NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 28 2018
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
GLORIA STITT; et al., No. 16-17008
Plaintiffs-Appellants, D.C. No. 4:12-cv-03892-YGR
v.
MEMORANDUM*
CITIBANK, N.A., a national association;
CITIMORTGAGE, INC., a New York
corporation,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Northern District of California
Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted May 18, 2018
San Francisco, California
Before: N.R. SMITH and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and LYNN,** Chief
District Judge.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The Honorable Barbara M. G. Lynn, Chief United States District
Judge for the Northern District of Texas, sitting by designation.
Appellants Gloria and Ronald Stitt and Mark and Terri Louise Zirlott appeal
from three district court orders, entered in a case where they were complaining
about post-default property inspections. On January 6, 2015, the district court
entered an Order Granting Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss Without Leave to
Amend. On October 5, 2016, the district court entered an Order Granting
Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment. The same day, the district court
entered an Order Denying Plaintiffs’ Motion for Order of Entitlement to Catalyst
Fee Award Under Cal. Code Civ. P. § 1021.5. We have jurisdiction under 28
U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm all three Orders.
I.
A dismissal of claims under Rule 12(b)(6) is reviewed de novo. Cervantes
v. United States, 330 F.3d 1186, 1187 (9th Cir. 2003).
The district court dismissed Appellants’ federal claims, under 18 U.S.C. §
1962(c) and (d) of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
(RICO), because it determined that the First Amended Complaint failed to allege
the existence of an “enterprise.” A RICO enterprise is an “individual, partnership,
corporation, association, or other legal entity, and any union or group of
individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity.” Odom v. Microsoft
Corp., 486 F.3d 541, 548 (9th Cir. 2007) (en banc) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4)).
To state the existence of an associated-in-fact enterprise, a plaintiff must allege
2
facts to establish three elements: (1) “a common purpose of engaging in a course of
conduct”; (2) “an ongoing organization, formal or informal”; and (3) “evidence
that the various associates function as a continuing unit.” Id. at 552.
Appellants argue that the district court erred when it held that Citibank, N.A.
and CitiMortgage, Inc. (collectively, “Citi”) did not form an enterprise with their
third-party property inspection vendor, Safeguard Real Estate Properties, LLC
(“Safeguard”). However, Appellants did not allege any facts showing that any
combination of these entities existed together as a single unit with a common
purpose. The First Amended Complaint alleges only that Citi instructed its vendor,
Safeguard, to perform property inspections upon request. The mere existence of
such a servicing contract between Citi and Safeguard does not establish a common
purpose under RICO. By failing to plead an enterprise, Appellants did not state a
plausible RICO claim under 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c) or (d). We therefore affirm the
district court’s Order dismissing the RICO counts.
II.
Upon dismissing Appellants’ RICO claims, the district court denied
Appellants’ request for leave to amend their pleading. Appellants appeal the
district court’s ruling.
A denial of a motion seeking leave to amend is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. DCD Programs, Ltd. v. Leighton, 833 F.2d 183, 186 (9th Cir. 1987).
3
Because Appellants’ request for leave to amend was untimely under the district
court’s case management order, Appellants were required to establish “good
cause” for their delay. Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4); Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations,
Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 607–08 (9th Cir. 1992). Appellants failed to present evidence
to the district court showing good cause. They also did not propose additional
factual allegations that would cure the pleading defects associated with their RICO
claims. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying
Appellants’ request for leave to amend.
III.
Appellants contend the district court erred by granting summary judgment
on their remaining claims—for fraudulent misrepresentation and unjust
enrichment.1 A district court’s grant of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.
Oswalt v. Resolute Indus., Inc., 642 F.3d 856, 859 (9th Cir. 2011).
The parties agree that New York law governs the Stitts’ fraud claim and
Alabama law governs the Zirlotts’ fraud claims. Under both states’ laws, a
plaintiff may establish fraud by showing: (1) a material misrepresentation, (2)
which defendants knew to be false, (3) made to induce the plaintiff’s reliance, (4)
justifiable reliance, and (5) injury. See Mandarin Trading Ltd. v. Wildenstein, 944
1
Appellants previously pursued, but have since dropped, fraudulent
concealment claims.
4
N.E.2d 1104, 1108 (N.Y. 2011); Ex parte Ledford, 761 So. 2d 990, 993 (Ala.
2000). Appellants’ first fraud theory is that Citi charged borrowers for property
inspections that Citi knew did not occur and for which there should have been no
charge. In response, Citi cited evidence that Citi only charged Appellants for
property inspection fees if Safeguard charged Citi for the same inspections.
Appellants did not rebut this evidence.
Appellants next argue that Citi fraudulently invoiced Appellants for
inspections it knew, under the terms of the mortgage instruments, were not
“reasonable or appropriate.” In effect, Appellants contend that Citi misrepresented
that it was contractually authorized to pass along property inspection fees under the
terms of the respective mortgages. The district court rejected this same argument
by Appellants on the basis that fraud generally cannot be predicated on
misrepresentations as to matters of opinion or law. The district court’s conclusion
is consistent with New York and Alabama law. See Randolph Cty. v. Ala. Power
Co., 784 F.2d 1067, 1070 (11th Cir. 1986), as amended on denial of reh’g, 798
F.2d 425 (11th Cir. 1986); Koagel v. Ryan Homes, Inc., 562 N.Y.S.2d 312, 313
(App. Div. 1990) (mem.); see also Miller v. Yokohama Tire Corp., 358 F.3d 616,
621 (9th Cir. 2004). Appellants do not show that any exception to this general rule
should apply. Nor do Appellants identify any express or implicit
5
misrepresentations by Citi that are actionable. We therefore conclude that the
district court properly dismissed Appellants’ fraud claims on summary judgment.
Additionally, Appellants contend that the district court erred by granting
summary judgment on Appellants’ unjust enrichment claim. Under New York and
Alabama law, the basis for an unjust enrichment claim is that the defendant
obtained a benefit that in “equity and good conscience” belongs to the plaintiff.
See Mandarin Trading, 944 N.E.2d at 1110 (quoting Paramount Film Distrib.
Corp. v. State, 285 N.E.2d 695, 698 (N.Y. 1972)); Flying J Fish Farm v. Peoples
Bank of Greensboro, 12 So. 3d 1185, 1193 (Ala. 2008). An unjust enrichment
claim is rooted in the principle that a person should not be able to enrich himself
unjustly at the expense of another. Georgia Malone & Co. v. Rieder, 973 N.E.2d
743, 746 (N.Y. 2012); Flying J, 12 So. 3d at 1193. But “an unjust enrichment
claim is not available [when] it simply duplicates a conventional [breach of
contract] or tort claim.” Corsello v. Verizon N.Y., Inc., 967 N.E.2d 1177, 1185
(N.Y. 2012); see also Pearson’s Pharmacy, Inc. v. Express Scripts, Inc., 505 F.
Supp. 2d 1272, 1278 (M.D. Ala. 2007) (citing Am. Family Care, Inc. v. Irwin, 571
So. 2d 1053, 1061 (Ala. 1990)).
Here, Appellants alleged that Citi was unjustly enriched by defrauding
Appellants into paying contractual fees that were not due and owing. This claim is
precluded because Appellants have an adequate remedy at law to contest these fees
6
under contract law. The unjust enrichment claim is also duplicative of Appellants’
fraud claims. Because the district court found that there is no evidence of fraud,
Appellants’ unjust enrichment claim based on fraud also fails.
IV.
The district court’s denial of a motion for attorney’s fees is reviewed for
abuse of discretion. Carnes v. Zamani, 488 F.3d 1057, 1059 (9th Cir. 2007).
Section 1021.5 of the California Code of Civil Procedure provides for an
award of catalyst fees to successful plaintiffs.2 To recover, plaintiffs must show:
“(1) the lawsuit was a catalyst motivating the defendants to provide the primary
relief sought; (2) that the lawsuit had merit and achieved its catalytic effect by
threat of victory, not by dint of nuisance and threat of expense . . . ; and, (3) that
the plaintiffs reasonably attempted to settle the litigation prior to filing the
lawsuit.” Tipton-Whittingham v. City of Los Angeles, 101 P.3d 174, 177 (Cal.
2004). To have a catalytic effect, the lawsuit must be a “substantial causal factor”
contributing to the defendant’s change in conduct. Graham v. DaimlerChrysler
Corp., 101 P.3d 140, 156 (Cal. 2004).
A court may infer causation when a change in the defendant’s conduct
occurs after the filing of the lawsuit. Hogar v. Cmty. Dev. Comm’n of Escondido,
2
We assume for the purposes of this discussion that catalyst fees could be
available under California law even when non-California plaintiffs bring non-
California claims.
7
69 Cal. Rptr. 3d 250, 257 (Ct. App. 2007). To determine whether such an
inference should arise, courts look to “(a) the situation immediately prior to the
commencement of suit, and (b) the situation today, and the role, if any, played by
the litigation in effecting any changes between the two.” Id. (quoting Folsom v.
Butte Cty. Ass’n of Gov’ts, 652 P.2d 437, 449 n.31 (Cal. 1982)). If a plaintiff
raises an inference of causation, the burden shifts to the defendant to offer rebuttal
evidence. Californians for Responsible Toxics Mgmt. v. Kizer, 259 Cal. Rptr. 599,
603 (Ct. App. 1989).
The district court determined that two issues precluded Appellants from
recovering catalyst fees. First, California law does not allow for an award of
catalyst fees unless the precise condition that the plaintiff sought to remedy by its
lawsuit is changed. See Graham, 101 P.3d at 155. Here, Appellants argue they
caused Citi, in mid-2013, to reform its policy of automatically ordering property
inspections and invoicing borrowers in default for the cost. The district court was
unconvinced by this contention, because Appellants were largely arguing in mid-
2013 that they sought to remedy Citi’s alleged overcharges for inspections—not
the frequency of inspections. By the time Appellants filed their First Amended
Complaint to focus instead on Citi’s previous automated-property-inspection
policies, Citi had already reformed those policies.
8
Second, the district court determined that Citi reformed its inspection
policies for reasons unrelated to this lawsuit. On April 4, 2012, another federal
district court entered a consent judgment against Citi, under the National Mortgage
Settlement (“NMS”). The NMS required Citi to reform its servicing standards to
limit the frequency and circumstances under which it would charge delinquent
borrowers for property inspections and other third-party fees. The NMS also
required Citi to pay a penalty of more than $400 million for its prior actions. The
instant lawsuit was filed after the NMS was entered. The district court therefore
reasonably concluded that the NMS, rather than this lawsuit, caused Citi to amend
its policies for ordering property inspections.
The district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Appellants’ request
for catalyst fees.
AFFIRMED.
9
Gloria Stitt v. Citibank, N.A.
Combined Opinion