William E. Morrison and Sonya Morrison v. Putnam County Commissioners, and Donald Richards (mem. dec.)

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Sep 21 2018, 6:11 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
CLERK
court except for the purpose of establishing Indiana Supreme Court
Court of Appeals
the defense of res judicata, collateral and Tax Court

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANTS ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES
John J. Schwarz, II PUTNAM COUNTY
Schwarz Law Office, PC COMMISSIONERS
Hudson, Indiana Trudy L. Selvia
Greencastle, Indiana
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
INTERVENOR
Hayleigh J. Neumann
Robert J. Nice
The Nice Law Firm, LLP
Indianapolis, Indiana

IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

William E. Morrison and September 21, 2018
Sonya Morrison, Court of Appeals Case No.
Appellants-Respondents, 18A-PL-462
Appeal from the Putnam Superior
v. Court
The Honorable Raymond M.
Putnam County Commissioners, Kirtley, Senior Judge
Appellees-Petitioners, Trial Court Cause No.
67D01-1402-PL-3
and
Donald Richards,

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 Appellee-Intervenor

Baker, Judge.

[1] William and Sonya Morrison own a farm in Cloverdale that has accumulated a

significant amount of junk and debris. The Putnam County Commissioners

(the County) determined that the Morrisons were in violation of a zoning

ordinance that prohibits agricultural property from being used as a junkyard.

The trial court granted an injunction and ordered the Morrisons to dispose of

the complained-of items. The Morrisons appeal, arguing that the evidence is

insufficient and that the trial court made errors of law. Finding sufficient

evidence and no other error, we affirm.

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 Facts
[2] The Morrisons own approximately thirty-five acres of land in Cloverdale; they

have owned the land since 1983.1 Appealed Order p. 1. Donald Richards owns

a neighboring parcel of land.

[3] On February 7, 2014, the County filed a petition for a temporary restraining

order (TRO). The trial court issued the TRO on February 10, 2014. Neither

the petition nor the TRO are included in the record on appeal. We infer that

the petition included a demand that the Morrisons remove certain things,

including, for example, semi-trailers, flat-bed trailers, and debris, from their

property and that the trial court indeed made such an order. The TRO also

restrained the Morrisons from moving additional trailers and debris onto the

property.

[4] On March 17, 2015, the trial court ordered the Morrisons to make substantial

progress towards moving the items off their property. Apparently, little

progress was made, and on September 15, 2015, the trial court held a rule to

show cause hearing. In July 2016, the trial court found that the Morrisons were

not in compliance with the TRO and ordered them to comply.

1
There is some discrepancy in the record regarding the year in which the Morrisons purchased the property.
For the purposes of this appeal, however, it is irrelevant whether the purchase took place in 1983, 1985, or
1986.

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[5] On November 21, 2016, Richards intervened in the case. Thereafter, the parties

were referred to mediation, but were unable to reach a resolution. On February

9, 2017, Richards filed a motion for a preliminary and permanent injunction

and the County filed a motion for a preliminary injunction. The County’s

motion indicated that the Morrisons’ property was zoned as A1-Agriculture

Protection District, that the Morrisons were using the land as a junkyard, and

that the use of the land in that fashion is contrary to the land use of the A1

zone. Intervenor’s App. Vol. II p. 11.

[6] On September 12, 2017, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing. On

November 30, 2017, the trial court issued an order granting the requested

preliminary and permanent injunctions. In pertinent part, it found and

concluded as follows:

24. The Court finds that there are items on the property not
being used for agricultural purposes that are abandoned,
junked, inoperable or derelict vehicles, machinery, farm
machinery equipment or miscellaneous scrap or building
debris. Said items fall under the definition of junkyard per
the Putnam County Zoning Ordinance and [are] in
violation of said Ordinance.

25. Over one hundred photos were offered and admitted into
evidence. These photos, and sworn testimony
accompanying them show the following:

a. Semi-trailers, including both flat bed and box
trailers, have been brought upon the Farm since
2013.

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 b. Additionally, significant amounts of construction
debris and scrap metal have been brought on to the
Farm since 2013.

c. Additionally [sic] machinery, farm machinery,
multiple motorized vehicles and equipment,
including but not limited to cars, trucks, bulldozers,
and a backhoe [have been] brought on to the Farm
since 2013 and remain there left abandoned, junked
and inoperable condition and in a state of
deterioration.

26. The Court finds that the Respondents have made use of
the real property and maintained certain farm equipment
and property thereon that is within the meaning of farming
operation and which includes growing of field crops,
raising, handling and holding Emus and producing
compost for application onto the real property, which are
all permitted uses per the Ordinance in regard to A1
Zoning.

***

31. The Court recognizes this has been an ongoing dispute
which has now gone on for several years. While the Court
has no direct interest in taking action simply to resolve
neighborly disagreements, it does recognize the benefit of
enforcing existing zoning laws so as to promote order and
predictability in land usage, which may in turn yield such
a benefit.

Conclusions of Law

***

3. The [Morrisons] are operating a junkyard on their real
estate . . . , in violation of the Putnam County Zoning
Ordinance.

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 ***

6. [The Morrisons] shall remove any semi-trailers and flatbed
trailers and their associated debris from the real
property . . . . as previously ordered on or about February
10, 2014 . . . . This shall be completed within 30 days of
this Order.

7. [The Morrisons] shall remove any additional tractors,
trailers, motor vehicles, backhoes, bulldozers, metal scrap,
and any other associated debris, brought on to the Farm
since 2013 . . . . This shall be completed within 90 days of
this Order.

***

13. The [Morrisons] are permanently enjoined from bringing
any further machinery or material onto the Farm, except
that which is permitted under the Ordinance.

Appealed Order p. 3-8. The Morrisons now appeal.

Discussion and Decision
[7] The Morrisons make multiple arguments, which we restate as follows: (1) there

is insufficient evidence supporting the trial court’s judgment; and (2) the ruling

is erroneous as a matter of law.

[8] When reviewing a trial court’s ruling stemming from a bench trial, we will only

set aside the judgment if it is clearly erroneous. E.g., WindGate Props., LLC v.

Sanders, 93 N.E.3d 809, 813 (Ind. Ct. App. 2018). We first consider whether

the evidence supports the trial court’s findings of fact and then consider whether

the findings support the judgment. Id. We give due regard to the trial court’s

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 ability to assess the credibility of witnesses and defer substantially to its findings

of fact. Id. We do not afford the same deference to the trial court’s conclusions

of law. Id.

I. Sufficiency
[9] The Morrisons first argue that there is insufficient evidence supporting the trial

court’s conclusion that they were impermissibly operating a junkyard. They

also argue that the evidence supports a conclusion that their use of their

property constitutes a prior nonconforming use that should be permitted.

[10] It is undisputed that the Morrisons’ land is zoned as A1-Agriculture Protection

District. The A1 zone has certain permitted uses, permitted accessory uses and

structures, and development standards. A “junkyard” is a non-permitted use of

land zoned as A1. The relevant ordinance defines “junkyard” as follows:

A place, usually outdoors, where waste or discarded used
property other than organic matter, including, but not limited to,
automobiles, farm implements and trucks, is accumulated and is
or may be salvaged for reuse or resale; this shall not include any
industrial scrap metal yard or normal farming activities.

Putnam County Code § 155.005, available at Appellants’ App. Vol. II p. 45.

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[11] Richards testified at the evidentiary hearing and described, in great detail, the

items covering the Morrisons’ property.2 Among other things, the land holds:

• Many unused and inoperable semi-trailers and truck beds, some of which
were off their wheels;
• Metal debris;
• Multiple inoperable vehicles without license plates;
• Many piles of metal;
• Propane tanks;
• Tires;
• Vehicle axles;
• A trailer entirely full of trash;
• Box trailers;
• A backhoe, bulldozer, and Bobcat; and
• A significant amount of debris and junk.

Tr. Vol. II p. 164-67. The Morrisons admitted that they did not remove the

semi-trailers and flatbeds that the trial court ordered to be removed in the

February 2014 TRO. Id. at 83-84. They also admitted that they have since

brought additional tractors and motor vehicles onto the property since February

2014. Id. at 84-85. The director of the Putnam County Director of Planning

and Zoning testified that the abandoned vehicles and scrap metal on the

property would meet the ordinance’s definition of a junkyard.3 Id. at 51.

2
To the extent that the Morrisons appear to argue that the evidence offered by Richards cannot be used to
support the trial court’s judgment because the County bore the burden of proving its case, we note that they
apparently did not object to Richards’s intervention in the case and certainly did not appeal it. As he is now
a full party to the case, his evidence may be considered alongside the County’s.
3
The Morrisons note that at another point in his testimony, the director testified that the junkyard definition
would not apply because the items were not in their front yard. This amounts to a request that we reweigh
the evidence, which we may not do. We must focus only on the evidence supporting the trial court’s

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[12] We find that this evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that the

Morrisons were using their property as a junkyard. The evidence shows that

the Morrisons’ land was a place outdoors where waste or discarded used

property, including automobiles, farm implements, and trucks, was being

accumulated and the property could have been salvaged for reuse or resale.

Furthermore, the trial court took great care in its order to distinguish between

items that were part of normal farming activities, which are not affected by the

judgment, and items that did not qualify as such, which must be removed.

Appealed Order p. 5-7.

[13] The Morrisons insist, correctly, that there is no evidence in the record that they

salvaged the junk for reuse or resale. But the definition does not require that; it

merely requires that the items “may be salvaged for reuse or resale[.]” Putnam

County Code § 155.005 (emphasis added). Whether or not they currently are or

have been in the past, the many items described above could be salvaged for

reuse or resale; therefore, this use of the property meets the definition of

junkyard. See Tr. Vol. II p. 98-99 (Morrison testifying that all the items on his

property could be reused because he would dispose of them properly if they

became unusable).

[14] The Morrisons also note that there is undisputed evidence in the record that

their property was a farm, arguing that the same plot of land could not

judgment. Moreover, we note that this witness’s testimony regarding the location of items in the front yard
was prevaricating and inconclusive. Tr. Vol. II p. 50-51.

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 simultaneously be used as a farm and a junkyard. They are correct that there is

evidence in the record showing that the property is a farm, and indeed, the trial

court’s order explicitly acknowledged as much, carving out exceptions to its

order for items on and uses of the land that were part of the farming operation.

We cannot conclude, however, that the same plot of land could not be used

both as a junkyard and as a farm. One plot of land may have multiple uses,

especially where, as here, it covers thirty-five acres. Nothing in the ordinances

or caselaw suggests that a property that is partially being used as a junkyard can

only be designated as such. We agree with Richards that “a more accurate

statement is that by simultaneously using his Property as both a farm and a

junkyard, Morrison is in violation of the Ordinances.” Intervenor Br. p. 12

(emphases original). Therefore, this argument is unavailing.

[15] The Morrisons also argue that the trial court should have found that their

property was protected via an established prior nonconforming use. A prior

nonconforming use

is a use of property that lawfully existed prior to the enactment of
a zoning ordinance that continues after the ordinance’s effective
date even though it does not comply with the ordinance’s
restrictions. The general rule is that a nonconforming use may
not be terminated by a new zoning enactment.

Metro. Dev. Comm’n of Marion Cty. v. Pinnacle Media, LLC, 863 N.E.2d 422, 425

(Ind. 2005).

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[16] Initially, we note that the Morrisons did not raise this argument to the trial

court. As such, they have waived it. Waiver notwithstanding, the Morrisons

did not offer evidence that the items on their property predated the relevant

ordinances, which went into effect in 1992. Moreover, they admitted that they

have added items to the property since the 2014 TRO, tr. vol. II p. 84-85, and

Richards testified that some of the items on the property were recent additions,

while others had been there ten to fifteen years—which would date back to

2002 to 2007, long after the ordinances were enacted. Because the Morrisons

offered no evidence such as proofs of purchase, sales disclosures, or receipts to

prove that any of the items on the property predated the enactment of the

ordinance, this argument is unavailing.4

II. Inverse Condemnation
[17] Next, the Morrisons argue that the trial court’s order amounts to an

unconstitutional taking by inverse condemnation. Yet again, they did not make

this argument to the trial court and have therefore waived it. See Tender Loving

Care Mgmt., Inc. v. Sherls, 14 N.E.3d 67, 73 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (holding that

“[c]onstitutional rights are not absolute and may be waived”).

4
The Morrisons argue that the fact that they received no notices of violation in the 1980s, 1990s, or 2000s,
establishes that their use of the property was a prior nonconforming use. But this evidence in no way shows
whether the complained-of items were actually on their property during the decades before the ordinance was
enacted.

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[18] Waiver notwithstanding, it is well established that “not every restriction placed

upon private property constitutes a taking, and our supreme court has drawn a

distinction between ‘a parcel of property [that] is not zoned for its best and most

profitable use and a situation where the present zoning restriction results in a

deprivation of one’s property rights.’” Galbraith v. Planning Dep’t of City of

Anderson, 627 N.E.2d 850, 852-53 (Ind. Ct. App. 1994) (quoting Young v. City of

Franklin, 494 N.E.2d 316, 317-18 (Ind. 1986)). A taking occurs when all

reasonable use of the property is prevented by the land use regulation. Id. at

853. Therefore, a zoning regulation becomes confiscatory only when it denies

the property owner all economically beneficial or productive use of the land.

Id.

[19] In this case, the Morrisons are not arguing that the ordinance itself, which

prohibits an A1-zoned property from being used as a junkyard, is confiscatory.

Nor do they claim that the ordinance denies them all economically beneficial or

productive use of the land. As such, the restriction contained within the

ordinance is not confiscatory, and the enforcement thereof does not amount to

inverse condemnation.

[20] What they appear to be arguing, instead, is that the trial court gave them so

small a window to dispose of the property that they will have to sell the items at

a financial loss. But they have had since 2014 to dispose of much of the debris—

the thirty-day window imposed by the trial court for these items is eminently

reasonable given their repeated refusals to abide by the TRO. And the trial

court afforded them with ninety days to dispose of the items not covered by the

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 TRO, which we find to be a reasonable amount of time. We do not find that

the trial court’s order amounts to an inverse condemnation.

III. Right to Farm Act
[21] Finally, the Morrisons argue that they are protected by the Indiana Right to

Farm Act. Ind. Code § 32-30-6-9. Yet again, they failed to make this argument

to the trial court and have therefore waived it for appeal.

[22] Waiver notwithstanding, the Indiana Right to Farm Act contains restrictions on

the circumstances under which agricultural operations may be subject to

nuisance claims. I.C. § 32-30-6-9(d). The Morrisons argue that the County’s

lawsuit amounts to a nuisance claim that should be governed by this statute.

[23] Had the County chosen to do so, it could have pursued a claim under the

ordinances for maintaining a common nuisance. Putnam County Code §

155.999. It elected not to approach the situation in that way, however, and we

see no basis on which to conclude that this zoning violation action is a nuisance

claim in disguise. Therefore, we find that the Indiana Right to Farm Act does

not apply.

[24] In his brief, Richards asks that we order the Morrisons to pay attorney fees for

maintaining a frivolous appeal and/or acting with bad faith. We decline to do

so.

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[25] The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

May, J., and Robb, J., concur.

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