MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
FILED
regarded as precedent or cited before any Sep 07 2018, 8:44 am
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES
Daniel A. Ladendorf Mark R. Smith
Dustin F. Fregiato Smith Fisher Maas Howard &
Ladendorf Law Lloyd, P.C.
Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Christopher L. Holderman, September 7, 2018
Appellant, Court of Appeals Case No.
71A05-1712-CT-2751
v. Appeal from the St. Joseph
Superior Court
Zachary A. Lewis and West The Honorable Jenny Pitts Manier,
Bend Mutual Insurance Judge
Company, Trial Court Cause No.
Appellees. 71D05-1605-CT-234
Brown, Judge.
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[1] Christopher Holderman (“Holderman”) appeals the trial court’s grant of
summary judgment in favor of West Bend Mutual Insurance Company (“West
Bend”). We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[2] On or about June 12, 2013, Christine Lewis (“Christine”), the wife of Zachary
Lewis (“Zachary”), submitted an Indiana Personal Auto Application to West
Bend on behalf of herself and Zachary. The application named one vehicle for
coverage, a 2012 Toyota Highlander. Policy HHE 6327193 was issued to
Christine and Zachary on June 13, 2013, with effective dates of June 13, 2013,
to June 13, 2014, and the 2012 Toyota Highlander was the only vehicle listed
on the declarations page. The Policy excluded liability coverage for the
“ownership, maintenance or use of . . . [a]ny vehicle, other than ‘your covered
auto’, which is . . . [f]urnished or available for your regular use.” Appellant’s
Appendix Volume IV at 10-11.
[3] In 2013 and 2014, Christine drove the Highlander to work, and Zachary used a
Saturn Ion to drive his children to school. At some point, the transmission in
the Saturn Ion “went out.” Id. at 179. Zachary went to his grandmother’s
house and obtained a gray 2004 Chevrolet Silverado pickup truck (the
“Truck”), which was insured with State Farm and had previously been owned
by Zachary’s grandfather who had died about two years earlier. Zachary
already had his own set of keys and understood that he would use the Truck
until he found a new vehicle or until June 1st when his daughter’s school year
ended. Zachary’s grandmother indicated that he could use the Truck “pretty
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much just to and from [his daughter’s] school and to the feed store” and that
was the “only thing” for which she wanted him to use the Truck. Id. at 185.
Zachary believed he had standing permission to use the Truck during that
period of time, but would have to call his grandmother and ask for permission
for something other than taking his daughter to school or going to the feed
store. For about two to three weeks prior to April 29, 2014, he drove the Truck
to take his daughter to and from school, drove it to the feed store probably
once, paid for gas for the Truck, and kept it in his garage. On April 29, 2014,
he was driving it home after picking up his daughter from school and collided
with Holderman, who was driving a motorcycle.
[4] On April 28, 2016, Holderman filed a complaint for damages alleging
negligence and negligence per se against Zachary and a request for declaratory
judgment against West Bend. On June 17, 2016, West Bend filed an Answer,
Affirmative Defenses, and Counterclaim/Cross-Claim for Declaratory
Judgment which stated that West Bend had no duty to defend or indemnify
Zachary against Holderman’s complaint. On August 29, 2016, West Bend filed
a Motion for Leave to File Amended Answer, Affirmative Defenses, and
Counterclaim/Cross-Claim for Declaratory Judgment. On March 20, 2017,
West Bend filed a motion for summary judgment seeking judgment in West
Bend’s favor and against Holderman on his complaint and counter-defendant,
Holderman, and cross-claim defendant, Zachary, on West Bend’s
counterclaim/cross-claim for declaratory judgment.
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[5] On November 7, 2017, the court entered an order finding that Zachary’s use of
the Truck was subject to the Regular Use Exclusion of the West Bend Policy
and that West Bend had no duty under the Policy to defend or indemnify
Zachary against Holderman’s complaint and granting West Bend’s motion for
summary judgment.1
Discussion
[6] The issue is whether the trial court erred in entering summary judgment in
favor of West Bend. Summary judgment is appropriate only where there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. Ind. Trial Rule 56(C); Mangold ex rel. Mangold v. Ind. Dep’t of
Natural Res., 756 N.E.2d 970, 973 (Ind. 2001). All facts and reasonable
inferences drawn from those facts are construed in favor of the nonmovant.
Mangold, 756 N.E.2d at 973. Our review of a summary judgment motion is
limited to those materials designated to the trial court. Id. Under Trial Rule
56(C), the moving party bears the burden of making a prima facie showing that
1
West Bend argues this appeal is premature and the appealed order was not properly certifiable. Ind. Trial
Rule 56(C) provides:
A summary judgment may be rendered upon less than all the issues or claims, including
without limitation the issue of liability or damages alone although there is a genuine issue
as to damages or liability as the case may be. A summary judgment upon less than all the
issues involved in a claim or with respect to less than all the claims or parties shall be
interlocutory unless the court in writing expressly determines that there is no just reason for
delay and in writing expressly directs entry of judgment as to less than all the issues, claims
or parties.
The court’s order expressly states, “There being no just cause for delay, the Clerk of the Court is directed to
enter judgment in favor of Defendant West Bend Mutual Insurance Company, and against Plaintiff,
Christopher L. Holderman, only, accordingly.” Appellant’s Appendix Volume II at 11. Thus, we do not
find West Bend’s argument persuasive.
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there are no genuine issues of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as
a matter of law. Klinker v. First Merchs. Bank, N.A., 964 N.E.2d 190, 193 (Ind.
2012). If it is successful, the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to designate
evidence establishing the existence of a genuine issue of material fact. Id. In
reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary judgment, we may
affirm on any grounds supported by the Indiana Trial Rule 56 materials. Catt v.
Bd. of Comm’rs of Knox Cnty., 779 N.E.2d 1, 3 (Ind. 2002).
[7] Insurance policies are contracts subject to the same rules of judicial construction
as other contracts. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Jakubowicz, 56 N.E.3d 617,
619 (Ind. 2016). Interpretation of a contract is a pure question of law and thus,
is reviewed de novo. Id. Insurers are free to limit the coverage of their policies,
but such limitations must be clearly expressed to be enforceable. Id. “Where
provisions limiting coverage are not clearly and plainly expressed, the policy
will be construed most favorably to the insured, to further the policy’s basic
purpose of indemnity.” Id. (quoting Meridian Mut. Ins. Co. v. Auto-Owners Ins.
Co., 698 N.E.2d 770, 773 (Ind. 1998)). When construing the language of an
insurance policy, a court should construe the language of an insurance policy so
as not to render any words, phrases or terms ineffective or meaningless. Id.
[8] Holderman argues that Zachary’s restricted and limited use of the Truck did not
constitute regular use under the West Bend Policy and that the court should
have denied West Bend’s motion for summary judgment. He maintains that
Zachary used the Truck for the limited purpose of transporting his daughter
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back and forth from school and that the Truck was not “available” or
“furnished” for Zachary’s actual “use.” Appellant’s Brief at 15.
[9] West Bend responds that Zachary had keys to the Truck and had standing
permission to use it to drive his daughter to and from school and to pick up feed
for his animals. It maintains that Zachary treated the Truck as his own vehicle,
took care of the Truck and paid for gas, and that the facts establish as a matter
of law that the Truck was furnished or available for Zachary’s regular use.
[10] Holderman and West Bend are requesting the Court to interpret the insurance
policy’s “furnished or available for . . . regular use” provision. Under
“EXCLUSIONS,” the West Bend Policy provides: “We do not provide
Liability Coverage for the ownership, maintenance or use of . . . [a]ny vehicle,
other than ‘your covered auto’, which is . . . [f]urnished or available for your
regular use.” Appellant’s Appendix Volume IV at 11. The Policy defines the
term “[y]our covered auto” in part as “[a]ny vehicle shown in the
Declarations.” Id. at 9.
[11] In Smith v. Allstate Ins. Co., 681 N.E.2d 220 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997), this Court
examined the phrases “furnish” and “regular use.” Utilizing dictionary
definitions, we defined “furnish” as “to provide with what is needed, . . .
supply, give.” 681 N.E.2d at 223 (quoting WEBSTER’S NINTH NEW
COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY, 499 (1985)). We defined “regular” as “recurring,
attending, or functioning at fixed or uniform intervals . . . constituted,
conducted or done in conformity with established or prescribed usages, rules or
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discipline.” Id. (quoting WEBSTER’S NINTH NEW COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY,
992).
[12] Holderman cites Buckeye State Mut. Ins. Co. v. Carfield, 914 N.E.2d 315 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2009), trans. denied. In that case, Keith Carfield and his father Weldon
Carfield were farmers, and each farmed approximately 600 acres on their
respective farms. Carfield, 914 N.E.2d at 317. Weldon purchased a Chevy
Silverado to use as a farm truck, which was available for Keith’s use. Id. Any
use of the vehicle by Keith was almost exclusively during the spring planting
period and the fall harvest period and Keith did not have to ask Weldon for
permission to use the truck for farm purposes. Id. At all times, the keys were
left in the truck, and Keith did not have his own set of keys. Id. On October 9,
2004, Keith was involved in a car accident while driving the truck. Id. At the
time, the truck was insured by Weldon. Id. The truck was not listed on Keith’s
auto liability insurance policy with his insurer, Buckeye State Mutual Insurance
Company (“Buckeye”), and was not a “covered auto” pursuant to the policy.
Id. Keith’s policy provided that Buckeye did not provide liability coverage for
the ownership, maintenance, or use of any vehicle which is “[f]urnished or
available for your regular use.” Id. The trial court concluded that the truck was
not furnished to or available for Keith’s regular use, that the policy exclusion
was not applicable, and that Keith was entitled to coverage under his policy
with Buckeye. Id. On appeal, we noted that there were an aggregate sixty-two
days per year that Keith might be driving the truck, that Keith kept the truck
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overnight at his farm a few times, and that Keith did not have his own set of
keys. Id. at 319. We held:
Although the facts before us indicate that there was a clear
periodic use of the Silverado by Keith, we agree with the trial
court that this does not reach the level of consistent, regular use
called for under the policy’s exclusion. Because the vehicle is a
farm truck, twice yearly and for a limited time, the vehicle would
be used on Keith’s fields. However, depending on who was
driving the heavy farm equipment, Keith or Weldon would be
driving the truck. Thus, even during these sixty-two days that the
truck was available for Keith’s use, it was not furnished to him
nor did he drive the Silverado on a routine or recurring basis.
Therefore, we find that the exclusion does not apply and Keith is
entitled to coverage under Buckeye’s policy.
Id.
[13] The record here, unlike in Carfield, reflects that Zachary had his own keys to the
Truck, that he kept the Truck overnight on a daily basis during the two to three-
week period prior to the accident, and that he used the Truck on a routine and
recurring basis during the same period. Zachary believed he had “[s]tanding
permission” to use the Truck for the transportation of his daughter to and from
school and to go to the feed store. Appellant’s Appendix Volume IV at 187.
The trial court did not err in granting West Bend’s motion for summary
judgment. See Smith, 681 N.E.2d at 223 (holding that a delivery van owned by
the plaintiff’s employer which the plaintiff drove in the course of his
employment six nights a week but did not drive home or use for personal
business fell within the exception to coverage of a vehicle furnished for his
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regular use); Myles v. Gen. Agents Ins. Co. of America, Inc., 197 F.3d 866, 869-870
(7th Cir. 1999) (holding that the use of a car “only to drive to and from work for
a few days before the accident” was “clearly routine” and that the use of a
vehicle as transportation to and from work on a routine and recurring basis over
the course of several days fell within the scope of the regular use exclusion of an
insurance policy, and affirming the grant of summary judgment in favor of the
insurer).
Conclusion
[14] For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s grant of West Bend’s
motion for summary judgment.
[15] Affirmed.
Bailey, J., and Crone, J., concur.
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