UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
__________________________________
)
CHERYL C. BRADLEY, et al., )
)
Plaintiffs, )
)
v. ) Civil Action No. 17-1791 (RMC)
)
VOX MEDIA, INC. d/b/a SB NATION, )
)
Defendant. )
_________________________________ )
MEMORANDUM OPINION
How much employer control is required for an independent contractor to be
considered an employee under the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA), 29 U.S.C. § 201 et
seq.? That is the question raised by a purported class of employees who provide blogging and
supervision services to Vox Media, Inc. (Vox) on its various sports blogs. Before the Court may
address that question, Vox moves for partial dismissal to limit Plaintiffs’ claims to the two-year,
rather than three-year, statute of limitations provided by the FLSA. Vox argues that Plaintiffs
have failed to allege adequately its violation was willful, as required to fall under the three-year
statute of limitations. The Court finds Plaintiffs’ allegations sufficient to allege a plausible claim
for relief and will deny the motion.
I. BACKGROUND
Vox is a media corporation that maintains and operates approximately 319 sports
websites through its business division, SB Nation. First Amended Collective Action Complaint
(Am. Compl.) [Dkt. 16] ¶ 11. Each website is maintained by a Site Manager, who is in turn
supervised by a League Manager. Id. ¶ 17. Vox manages its Site Managers through Blogger
Agreements and direct supervision by League Managers. Id. ¶¶ 13, 70-73. Each Blogger
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Agreement outlines when and how often Site Managers must create new content, specifies that
Vox maintains the authority to edit or remove such content, and includes a non-compete clause.
Id. ¶¶ 53-59. When a position becomes available, Vox posts a short description to its website
that includes a list of requirements and responsibilities, as well as details on how to apply. Id.
¶ 50. It advertises for all its paid positions in the same manner. Id.
Plaintiff Cheryl Bradley was a Site Manager for Vox’s website, Mile High
Hockey, from June 2013 until February 2015. Id. ¶ 14. Her relationship with Vox was governed
by a Blogger Agreement that she signed on June 1, 2013. Id. ¶ 13; see also Ex. 1, Am. Compl.,
Bradley Blogger Agreement [Dkt. 16-2]. Ms. Bradley was interviewed, and later managed, by
League Manager Travis Hughes. Am. Compl. ¶ 44. She was required to watch games featuring
the Colorado Avalanche, a professional ice hockey team, and then to publish five to six articles
per week, manage other writers, edit and approve articles by those writers, monitor search engine
optimization, manage Mile High Hockey’s comments section and social media accounts, and
live-Tweet games and practices. Id. ¶¶ 16, 18-19. Ms. Bradley was paid $125 per month. Id.
¶ 20. She regularly worked 30-40 hours per week, and up to 50 hours per week during peak
times or when she was understaffed. Id. ¶¶ 20-21. In late 2013, Ms. Bradley complained to her
League Manager that her wages were inadequate and was told that wages were dependent on
team site traffic. Id. ¶ 106. Even though she increased Mile High Hockey’s site traffic, her pay
never increased. Id. Ms. Bradley was fired in February 2015. Id. ¶¶ 45-46.
Plaintiff John Wakefield was a Site Manager for Vox’s website, Through it All
Together, from December 2015 until May 2017. Id. ¶ 23. Mr. Wakefield applied for the
position on December 10, 2015 and was hired by Soccer League Manager Jeremiah Oshan. Id.
¶ 47. His relationship with Vox was governed by a Blogger Agreement that he signed on
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January 1, 2016. Id. ¶ 22; see also Ex. 2, Am. Compl., Wakefield Blogger Agreement [Dkt. 16-
3]. He was required to watch or listen to games featuring the Leeds United Football Club, an
English professional soccer team, and publish one to three articles per week, manage other
writers, edit and approve articles, monitor search engine optimization, and manage Through It
All Together’s comments section and Twitter account. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 27-29. Mr. Wakefield
was initially paid $50 per month; his pay was later increased to $75 per month. Id. ¶ 30. He
regularly worked 30-40 hours per week, and up to 60 hours per week during peak times. Id.
¶¶ 30-31.
Plaintiff Maija Varda is currently the Site Manager for Vox’s website, Twinkie
Town. Id. ¶ 33. Ms. Varda applied for the position of Site Manager in April 2016 after seeing a
job posting and was interviewed and hired by Major League Baseball League Manager Justin
Bopp. Id. ¶ 49. Her relationship with Vox is governed by a Blogger agreement that she signed
on May 1, 2016. Id. ¶ 32; see also Ex. 3, Am. Compl., Varda Blogger Agreement [Dkt. 16-4].
She is required to write daily interest articles about the Minnesota Twins, a professional baseball
team, report breaking news, recruit and manage staff writers, and manage Twinkie Town’s social
media accounts. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 35-38. She is paid $400 per month. Id. ¶ 40. She regularly
works 30 to 40 hours per week, and up to 50 hours per week during peak times or when she is
understaffed. Id. ¶¶ 40-41.
On September 1, 2017, Ms. Bradley filed a Collective Action Complaint against
Vox, alleging a violation of the minimum wage and overtime requirements of the FLSA.
Collective Action Compl. [Dkt. 1]. An Amended Complaint adding Mr. Wakefield and Ms.
Varda as named plaintiffs was filed October 23, 2017. See Am. Compl. Vox moved for partial
dismissal of any claims outside the standard two-year statute of limitations on November 6, 2017
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and at the same time moved for the Court to take judicial notice of four exhibits attached to the
partial motion to dismiss. Plaintiffs opposed and Vox replied. Both motions are ripe for
review.1
The Court has jurisdiction under 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) of the FLSA and 28 U.S.C.
§ 1331. See 29 U.S.C. § 216(b) (“An action to recover the liability prescribed in the preceding
sentences may be maintained against any employer (including a public agency) in any Federal or
State court of competent jurisdiction by any one or more employees for and in behalf of himself
or themselves and other employees similarly situated.”); 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (“The district courts
shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties
of the United States.”). Venue is proper in the United States District Court for the District of
Columbia because Defendant Vox Media, Inc. is headquartered in the District and the events
giving rise to Plaintiffs’ claims also occurred in the District. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1), (2).
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A. Judicial Notice
In ruling on a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a court may consider the facts alleged in
the complaint, documents attached to the complaint as exhibits or incorporated by reference, and
matters about which the court may take judicial notice. See Abhe v. Svoboda, Inc. v. Chao, 508
F.3d 1052, 1059 (D.C. Cir. 2007). The court has the discretion to take judicial notice of
“historical, political, or statistical facts, or any other facts that are verifiable with certainty.”
1
See Def. Vox. Media, Inc.’s Partial Mot. to Dismiss Pls.’ First Am. Compl. (Mot. to Dismiss)
[Dkt. 21]; Def. Vox Media, Inc.’s Mot. for Judicial Notice [Dkt. 22]; Mem. of Law in Opp’n to
Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss Pls.’ First Am. Compl. [Dkt. 24]; Pls.’ Mem. of Law in Opp’n to Def.’s
Mot. for Judicial Notice [Dkt. 25]; Reply Mem. of Law in Supp. of Def. Vox Media, Inc.’s
Partial Mot. to Dismiss Pls.’ First Am. Compl. [Dkt. 26]; Reply in Supp. of Def. Vox Media,
Inc.’s Mot. for Judicial Review (Notice Reply) [Dkt. 27].
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Mintz v. FDIC, 729 F. Supp. 2d 276, 278 n.2 (D.D.C. 2010). The Federal Rules of Evidence
require that the court only judicially notice a fact when it is “not subject to reasonable dispute
because it: (1) is generally known within the trial court’s territorial jurisdiction; or (2) can be
accurately and readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be
questioned.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(c)(2). The facts to be noticed must also be relevant. Whiting v.
AARP, 637 F.3d 355, 430 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (declining to take judicial notice of facts that are
“irrelevant to disposition of the motion to dismiss, which turns on the adequacy of the well-
pleaded factual allegations in the complaint”).
B. Motion to Dismiss for Failure to State a Claim
A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6) challenges the adequacy of a complaint on its face. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6).
A complaint must be sufficient “to give a defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the
grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal
citations omitted). Although a complaint does not need detailed factual allegations, a plaintiff s
obligation to provide the grounds of his entitlement to relief “requires more than labels and
conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do.” Id. To
survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true,
to state a claim for relief that is “plausible on its face.” Id. at 570. A court must treat the
complaint’s factual allegations as true, “even if doubtful in fact.” Id. at 555. But a court need
not accept as true legal conclusions set forth in a complaint. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678
(2009).
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III. ANALYSIS
A. Judicial Notice
Vox asks the Court to take judicial notice of Exhibits 2-5 to their Motion to
Dismiss. Exhibits 2-4 are screenshots from Mses. Bradley and Varda’s and opt-in Plaintiff Jacob
Pavorsky’s LinkedIn profiles, respectively. See Exs. 2-4, Mot. to Dismiss [Dkts. 21-3, 21-4, 21-
5]. Exhibit 5 is a screenshot of Ms. Bradley’s comments on the Mile High Hockey website. See
Ex. 5, Mot. to Dismiss [Dkt. 21-6].
Vox argues that these exhibits are relevant to its defense that Vox did not willfully
violate the FLSA because the exhibits show that Plaintiffs did not consider themselves to be
employees. Vox adds that the exhibits are relevant to “one key factor of the independent
contractor analysis (whether the alleged employee simultaneously worked for others).” Notice
Reply at 2. Plaintiffs respond that the exhibits are irrelevant to ruling on the Vox motion to
dismiss because they have no bearing on whether Plaintiffs have adequately alleged willfulness.
In considering the motion to dismiss, the Court is concerned with whether these
Plaintiffs have successfully stated “a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Iqbal, 556 U.S.
at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). It is premature to consider whether Plaintiffs
subjectively believed they were employees of Vox. The Court also realizes that LinkedIn
profiles generally consist of self-reported employment information. However, at this point in the
litigation, the Court cannot find that the accuracy of the information contained in these screen
shots can be “verifiable with certainty.” See Mintz, 729 F. Supp. 2d at 278 n.2 (taking notice of
the relationship between two different third parties because it was a “highly relevant and easily
verifiable fact”). The Court declines to take judicial notice of Exhibits 2-5.
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B. Motion to Dismiss
Vox moves to dismiss all of Ms. Bradley’s claims and all claims of the other
Plaintiffs and putative class members that are more than two years old. Vox argues that the
Plaintiffs’ claims are limited by the traditional two-year FLSA statute of limitations and not the
three-year FLSA limitations period for willful violations because Plaintiffs have not adequately
pleaded a willful violation by Vox. Plaintiffs argue that they have adequately alleged a willful
violation because they allege that senior executives at Vox were formerly senior executives at
America Online, Inc. (AOL) when a similar lawsuit was pending against AOL and that Vox
received multiple complaints from employees regarding their inadequate wages but did nothing.
The FLSA states that a cause of action “may be commenced within two years
after the cause of action accrued, and every such action shall be forever barred unless
commenced within two years after the cause of action accrued, except that a cause of action
arising out of a willful violation may be commenced within three years after the cause of action
accrued.” 29 U.S.C. § 255(a). A violation is willful if “the employer either knew or showed
reckless disregard for the matter of whether its conduct was prohibited by the statute.”
McLaughlin v. Richland Shoe Co., 486 U.S. 128, 133 (1988) (citing Trans World Airlines, Inc. v.
Thurston, 469 U.S. 111, 128 (1985)).
The Amended Complaint focuses on three executives at Vox Media to support its
allegation of willfulness: James Bankoff, Chief Executive Officer; Marty Moe, President; and
Lauren Fisher, General Counsel and Chief Legal Officer. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 82, 84, 87. The
Amended Complaint alleges that these three executives were involved in the decision to classify
Plaintiffs as independent contractors and not pay them as the FLSA requires employees to be
paid. Id. ¶ 105. It is alleged that each executive was previously employed by AOL: Mr.
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Bankoff from 2002 to 2011; Mr. Moe from 2001 to 2010; and Ms. Fisher from 2001 to 2007. Id.
¶¶ 83, 85, 88. Further, it is alleged that AOL was defending against a class action lawsuit at that
time, as well as an investigation by the Department of Labor (DOL) concerning its failure to pay
AOL “Community Leaders” as employees. Id. ¶¶ 89-99; see also Hallissey v. America Online,
Inc., No. 99-3785, 2008 WL 465112 (S.D.N.Y. Feb. 19, 2008) (conditionally certifying class).
Plaintiffs further allege that “[d]uring their tenure at AOL, Bankoff, Moe and Fisher were well
aware of the Hallissey case and the USDOL investigation.” Am. Compl. ¶ 99. Finally, Plaintiffs
allege that Ms. Bradley “complained to her League Manager Travis Hughes that she was paid
inadequate wages” and “[u]pon information and belief, Vox received complaints from other Site
Managers concerning Vox’s pay practices.” Id. ¶¶ 106-07. Plaintiffs argue the combination of
prior knowledge of the AOL litigation and complaints from employees of inadequate wages is
sufficient to support their allegation that Vox “knew it was illegal to classify the FLSA Class
Members as independent contractors and fail to ensure they were paid at least the minimum
wage and overtime required by law.” Id. ¶ 108.
Other judges in this district have considered the adequacy of allegations of
willfulness under the FLSA. See Galloway v. Chugach Gov’t Servs., Inc., 199 F. Supp. 3d 145,
151-53 (D.D.C. 2016); Wilson v. Hunam Inn, Inc., 126 F. Supp. 3d 1, 6-8 (D.D.C. 2015).
Galloway found a complaint adequate to allege willfulness because it alleged that: (1) the
employer was aware of its obligation to pay overtime to its employees and refused to do so; (2)
employees were frequently forced to work through their meal breaks; (3) employees were not
allowed to leave their work stations at the end of their shifts; (4) employees were not permitted
to record extra time worked during meals or after their shifts; and (5) the payroll system would
not accept entries that resulted in an employee working over 40 hours a week. 199 F. Supp. 3d at
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151-53. Galloway focused on the state of mind pleading standard in Rule 9 and noted that
“malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally.”
Id. at 152 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b)). Taking the complaint allegations in the light most
favorable to the plaintiffs, Galloway concluded that the factual allegations were sufficient to
allege willfulness under the FLSA. Id. at 153.
The Wilson court similarly denied a defendant’s motion to dismiss an allegation
of willfulness. 126 F. Supp. 3d at 6-8. Wilson noted that courts disfavor a determination of
willfulness on a motion to dismiss. See id. at 7 (citing Hunter v. Sprint Corp., 453 F. Supp. 2d
44, 54 (D.D.C. 2006) (“[A] determination about the applicable statute of limitations cannot
precede a determination that the employer is, in fact, liable.”); Acosta Colon v. Wyeth Pharm.
Co., 363 F. Supp. 2d 24, 29 (D.P.R. 2005)). The Wilson plaintiff alleged that the defendant
willfully developed an elaborate tipping scheme to take advantage of the “tipped employee”
exemption under the FLSA. See id. The court found “it plausible on the facts alleged that
[plaintiff] will be able to demonstrate a willful FLSA violation” and that “[d]iscovery on these
allegations will inform the determination of whether or not these violations were willful.” Id. at
7-8.
The allegations of willfulness in this case are not as concrete or specific as those
in Galloway or Wilson; however, they are sufficient to raise a plausible right to relief under the
three-year statute of limitations.2 In evaluating a motion to dismiss, the Court must accept all
2
After discovery, it is possible to decide an FLSA case on summary judgment, but the inquiry is
so fact-intensive one is necessarily wary about so ruling on a motion to dismiss. See, e.g., Ayala
v. Tito Contractors, Inc., 82 F. Supp. 3d 279, 286 (D.D.C. 2015) (finding that “[k]nowing that
the FLSA applies and ‘simply deciding not to comply’ . . . is an example of a willful violation”)
(quoting Wyland v. District of Columbia Gov’t, 728 F. Supp. 35, 37 (D.D.C. 1990)); Gonda v.
Donahoe, 79 F. Supp. 3d 284, 306-07 (D.D.C. 2015) (finding on summary judgment that
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well-pleaded facts in the Amended Complaint as true. After discovery, Vox may move for
summary judgment on the issue of willfulness if the record supports it. For now, the Plaintiffs
may attempt to discover evidence to support their allegations.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court will deny Vox Media’s Motion to Dismiss,
Dkt. 21, and Motion to Take Judicial Notice, Dkt. 22. A memorializing Order accompanies this
Memorandum Opinion.
Date: September 4, 2018 _________________________
ROSEMARY M. COLLYER
United States District Judge
evidence of misclassified positions not held by plaintiff was insufficient to show defendant
willfully misclassified plaintiff’s position); Levering v. District of Columbia, 869 F. Supp. 24, 30
(D.D.C. 1994) (finding on summary judgment that evidence employer paid employees for more
hours in prior years insufficient to show willfulness because of alternative explanations); Harris
v. District of Columbia, 749 F. Supp. 301, 304 (D.D.C. 1990) (finding willfulness on summary
judgment because the District was aware of overtime requirements due to substantially similar
litigation with others and a letter from a plaintiff). Cf. Escamilla v. Nuyen, 227 F. Supp. 3d 37,
53 (D.D.C. 2017) (finding willfulness after a bench trial when defendant failed to consult with
legal counsel or FLSA before setting wages).
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