaction with him cannot be characterized as a
“mere encounter” because they “detained” him “based upon the specific
directive of the undercover agent, Officer Stacey Rucker[,]” to whom he had
allegedly made two drug sales in December 2015. Id. According to White,
because the Commonwealth did not call Officer Rucker to identify him at the
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suppression hearing, “the essential link necessary to support the prosecution’s
theory of probable cause to detain [White] on the night of March 29, 201[6]
was utterly absent from the record.” Id. at 13. We disagree.
“The Fourth Amendment of the Federal Constitution and Article I,
Section 8 of the Pennsylvania Constitution protect individuals from
unreasonable searches and seizures.” Commonwealth v. Walls, 53 A.3d
889, 892 (Pa. Super. 2012). Once a criminal defendant files a motion to
suppress evidence, it is the Commonwealth’s burden to prove, by a
preponderance of the evidence, that the challenged evidence was not obtained
in violation of the defendant’s rights. Commonwealth v. Simonson, 148
A.3d 792, 796 (Pa. Super. 2016).
Appellate courts in Pennsylvania “have long recognized that there are
three levels of intrusion involved in interaction between members of the public
and police.” Walls, 53 A.3d at 892. This Court has compared and contrasted
these levels of interaction as follows:
A mere encounter can be any formal or informal interaction
between an officer and a citizen, but will normally be an
inquiry by the officer of the citizen. The hallmark of this
interaction is that it carries no official compulsion to stop or
respond.
In contrast, an investigative detention, by implication,
carries an official compulsion to stop and respond, but the
detention is temporary, unless it results in the formation of
probable cause for arrest, and does not possess the coercive
conditions consistent with a formal arrest. Since this
interaction has elements of compulsion it requires
reasonable suspicion of unlawful activity. In further
contrast, a custodial detention occurs when the nature,
duration and conditions of an investigative detention
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become so coercive as to be, practically speaking, the
functional equivalent of an arrest.
Commonwealth v. Coleman, 19 A.3d 1111, 1115-16 (Pa. Super. 2011)
(citations omitted).
We begin our review with an initial inquiry focusing on whether White
was “seized” during the initial interaction with Lieutenant Gibney. In
determining whether a valid seizure has occurred, we evaluate all of the
surrounding circumstances through an objective lens to ascertain whether a
reasonable person would feel that he was free to leave. Commonwealth v.
Strickler, 757 A.2d 884, 889 (Pa. 2000).
In evaluating the circumstances, the focus is directed
toward whether, by means of physical force or show of
authority, the citizen-subject's movement has in some way
been restrained. In making this determination, courts must
apply the totality-of-the-circumstances approach, with no
single factor dictating the ultimate conclusion as to whether
a seizure has occurred.
Id. at 890 (citation and footnote omitted).
Our review of the record refutes White’s contention that that the initial
approach and questioning by the police was more than a mere encounter. As
found by the trial court, Lieutenant Gibney’s approach and questioning of
White did not constitute any sort of restraint of White’s physical movement.
“Both the United States and Pennsylvania Supreme Courts have held that the
approach of a police officer followed by questioning does not constitute a
seizure.” Coleman, 19 A.3d at 1116 (citations omitted).
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As in this case, in Coleman, this Court considered whether a street
encounter between officers and a citizen was a mere encounter or an
investigatory detention. In that case, police responded to a radio call of a
robbery in progress, which included a description of the suspect. Upon arrival,
the officers observed a man that fit the description in the report. The officer
asked the defendant if he had a gun, to which the suspect responded “no,”
but at the same time put his hand in his pocket and began fumbling with an
object. The defendant refused the officers' request to take his hand out of his
pocket and a struggle ensued. The officers subsequently recovered two knives
and arrested the defendant.
In Coleman’s appeal, he argued, “that the initial approach and
questioning by the police was an investigative detention that was not
supported by reasonable suspicion.” Coleman, 19 A.3d at 1116. Our Court
held that the officer’s approach qualified as a mere encounter and that the
officer’s request for Coleman to remove his hand from his pocket did not
elevate the encounter to an investigative detention. Coleman, 19 A.3d at
1116–17. Thus, this Court concluded that the initial police-citizen interaction
in Coleman, was a mere encounter. Id. at 1116-17.
Here, the officers did not seize White during the first moments of their
initial interaction with him. The suppression-hearing transcript reveals that,
the officers did not approach White in a threatening manner, did not use any
means of physical force, or even utter the word “stop” or “police.” See N.T.,
2/24/17, at 11. They simply approached White and Lieutenant Gibney asked
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him a question, which does not constitute a seizure. Commonwealth v.
Smith, 836 A.2d 5, 11 (Pa. 2003) (holding that a passenger was not seized
“when police merely boarded a bus which was in the midst of a scheduled stop
and posed questions to her”).
Thus, the record in this case supports the trial court’s conclusion that
Lieutenant Gibney’s initial interaction with White was a mere encounter.5
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5 The fact that Officer Rucker did not identify him at the suppression hearing
does not alter our conclusion. Nevertheless, we agree with the
Commonwealth’s alternative argument, which it made at the suppression
hearing, that White’s warrantless arrest was supported by probable cause
under the “collective knowledge” doctrine. Most recently, in Commonwealth
v. Yong, 177 A.3d 876 (Pa. 2018), our Supreme Court addressed the specific
issue of “whether an investigating officer’s knowledge of facts sufficient to
create probable cause to arrest may be imputed to a second officer, who
arrests the suspect, when the two officers are working as a team, but there is
no evidence the investigating officer with probable cause directed the officer
to act.” Yong, 177 A.3d at 876-87. The high court, after discussing the
different approaches employed in Pennsylvania, as well as various federal
courts, answered this issue in the affirmative, based upon “the version of the
collective knowledge doctrine” it discussed and adopted therein. Id. at 877.
It defined this doctrine as follows:
[W]e maintain that Pennsylvania adheres to the vertical
approach of the collective knowledge doctrine, which
instructs that an officer with the requisite level of suspicion
may direct another officer to act in his or her stead.
However, where, as here, the arresting officer does not have
the requisite knowledge and was not directed to act, we hold
the seizure is still constitutional were the investigating
officer with probable cause or reasonable suspicion was
working with the officers and would have inevitably and
imminently ordered that the seizure be effectuated. . . .
[W]e find this modified approach best balances the
important interest of ensuring police efficacy and efficiency
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Finally, the search that Lieutenant Gibney conducted of White was
constitutionally valid. Based on White’s admission that he was carrying drugs,
Lieutenant Gibney had probable cause to place White under arrest. “Probable
cause exists if the facts and circumstances within the knowledge of the police
officer at the time of the arrest are sufficient to justify a person of reasonable
caution in believing the suspect has committed or is committing a crime.”
Commonwealth v. Colon, 777 A.2d 1097, 1100 (Pa. Super. 2001). Our
precedent establishes that when a citizen admits that he is possession of an
illegal drugs during the course of a mere encounter, probable cause arises,
and a search incident to arrest is appropriate. See e.g., In re I.M.S., 124
A.3d 311, 317 (Pa. Super. 2015) (holding that a police officer had probable
cause to arrest juvenile after juvenile admitted to possessing drugs, and thus
the officer was authorized to conduct a search incident to arrest of juvenile’s
backpack).
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with protecting citizens’ rights to be free from
unconstitutional intrusions.
Yong, 177 A.3d at 889-90 (citation omitted).
In the instant case, there is no question that Officer Rucker was working
with Lieutenant Gibney as part of a drug investigation, and that Officer Rucker
possessed probable cause to arrest White based upon two prior drug sales he
had made to her. Moreover, while Officer Rucker only asked Lieutenant
Gibney to obtain White’s identification, rather than order his arrest, the
“collective knowledge” doctrine adopted in Yong holds that White’s seizure
was justified. See id.
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Here, White responded in the affirmative when asked whether he was
in possession of drugs. As such, the police had probable cause to believe that
White was in possession of drugs, authorizing his arrest and search of his
person. Consequently, the drugs seized were properly confiscated and
admitted into evidence.
In sum, we conclude that the initial interaction between Lieutenant
Gibney and White constituted a mere encounter, and probable cause
developed in the course of lawful questioning, thus making the subsequent
arrest and search of White constitutionally valid. Therefore, the trial court did
not err when it allowed the admission of evidence (the drugs and
paraphernalia) left in the police van following White’s arrest.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 8/24/2018
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