IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA17-1374
Filed: 4 September 2018
Wake County, No. 16 CVS 12965
FRANCIS X. DE LUCA and THE NEW HANOVER COUNTY BOARD OF
EDUCATION, Plaintiffs,
v.
JOSH STEIN, in his capacity as Attorney General of the State of North Carolina,
Defendant,
and
NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL FEDERATION and SOUND RIVERS, INC.,
Intervenors.
Appeal by plaintiff from order entered 12 October 2017 by Judge Paul C.
Ridgeway in Wake County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 20 June
2018.
Stam Law Firm, PLLC, by Paul Stam and Amy C. O’Neal, for plaintiff-
appellants.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorneys General Marc
Bernstein and Jennie Wilhelm Hauser, for defendant-appellee Joshua H. Stein
in his capacity as Attorney General of the State of North Carolina.
Southern Environmental Law Center, by Mary Maclean Asbill, Brooks Rainey
Pearson and Blakely E. Hildebrand, for intervenor-appellees North Carolina
Coastal Federation and Sound Rivers, Inc.
Tharrington Smith, L.L.P., by Deborah R. Stagner and Lindsay Vance Smith,
for amicus curiae North Carolina School Boards Association.
DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
TYSON, Judge.
Plaintiffs’ appeal asserts the trial court erred in concluding, as a matter of law,
that payments specified in an agreement between the Attorney General of North
Carolina and Smithfield Foods, Inc., and its subsidiaries are not civil penalties
required to be used to fund public education pursuant to Article IX, § 7 of the North
Carolina Constitution. The trial court’s order granting the defendant’s motion for
summary judgment and denying the plaintiffs’ cross-motion for summary judgment
is reversed in part and remanded for trial.
I. Background
On 25 July 2000, Michael F. Easley, in his capacity as Attorney General of
North Carolina, entered into an agreement (the “Agreement”) with Smithfield Foods,
Inc. (“Smithfield”) and several of its subsidiaries, Brown’s of Carolina, Inc., Carroll’s
Foods, Inc., Murphy Farms, Inc., Carroll’s Foods of Virginia, Inc., and Quarter M
Farms, Inc. (collectively, the “Companies”).
Daniel Oakley, the former Division Director of the North Carolina Department
of Justice’s Environmental Division at the time the Agreement was negotiated and
entered into, stated in an affidavit:
The background for the [Agreement] was a five-year period
of time, from 1995 to 2000, when ruptured or flooded swine
waste lagoons, not all of them Smithfield’s, had spilled
millions of gallons of waste into North Carolina waterways,
contaminating surface waters and killing aquatic life,
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Opinion of the Court
while seepage from waste lagoons impacted groundwater
supplies.
In the Agreement, the Department of Environmental Quality is referred to
under its previous name of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
or DENR. As of 1 July 2015, the agency was formally renamed the North Carolina
Department of Environmental Quality. 2015 S.L. 241, § 14.30.(c), eff. July 1, 2015.
We refer to the agency throughout this opinion under its current name of the
Department of Environmental Quality (“DEQ”).
Under the terms of the Agreement, the Companies entered into it for the
purpose of undertaking “a series of environmental initiatives intended to preserve
and enhance water quality in eastern North Carolina.” To support “environmental
initiatives,” the Companies agreed to commit funds to “environmental enhancement
activities.” The Agreement specified these funds would be “paid to such organizations
or trusts as the Attorney General will designate. The funds will be used to enhance
the environment of the State, including eastern North Carolina, to obtain
environmental easements, construct or maintain wetlands and such other
environmental purposes, as the Attorney General deems appropriate.”
In the Agreement, the Companies committed, among other things, to “pay each
year for 25 years an amount equal to one dollar for each hog in which the Companies
. . . have had any financial interest in North Carolina during the previous year,
provided, . . . that such amount shall not exceed $2 million in any year.” To facilitate
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Opinion of the Court
these payments, the Companies maintain an escrow account into which funds are
deposited. The Attorney General maintains the sole authority to direct the escrow
agent to disburse funds to grant recipients, who are chosen by the Attorney General.
Under the Agreement, the Attorney General may consult with the Companies,
DEQ, and “any other groups or individuals he deems appropriate and may appoint
any advisory committees he deems appropriate[,]” in administering the grant
program.
To facilitate the administration of the funds in escrow, the Attorney General
established the Environmental Enhancement Grant Program (“EEG Program”).
Every year since the Agreement was established, the Attorney General has received
proposals from governmental agencies and nonprofit organizations to receive
Environmental Enhancement Grants (“EEGs”). A panel consisting of representatives
from the Department of Justice, DEQ, the North Carolina Department of Natural
and Cultural Resources, academic institutions, and environmental nonprofit
organizations reviews the EEG proposals and makes recommendations to the
Attorney General. Representatives from Smithfield could also submit
recommendations separate from the panel.
The Attorney General exercises sole discretion over the selection of grant
recipients and approval of the amounts awarded, up to a maximum of $500,000 per
award. After the Attorney General selects the grant recipients, the funds are
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Opinion of the Court
distributed as reimbursements for expenses already incurred by the grant recipients.
The Attorney General has awarded grants totaling more than $24 million since the
Agreement was signed.
On 18 October 2016, Francis X. De Luca (“De Luca”), a citizen and resident of
Wake County, North Carolina, filed a complaint against the Attorney General of
North Carolina, Roy Cooper, in his official capacity. In his complaint, De Luca sought
a preliminary and permanent injunction to prevent the Attorney General from
distributing monies paid under the Agreement to any entities other than to the
State’s Civil Penalty and Forfeiture Fund.
The Attorney General filed a motion to dismiss on 19 December 2016. On 25
January 2017, while the motion to dismiss was pending, De Luca filed an amended
complaint, which added the New Hanover County Board of Education (“NHCBE”) as
a party-plaintiff. Joshua H. Stein (“the Attorney General”), in his official capacity as
the current Attorney General of North Carolina, was substituted as the defendant.
The Attorney General subsequently filed an amended motion to dismiss.
On 14 June 2017 and 16 June 2017, respectively, De Luca and the NHCBE
(collectively, “Plaintiffs”) filed a motion for preliminary injunction and a motion for
summary judgment. The trial court heard Plaintiffs’ motion for preliminary
injunction and the Attorney General’s amended motion to dismiss on 27 June 2017.
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DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
The trial court denied the Attorney General’s motion to dismiss and granted
Plaintiffs’ request for a preliminary injunction, based upon the court’s finding that
Plaintiffs were “likely to prevail” and “the public interest favors the granting of a
preliminary injunction.” The Attorney General filed an answer to the amended
complaint on 17 July 2017. On 21 July 2017, upon consent of the parties, an amended
injunction was entered to clarify the preliminary injunction would only apply to
grants awarded after 30 September 2016.
On 21 August 2017, two environmental organizations, who had previously
received grants under the Agreement, the North Carolina Coastal Federation, Inc.
and Sound Rivers, Inc. (collectively, “Intervenors”), filed a motion to intervene. On
22 September 2017, Plaintiffs served their opposition to the motion to intervene and
renewed their motion for summary judgment. The same day, the Attorney General
filed a motion for summary judgment. On 28 September 2017, the Intervenors filed
a motion for leave to file a memorandum of law in support of the Attorney General’s
motion for summary judgment, and the North Carolina School Boards Association
(“NCSBA”) filed a motion for leave to file an amicus curiae brief in support of
Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment.
The parties’ cross-motions for summary judgment, Intervenors’ motion to
intervene, and NCSBA’s motion for leave to file an amicus brief were heard by the
trial court on 5 October 2017. On 12 October 2017, the trial court entered its order,
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Opinion of the Court
which granted the Attorney General’s motion for summary judgment, denied
Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, dismissed Plaintiffs’ complaint with
prejudice, and dissolved the preliminary injunction previously entered by the trial
court. The trial court also entered orders granting Intervenors’ motion to intervene
and NCSBA’s motion for leave to file an amicus brief. On appeal, Plaintiffs do not
challenge the trial court’s order, to the extent it granted Intervenors’ motion to
intervene.
From the trial court’s order granting the Attorney General’s motion for
summary judgment and denying their motion for summary judgment, Plaintiffs filed
timely notice of appeal on 25 October 2017.
II. Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction lies in this Court pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b) (2017) as
an appeal from a final judgment of the superior court.
III. Standard of Review
“Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that [a] party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Summey v. Barker, 357 N.C. 492, 496, 586 S.E.2d 247,
249 (2003) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-
1, Rule 56(c).
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Opinion of the Court
A defendant may show entitlement to summary judgment
by (1) proving that an essential element of the plaintiff’s
case is non-existent, or (2) showing through discovery that
the plaintiff cannot produce evidence to support an
essential element of his or her claim, or (3) showing that
the plaintiff cannot surmount an affirmative
defense. Summary judgment is not appropriate where
matters of credibility and determining the weight of the
evidence exist.
Once the party seeking summary judgment makes the
required showing, the burden shifts to the nonmoving
party to produce a forecast of evidence demonstrating
specific facts, as opposed to allegations, showing that he
can at least establish a prima facie case at trial. To hold
otherwise . . . would be to allow plaintiffs to rest on their
pleadings, effectively neutralizing the useful and efficient
procedural tool of summary judgment.
Draughon v. Harnett Cty. Bd. of Educ., 158 N.C. App. 208, 212, 580 S.E.2d 732, 735
(2003) (citations and quotation marks omitted), aff’d per curiam, 358 N.C. 131, 591
S.E.2d 521 (2004).
“Our standard of review of an appeal from summary judgment is de novo[.]” In
re Will of Jones, 362 N.C. 569, 573, 669 S.E.2d 572, 576 (2008) (quoting Forbis v. Neal,
361 N.C. 519, 523-24, 649 S.E.2d 382, 385 (2007)). “The evidence produced by the
parties is viewed in the light most favorable to the non-moving party.” Hardin v. KCS
Int’l., Inc., 199 N.C. App. 687, 695, 682 S.E.2d 726, 733 (2009) (citation omitted). “If
the evidentiary materials filed by the parties indicate that a genuine issue of material
fact does exist, the motion for summary judgment must be denied.” Vernon, Vernon,
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DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
Wooten, Brown & Andrews, P.A. v. Miller, 73 N.C. App. 295, 298, 326 S.E.2d 316, 319
(1985).
Here, both parties moved for summary judgment and assert no genuine issues
of material fact exist. Under our de novo review of an order granting summary
judgment, we are not bound by the trial court’s conclusion or the parties’ contention
that no genuine issues of material fact exist. See MCC Outdoor, LLC v. Town of Wake
Forest, 222 N.C. App. 70, 75, 729 S.E.2d 694, 697 (2012) (denying summary judgment
on both the plaintiff’s and the defendant’s motions after determining genuine issues
of material fact existed).
IV. Analysis
A. Standing
Intervenors argue Plaintiffs do not have standing to bring suit over the grant
funds provided in the Agreement. Standing refers to “a party’s right to have a court
decide the merits of a dispute[,]” and provides the courts of this State subject matter
jurisdiction to hear a party’s claims. Teague v. Bayer AG, 195 N.C. App. 18, 23, 671
S.E.2d 550, 554 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
“[S]tanding is a necessary prerequisite to a court’s proper exercise of subject
matter jurisdiction and can be challenged at any stage of the proceedings, even after
judgment.” Willowmere Cmty. Ass’n, Inc. v. City of Charlotte, 370 N.C. 553, 561, 809
S.E.2d 558, 563-64 (2018) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
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Opinion of the Court
“Standing is jurisdictional in nature and consequently, standing is a threshold issue
that must be addressed, and found to exist, before the merits of the case are judicially
resolved.” In re Miller, 162 N.C. App. 355, 357, 590 S.E.2d 864, 865 (2004).
Standing is a question of law which this Court reviews de novo. Neuse River
Found., Inc. v. Smithfield Foods, Inc., 155 N.C. App. 110, 114, 574 S.E.2d 48, 51
(2002), disc. review denied, 356 N.C. 675, 577 S.E.2d 628 (2003).
The Attorney General initially asserted De Luca lacked standing in a Rule
12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. The trial court ruled De Luca and NHCBE had standing
in its 14 July 2017 order granting Plaintiffs’ request for a preliminary injunction.
The Attorney General subsequently reasserted Plaintiffs’ lack of standing in a brief
in support of his motion for summary judgment. The trial court expressly declined to
revisit the issue of standing in its 12 October 2017 order, which granted Defendants’
motion for summary judgment. The trial court’s order states:
In a prior order of the Superior Court, the Honorable
Robert Hobgood presiding, the Court found that Plaintiffs
DeLuca and the New Hanover Board of Education each had
standing. Although Defendant raises this issue anew in
arguing the current motion, the prior order of the Court
will not be revisited by the undersigned.
Intervenors, but not the Attorney General, argue on appeal that the Plaintiffs
lack standing. Neither the Attorney General nor the Intervenors appealed from the
trial court’s earlier order in which it concluded Plaintiffs each had standing.
Nevertheless “[s]tanding is a necessary prerequisite to a court’s proper exercise of
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Opinion of the Court
subject matter jurisdiction,” Aubin v. Susi, 149 N.C. App. 320, 324, 560 S.E.2d 875,
878-79, disc. review denied, 356 N.C. 610, 574 S.E.2d 474 (2002), and “[a] challenge
to subject matter jurisdiction may be made at any time.” Whittaker v. Furniture
Factory Outlet Shops, 145 N.C. App. 169, 172, 550 S.E.2d 822, 824 (2001) (citations,
quotation marks, and ellipses in original omitted). Because, “subject matter
jurisdiction may not be waived, and this Court has not only the power, but the duty
to address the trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction[,]” we address Intervenors
arguments concerning standing. Rinna v. Steven B., 201 N.C. App. 532, 537, 687
S.E.2d 496, 500 (2009).
1. De Luca’s Standing
With regard to Plaintiff De Luca, Intervenors argue De Luca’s standing as a
taxpayer is “limited to challenges against the government for misuse or
misappropriation of public funds.” (Emphasis original). Intervenors contend this case
does not involve public or taxpayer funds because the grant funding at issue is
provided by private companies. This Court addressed the question of taxpayer
standing to bring suit under Article IX, § 7 of the North Carolina Constitution in
Fuller v. Easley, 145 N.C. App. 391, 553 S.E.2d 43 (2001).
In Fuller, the plaintiff brought an action against then Attorney General Easley,
alleging the Attorney General had improperly diverted proceeds from numerous
lawsuits to a “public service message campaign.” Fuller, 145 N.C. App. at 393-94, 553
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S.E.2d at 45-46. The plaintiff alleged the lawsuit proceeds were required to be used
to fund public education pursuant to Article IX, § 7 of the State Constitution. Id. at
396, 553 S.E.2d at 47. The plaintiff brought the suit in his capacity as a taxpayer of
Wake County. Id. at 395, 553 S.E.2d at 46. The trial court dismissed the plaintiff’s
complaint for reasons unspecified in its order. Id. at 394, 553 S.E.2d at 46.
On appeal, the plaintiff argued the trial court improperly dismissed his
complaint, in part, for lack of standing. Id. In addressing the plaintiff’s arguments,
this Court recited the rules regarding taxpayer standing, as follows:
Generally, an individual taxpayer has no standing to bring
a suit in the public interest. Green v. Eure, Secretary of
State, 27 N.C. App. 605, 608, 220 S.E.2d 102, 105 (1975).
However, the taxpayer may have standing if he can
demonstrate:
[A] tax levied upon him is for an unconstitutional,
illegal or unauthorized purpose[;] that the carrying
out of [a] challenged provision will cause him to
sustain personally, a direct and irreparable injury[;]
or that he is a member of the class prejudiced by the
operation of [a] statute.
Texfi Industries v. City of Fayetteville, 44 N.C. App. 268,
270, 261 S.E.2d 21, 23 (1979) (citations omitted). Our
review of plaintiff’s complaint reveals no allegations which
allow him to sue as an individual taxpayer.
Nonetheless, plaintiff may have had standing to bring a
taxpayer action, not as an individual taxpayer, but on
behalf of a public agency or political subdivision, if “ ‘the
proper authorities neglect[ed] or refus[ed] to act.’ ” Guilford
County Bd. of Comrs. v. Trogdon, 124 N.C. App. 741, 747,
478 S.E.2d 643, 647 (1996) (quoting Branch v. Board of
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Opinion of the Court
Education, 233 N.C. 623, 625, 65 S.E.2d 124, 126 (1951)).
To establish standing to bring an action on behalf of public
agencies and political divisions, a taxpayer must allege
that he is a taxpayer of [that particular] public
agency or political subdivision, . . . [and either,] “(1)
there has been a demand on and refusal by the
proper authorities to institute proceedings for the
protection of the interests of the political agency or
political subdivision; or (2) a demand on such
authorities would be useless.”
Id. (citation omitted).
Id. at 395-96, 553 S.E.2d at 46-47. This Court concluded the plaintiff in Fuller lacked
standing because he had “failed to allege that the Wake County Board of Education
or any other Board of Education refused to bring a suit to recover funds, that he
requested the Board do so, or that such a request would be futile.” Id. at 396, 553
S.E.2d at 47.
Upon reviewing Plaintiffs’ complaint, Plaintiffs have failed to allege any basis
upon which De Luca may sue solely upon his capacity as a taxpayer. De Luca has
not alleged that: (1) the payments at issue constitute an illegal or unconstitutional
tax; (2) the Agreement has caused him a personal, direct, and irreparable injury; or,
(3) he is a member of a class prejudiced by the Agreement. See Texfi, 44 N.C. App. at
270, 261 S.E.2d at 23.
De Luca’s complaint also fails to allege he had made any demand upon proper
authorities to bring suit, or that such a demand would be futile or useless. See
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Opinion of the Court
Trogdon, 124 N.C. App. at 747, 478 S.E.2d at 647. Under our precedents, De Luca
has not alleged a basis to sustain his standing to challenge the Attorney General’s
alleged violation of Article IX, § 7 of our State Constitution. See Fuller, at 394, 553
S.E.2d at 46.
2. NHCBE’s Standing
Intervenors also argue NHCBE does not have standing because it has not
demonstrated “any injury in fact from the creation or execution of the Smithfield
Agreement” and “[n]either plaintiff has presented any evidence to support a claim
that the Agreement has deprived them of payments to which they are entitled.” We
disagree.
Taking the allegations in Plaintiffs’ amended complaint as true and the monies
paid by the Companies under the Agreement as penalties, then NHCBE would be an
intended beneficiary of a portion of those monies under Article IX, § 7 of the State
Constitution and under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 115C-457.2 (2017), which requires all “civil
penalties, civil forfeitures, and civil fines” to be placed in the Civil Penalty and
Forfeiture Fund for the benefit of the public schools.
Intervenors argument that NHCBE has failed to demonstrate standing is
dependent upon viewing the allegations in Plaintiffs’ amended complaint in light of
the evidence in the record. However, whether a party has standing
is determined at the time of the filing of a complaint. “Our
courts have repeatedly held that standing is measured at
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Opinion of the Court
the time the pleadings are filed. The Supreme Court has
explained that ‘[w]hen standing is questioned, the proper
inquiry is whether an actual controversy existed’ when the
party filed the relevant pleading.” Quesinberry v.
Quesinberry, [196 N.C. App. 118, 123], 674 S.E.2d 775, 778
(2009) (citation omitted).
Metcalf v. Black Dog Realty, LLC, 200 N.C. App. 619, 625, 684 S.E.2d 709, 714 (2009).
Viewing the allegations in Plaintiffs’ complaint in the light most favorable to
NHCBE, NHCBE would be an intended beneficiary of the monies the Companies
have paid or are obligated to pay under the Agreement pursuant to Article IX, § 7 of
the State Constitution. NHCBE has alleged that they have been deprived of money
to which they are constitutionally entitled, and have consequently alleged an injury
in fact. NHCBE has standing to maintain this action against the Attorney General
and Intervenors. Intervenors’ arguments are overruled.
B. N.C. Constitution Article IX, § 7
Plaintiffs and the NCSBA argue the trial court erred in granting the Attorney
General’s motion for summary judgment, and denying Plaintiffs’ motion, because the
monies paid by the Companies under the Agreement are “penalties” pursuant to
Article IX, § 7 of the North Carolina Constitution, as a matter of law. N.C. Const. art.
IX, § 7.
Article IX, § 7 mandates “the clear proceeds of all penalties and forfeitures and
of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal laws of the
State, shall belong to and remain in the several counties, and shall be faithfully
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Opinion of the Court
appropriated and used exclusively for maintaining free public schools.” N.C. Const.
art. IX, § 7(a). Supplementing funding for public schools with proceeds from
“penalties, forfeitures, and fines” as unbudgeted, non-recurring sources of revenue
reflects North Carolina’s stated and strong public policy to support public education.
See generally David M. Lawrence, Fines, Penalties, and Forfeitures: An Historical and
Comparative Analysis, 65 N.C. L. Rev. 49, 54-59 (1986).
The general statutes mandate that the proceeds of penalties and other monies
within the scope of Article IX, § 7 must be remitted by the collecting agency to the
Office of State Management and Budget in order for the proceeds to be deposited in
the State’s Civil Penalty and Forfeiture Fund. N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 115C-457.2, -457.3
(2017).
The Supreme Court of North Carolina has defined a “penalty” to be an amount
collected under a “penal law[ ],” or a “law[ ] that impose[s] a monetary payment for
[its] violation [where] [t]he payment is punitive rather than remedial in nature and
is intended to penalize the wrongdoer rather than compensate a particular party.”
Mussallam v. Mussallam, 321 N.C. 504, 509, 364 S.E.2d 364, 366-67 (emphasis
supplied), reh’g denied, 322 N.C. 116, 367 S.E.2d 915 (1988).
“[A]n assessment is a penalty or a fine if it is ‘imposed to deter future violations
and to extract retribution from the violator’ for his illegal behavior.” Shavitz v. City of
High Point, 177 N.C. App. 465, 475, 630 S.E.2d 4, 12 (2006) (emphasis supplied)
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(quoting N.C. School Bds. Ass’n v. Moore, 359 N.C. 474, 496, 614 S.E.2d 504, 517
(2005)).
1. Civil Penalties
Plaintiffs and NCSBA assert our Supreme Court’s holdings in Craven County
Bd. of Education v. Boyles, 343 N.C. 87, 468 S.E.2d 50 (1996), and Moore, 359 N.C.
474, 614 S.E.2d 504, support their arguments that the monies paid pursuant to the
Agreement are civil “penalties” and are required to be remitted to the Civil Penalty
and Forfeiture Fund. The Attorney General and Intervenors argue the monies paid
under the Agreement are not “penalties” because the payments were made
“voluntarily” by the Companies, and were not intended to penalize the Companies for
any environmental violations “or to deter future violations.” See Shavitz, 177 N.C.
App. at 475, 630 S.E.2d at 12. We disagree.
In Moore, the City of Kinston had been cited for environmental violations. 359
N.C. at 507-08, 614 S.E.2d at 524. The City of Kinston entered into a settlement
agreement with DEQ, under which it agreed to fund a “Supplemental Environmental
Project” in lieu of paying a civil penalty. Id. DEQ had established Supplemental
Environmental Projects as an alternative enforcement mechanism under which
environmental violators would agree to fund “projects that are beneficial to the
environment and/or to public health” as part of settlements to enforcement actions.
Id. at 508, 614 S.E.2d at 525.
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The Supreme Court of North Carolina considered whether the monies paid by
the City of Kinston to fund a Supplemental Environmental Project were subject to
Article IX, § 7 of our State Constitution. Id. at 507-08, 614 S.E.2d at 524. The Court
concluded the monies at issue were subject to Article IX, § 7, in part because:
The payment would not have been made had [DEQ] not
assessed a civil penalty against [the violator] for violating
a water quality law. To suggest that the payment was
voluntary is euphemistic at best. Moreover, the money
paid under the [Supplemental Environmental Project] did
not remediate the specific harm or damage caused by the
violation even though a nexus may exist between the
violation and the program [funded by the payment.]
Id. at 509, 614 S.E.2d at 525 (emphasis supplied).
In Boyles, a company had been formally assessed a civil penalty by DEQ of
$1,466,942.44. Boyles, 343 N.C. at 88, 468 S.E.2d at 51. The company sought
administrative review of the penalty in the Office of Administrative Hearings. Before
the matter was adjudicated, the parties settled. Id. The settlement required the
company to pay $926,000, but recited that the vast majority of this amount was not
a penalty, but instead was made to redress harm to the environment. Id. at 88-89,
468 S.E.2d at 51. Despite DEQ and the company explicitly specifying the settlement
amount to not be a penalty, our Supreme Court had determined the settlement
payments were “covered by Article IX, Section 7.” Id. at 91, 468 S.E.2d at 52.
The Court based its determination primarily upon the fact the company had
“entered into a settlement agreement” with DEQ “after the department found that
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Opinion of the Court
the company had violated state environmental standards and assessed a civil penalty
against” the company “for violation of those standards.” Id. The company had
subsequently “filed for a contested [case] hearing and then settled with the
department in lieu of contesting the civil penalty that had been assessed.” Id. The
payments fell within the scope of Article IX, § 7 because they were “paid because of a
civil penalty assessed against” the company. Id. (emphasis supplied).
2. Genuine Issues of Material Fact
To support their assertions that the monies the Companies agreed to pay under
the Agreement before us are not penalties, the Attorney General refers to several
affidavits submitted in support of his motion for summary judgment. In the affidavit
of Alan Hirsch, he averred that negotiations of the Agreement were initiated in 1999
by Hirsch, the then Director of the Consumer Protection Division of the North
Carolina Department of Justice under the direct authority of the Attorney General.
Hirsch and representatives of the Companies took approximately eight months
to negotiate the Agreement. Attorneys from the Department of Justice’s
Environmental Division were also involved throughout the negotiation process,
purportedly “[t]o be certain that there was nothing in the language of the draft
agreement that could be read to limit or affect in any way the compliance
responsibilities of [DEQ].”
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Opinion of the Court
Hirsch averred “the Agreement was not reached in order to settle any cases in
which a civil penalty had been issued or might later be issued[,]” and “[t]he
Agreement did not arise from or address any actual or alleged violations of law or
regulation on the part of Smithfield. No penalties or punitive action of any sort was
ever discussed or considered. The Agreement was not, and is not, punitive.”
Regarding the Companies reasons for entering the Agreement, Hirsch stated:
9. I believe the purpose from Smithfield’s perspective was
to solve a long running problem of major public concern, to
demonstrate good corporate citizenship by working
towards better waste management solutions, and to
further its public standing by making additional
enhancements of North Carolina’s environment. The
image of the industry was under intense scrutiny by the
press, citizens and the General Assembly, all a matter of
great concern to the industry.
Daniel Oakley stated in his affidavit:
21. As a primary negotiator of [the Agreement], . . . I know
that the [Agreement] was not reached in order to settle any
cases in which a civil penalty had been assessed by [DEQ].
As Director of the Environmental Division, I know that no
civil penalty being defended by attorneys in my Division
was settled, compromised, or in any way impacted by the
negotiation or execution of the [Agreement].
...
24. Although there were Notices of Violation and Civil
Penalty Assessments issued to various hog farms from
1995 to 2001, any Civil Penalty Assessments were resolved
by other means and were not part of the Agreement at issue
in this case.
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DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
The sworn attestations in these affidavits purport the payments the
Companies undertook to pay under the Agreement are not punitive because they did
not resolve any past, present, or future violations of environmental laws.
Nonetheless, several factors in the record raise genuine issues of material fact
regarding whether the payments were “intended to penalize” the Companies or were
“imposed to deter future violations and to extract retribution from” the Companies.
Mussallam, 321 N.C. at 509, 364 S.E.2d at 367; Moore, 359 N.C. at 496, 614 S.E.2d
at 517.
First, it is undisputed by the parties that the negotiating and consummating
of the Agreement was instigated at the behest of and initiated by the Attorney
General’s office, and not by the Companies. If the Agreement was purportedly sought
or undertaken by the Companies to “demonstrate good corporate citizenship” and to
“improve the image” of the hog farming industry, as attested to by Alan Hirsch, and
not to penalize the Companies for environmental or other legal violations or coerce
the Companies’ compliance with such laws, a genuine issue of material fact exists
regarding why the impetus for the Agreement was instigated from the office of the
Attorney General, the chief law enforcement officer of the State, and not from DEQ
or the Companies, or why the Attorney General retains sole authority over the
disbursements of the funds. See In re Investigation by Attorney General, 30 N.C. App.
585, 589, 227 S.E.2d 645, 648 (1976) (“The Attorney General is . . . the State’s chief
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DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
law enforcement officer”).
Second, the basis, formula, and manner in which the amounts are calculated
for the Companies to pay each year under the Agreement are apparently based more
in penalties, or a “head tax” calculation, rather than “voluntary contributions”
designed to enhance the Companies’ “good corporate citizenship,” images or goodwill,
and created issues of fact. The Agreement specifically provides:
The Companies agree to pay each year for 25 years an
amount equal to one dollar for each hog in which the
Companies (including, for such purpose, any successor-in-
interest of any of the Companies, by merger, sale of stock
or assets or otherwise) have had any financial interest in
North Carolina during the previous year, provided,
however, that such amount shall not exceed $2 million in
any year. For purposes of this paragraph, the Companies
have a financial interest in any hog that, inter alia, they
(or their nonparty subsidiaries or affiliates) raise, produce,
contract for, own or slaughter.
The record does not disclose the reasoning upon which the Companies agreed
to pay the annual amount of $1-per-hog for 25 years. If the Companies were purely
motivated out of a desire to further their corporate image, as the Attorney General
contends, it is not apparent why they would agree to pay $1-per-hog over 25 years as
opposed to a specific lump sum or stated contribution.
We note that the per-hog payments specified under the Agreement bears a
resemblance to the per-cigarette payments the General Assembly enacted in the late
1990s to implement the Master Settlement Agreement with tobacco manufacturers
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DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
to settle lawsuits filed by several states’ Attorneys General, including Attorney
General Easley, over healthcare costs stemming from tobacco use.
In November 1998, North Carolina and forty-five other
states signed a Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) with
four major tobacco manufacturers for the purpose of
settling claims that North Carolina could have otherwise
asserted against those manufacturers arising from
smoking-related health care costs incurred by the State as
a result of the consumption of the major manufacturers’
products. The General Assembly enacted a series of
statutory provisions entitled the Tobacco Reserve Fund
and Escrow Compliance Act (Act) in July, 1999 in order to
effectuate the MSA. Pursuant to that legislation, all
cigarette manufacturers doing business in North Carolina
were made subject to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 66-291, which
required them to choose between either (1) participating in
the MSA or (2) paying certain specified sums, computed on
the basis of the quantities of cigarettes sold by April 15 of
each year, into a special fund. See State ex rel. Cooper v.
Ridgeway Brands Mfg., LLC, 362 N.C. 431, 433, 666 S.E.2d
107, 109 (2008). More specifically, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 66-291
provides that:
(a) Any tobacco product manufacturer selling cigarettes to
consumers within the State (whether directly or through a
distributor, retailer, or similar intermediary or
intermediaries) after the effective date of this Article shall
do one of the following:
(1) Become a participating manufacturer (as that term is
defined in section II(jj) of the Master Settlement
Agreement) and generally perform its financial obligations
under the Master Settlement Agreement; or
(2) Place into a qualified escrow fund by April 15 of the year
following the year in question the following amounts (as
such amounts are adjusted for inflation): . . . .
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DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
[e. For each of 2007 and each year thereafter: $.0188482
per unit sold.]
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 66-291(a). The funds placed in escrow
pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 66-291(a)(2) are intended to
provide a source from which any judgment for
reimbursement of medical costs obtained by the State
against a nonparticipating manufacturer resulting from
the consumption of cigarettes produced by that
nonparticipating manufacturer can be satisfied.
State ex rel. Cooper v. Seneca-Cayuga Tobacco Co., 197 N.C. App. 176, 177-78, 676
S.E.2d 579, 581 (2009) (emphasis supplied) (citing N.C. Gen. Stat. § 66-291(a)).
Under the MSA:
In return for the states dropping their suits against the
four companies, the companies agreed to pay the states
$206 billion over twenty-five years. Thereafter, payments
were to continue to be based on the quantity of cigarette
sales of each company. Payment was made as
compensation for the additional cost that state Medicaid
programs had allegedly incurred for treatment of Medicaid
recipients with smoking-related diseases and as a penalty
for deceptive trade practices of the companies.
Frank Sloan & Lindsey Chepke, Litigation, Settlement, and the Public Welfare:
Lessons from the Master Settlement Agreement, 17 Widener L. Rev. 159, 161 (2011).
Unlike the tobacco MSA, the Attorney General and Intervenors contend the
Agreement with the Companies before us is not a settlement agreement, as it
purportedly did not “settle” any legal claims. However, a genuine issue of material
fact exists of whether the Agreement was motivated by a desire by the Companies to
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DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
forestall, or forebear, any potential claims the Attorney General or DEQ could have
asserted against them.
If so, an issue of fact exists of whether the Companies would not have agreed
to make the payments at issue, but for potential legal claims, and consequent civil
penalties or fines, the Attorney General could have asserted against them. See Moore,
359 N.C. at 509, 614 S.E.2d at 525 (holding, in part, that a payment made by the City
of Kinston to fund environmental programs in lieu of civil penalties asserted by DEQ
was a penalty subject to Article IX, § 7).
The timing of enforcement actions taken against the Companies and
subsequent facts also raise genuine issues of material fact with regard to whether the
payments under the Agreement were intended to be punitive, or in lieu of
enforcement actions asserted against the Companies. Records before the Court of
DEQ enforcement actions against the Companies presented by Plaintiffs highlight
that a number of the Companies had civil penalties assessed against them in the time
period preceding and following the signing of the Agreement.
In the fourteen months preceding the signing of the Agreement, DEQ assessed
nine civil penalties against the Companies for environmental violations. In the eight
months following the signing of the Agreement, DEQ assessed nine additional
penalties against the Companies. Eight of these civil penalties were paid in full by
the Companies, including six that were paid in full after the Agreement was signed.
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DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
Seven penalties were settled for discounted amounts. Although the Companies paid
many of these civil penalties after the Agreement was executed on 25 July 2000, all
were for notices of violations accrued or issued by DEQ before the Agreement was
executed. The record before us does not demonstrate DEQ issued any notices of
violations to the Companies after the Agreement was signed.
This apparent discrepancy between the number of notices of violations issued
to the Companies before and after the Agreement was signed raises genuine issues of
material fact regarding whether the Attorney General, DEQ, and the Companies
intended for the Agreement, and the payments specified therein, to be in lieu of
further enforcement actions, and their related civil penalties, against the Companies.
Whether these payments were “intended to penalize” the Companies or were
“imposed . . . to deter future violations and to extract retribution from” the Companies
is an issue of fact, which remains to be resolved. Mussallam, 321 N.C. at 509, 364
S.E.2d at 366-67; Moore, 359 N.C. at 496, 614 S.E.2d at 517.
Another genuine issue of material fact, concerning whether the payments were
intended to penalize the Companies, is also raised by the express terms of the
Agreement. In addition to the commitment to pay up to $50 million for environmental
enhancement activities, the Companies also committed in the Agreement to
implement plans to correct “deficient site conditions or operating practices” on
properties and operations they owned. The Companies also committed to implement
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DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
what the Agreement refers to as “Environmentally Superior Technologies.” The
Agreement specifies, “[i]mplementation will include the installation and operation of
monitoring equipment and procedures needed to ensure compliance with applicable
environmental standards, in accordance with the applicable permit conditions.”
(Emphasis supplied).
The question of why the Companies committed to undertake actions to
remediate deficient conditions on their farms and operations, install equipment, and
additionally pay up to $50 million raises the issue of whether the $50 million in
additional payments was intended to penalize the Companies for non-compliance
with environmental standards or to induce forbearance on the part of the Attorney
General, or DEQ, in bringing future enforcement actions. This is especially pertinent
in light of the Companies relinquishing any control over to whom and in what
amounts the Attorney General distributes the environmental grants.
Another genuine issue of material fact concerning whether these payments
were intended to be penalties is raised by two official and public communications
issued by the Attorney General’s office in 2002 and 2013, respectively. Both of these
communications expressly refer to the Agreement as a “settlement.” Whether the
Agreement is, in fact, a “settlement” is not ultimately determinative of whether the
payments are penalties. See Boyles, 343 N.C. at 92, 468 S.E.2d at 53 (stating “it is not
determinative that the monies were collected by virtue of a settlement agreement”).
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DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
However, the Attorney General’s reference to the Agreement as a “settlement” in
these press releases raises a genuine issue of material fact of whether the parties
intended for the Agreement, and the payments thereunder, to be in lieu of any
potential claims or enforcement actions the Attorney General or DEQ could have
brought against the Companies.
Based upon the genuine issues of material fact regarding whether these
payments, instigated at the Attorney General’s behest, were “intended to penalize”
the Companies or were “imposed . . . to deter future violations and to extract
retribution from” the Companies, the superior court incorrectly concluded these
payments constitute civil penalties as a matter of law.
V. Conclusion
Genuine issues of material fact exist to preclude summary judgment for the
parties. The record on appeal is not sufficiently developed for us to make the de novo
determination of whether the payments undertaken by the Companies under the
Agreement were, as a matter of law, “penalties” within the scope of Article IX, § 7 of
our State Constitution. Whether these payments are penalties depends upon
whether they were “intended to penalize” the Companies or “imposed to deter future
violations and to extract retribution.” Mussallam, 321 N.C. at 509, 364 S.E.2d at 366-
67; Moore, 359 N.C. at 496, 614 S.E.2d at 517.
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DE LUCA V. STEIN
Opinion of the Court
We reverse the trial court’s order, which determined that the payments are not
penalties as a matter of law. We remand to the trial court for trial to determine
whether the payments in the Agreement were intended to constitute penalties,
payment in lieu of penalties, forbearance for potential or future enforcement actions,
or were not penalties. The order of the trial court, which granted Defendant’s motion
for summary judgment, is reversed. This matter is remanded for trial. It is so
ordered.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Judge BERGER concurs.
Judge BRYANT dissents with separate opinion.
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No. COA17-1374 – De Luca v. Stein
Bryant, Judge, dissenting.
The majority holds that genuine issues of material fact exist so as to preclude
summary judgment because the “record on appeal is not sufficiently developed for us
to make the determination of whether the payments undertaken by the Companies
[(Smithfield Foods, Inc., and subsidiaries)] under the Agreement were ‘penalties’
within the scope of Article IX § 7 of our State Constitution.” The majority goes on to
state that “[w]hether these payments are penalties depends upon whether they were
‘intended to penalize’ the Companies or ‘imposed to deter future violations and to
extract retribution.’ ” Because I believe the record on appeal is sufficient to make a
determination as a matter of law on the question before this Court, I respectfully
dissent.
The trial court concluded as a matter of law that funds paid pursuant to the
agreement between the North Carolina Attorney General and the Companies were
not subject to Article IX of the North Carolina Constitution and should not be
remitted to the Civil Penalty and Forfeiture Fund. The question before this Court is
whether the trial court erred in reaching this conclusion. I submit the trial court did
not err.
I disagree with the majority’s determination that there are genuine issues of
material fact—a determination that is not otherwise supported herein. The record is
replete with affidavits and submissions on the very matters for which the majority
would have the trial court hold another hearing. In the summary judgment hearing
DE LUCA V. STEIN
Bryant, J., dissenting
before the trial court and in the arguments made before this Court, there was no
argument that the case was not ripe for summary judgment or that genuine issues of
material fact were yet to be decided. In fact, plaintiff-appellant states:
The question before the trial court was a matter of law—
whether the Smithfield Agreement constituted a
settlement agreement such that the Section III.D
payments must be remitted to the Civil Penalty and
Forfeiture Fund. . . . ONLY A QUESTION OF LAW
REMAINS . . . Plaintiffs have consistently maintained this
case is one “where only a question of law on the
indisputable facts is in controversy.”
(citation omitted). Plaintiffs then go on to outline what they consider to be the
relevant, indisputable facts, none of which are in controversy. They, and all parties,
acknowledge the only matter in controversy is the legal issue that has been appealed
to this Court.
By determining that material issues of fact exist and that the matter should
be remanded to the trial court, this Court has created an argument none of the parties
anticipated. See Viar v. N. Carolina Dep’t of Transp., 359 N.C. 400, 402, 610 S.E.2d
360, 361 (2005) (“It is not the role of the appellate courts, however, to create an appeal
for a[] [party]. As this case illustrates, the Rules of Appellate Procedure must be
consistently applied; otherwise, the Rules become meaningless, and an [opposing
party] is left without notice of the basis upon which an appellate court might rule.”
(citation omitted)).
2
DE LUCA V. STEIN
Bryant, J., dissenting
Therefore, based on the voluminous evidence before this Court, I would reach
the main legal issue before us—which is the same issue that was before the trial
court—hold that the trial court properly applied the law to the undisputed material
facts of this case, and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
3
De Luca v. SteinÂ
Combined Opinion