MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be
Sep 26 2018, 9:23 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any
court except for the purpose of establishing CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Ronald K. Smith Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Delaware County Public Defender Attorney General of Indiana
Agency
Muncie, Indiana Lyubov Gore
Deputy Attorney General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
William Henry Cook, September 26, 2018
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-547
v. Appeal from the Delaware Circuit
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Marianne L.
Appellee-Plaintiff. Vorhees, Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
18C01-1601-F3-1
Najam, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 18A-CR-547 | September 26, 2018 Page 1 of 11
Statement of the Case
[1] William Henry Cook appeals his conviction following a jury trial for robbery,
as a Level 3 felony. He presents three issues for our review:
1. Whether the trial court erred under the Fifth Amendment
to the United States Constitution when it admitted into
evidence statements he made to police.
2. Whether the trial court erred under Article 1, Section 11 of
the Indiana Constitution when it admitted into evidence
items gathered as a result of a search of Cook’s apartment.
3. Whether the trial court erred under the Sixth Amendment
to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 13
of the Indiana Constitution when it did not allow Cook to
cross-examine the victim about the victim’s pending
criminal charge.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] Late at night on December 26, 2015, J.S. left a friend’s house to walk to a gas
station in order to buy a drink and a candy bar. As J.S. was walking back to his
friend’s house, Cook, who knew J.S., stopped his vehicle and asked J.S. if he
needed a ride. Another individual, Benjamin Skinner, was also in the vehicle
with Cook when Cook offered J.S. a ride. After Cook pulled over, he told J.S.
that he and Skinner were going to go to “a guy’s house” to pick up some pills
and cocaine. Tr. Vol. II at 49. J.S. got into the car with Cook and Skinner.
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[4] When they arrived at the house, everyone exited the vehicle. Skinner returned
to the car, and Cook and J.S. started walking toward the house. Cook bent
down to tie his shoes but J.S. kept walking. Cook then caught up to J.S. and
started hitting J.S. in the back of the head. At that point, Skinner exited the car,
came up to J.S., and held a shotgun to J.S.’s stomach. Skinner told J.S. that, if
he tried to get away, “they’re going to kill [J.S.].” Id. at 51. Cook kept hitting
J.S. with brass knuckles, and he later hit J.S. with the butt of a revolver. At one
point, J.S. fell to the ground, and Skinner hit him in the ribs and side and
kicked him. Cook kept hitting J.S. and kept repeating: “I’m going to kill you.
You stole weed from my sister. You’re going to pay for this.” Id. at 53. After
Cook and Skinner stopped beating J.S., they stripped him of all of his clothes
and left him naked. They also took his cell phone and money from him. Cook
and Skinner then returned to Cook’s apartment, which he shared with his sister.
[5] Once Cook and Skinner left, J.S. ran through a wooded area to the closest
house. J.S. stopped at the house and used their phone to call the police. The
police arrived, and J.S. was taken to the hospital where he was given pain
medication and treated for a concussion and bruised ribs. After J.S. was
released from the hospital in the early morning hours of December 27, he went
to the Delaware County Sheriff’s Office (“DCSO”) for questioning. J.S.
informed officers that Cook and Skinner had beaten him. He also told officers
where Cook resided. After J.S. gave his report, officers went to Cook’s
apartment and arrested Cook.
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[6] Officers transported Cook to the DCSO, where Detective Kurt Walthour
questioned him. Detective Walthour advised Cook of his Miranda rights. Cook
acknowledged that he understood his rights, and he signed a waiver of rights
form. Cook then told Detective Walthour that he had gotten into a fight with
J.S. and that he had taken J.S.’s clothes, shoes, phone, and money. At the end
of the interview, Detective Walthour asked Cook if officers could search Cook’s
apartment and advised Cook of his rights. Cook acknowledged that he
understood his rights and signed a consent form to allow officers to search his
apartment.
[7] Meanwhile, officers at Cook’s apartment obtained the consent of Cook’s sister
to search the premises. Upon searching the apartment, officers found J.S.’s
pants with money in the pocket and a shotgun in one bedroom. Officers also
found J.S.’s cell phone in another bedroom and J.S.’s sweatshirt, socks, and one
shoe under the vanity in the bathroom.
[8] The State charged Cook with one count of robbery, as a Level 3 felony; one
count of battery, as a Level 6 felony; and one count of theft, as a Level 6
felony.1 Prior to trial, Cook filed a motion to suppress evidence in which he
alleged that his statements to police were inadmissible because he did not make
a knowing and intelligent waiver of his right to remain silent. He also alleged
in that motion that the items found during the search of the apartment were
1
The State later dismissed the charge for theft.
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inadmissible as evidence because he had not knowingly and voluntarily
consented to the search of the apartment. The trial court denied that motion
after a hearing. Also prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine in which it
sought to prevent Cook from questioning J.S. about a pending criminal charge
against J.S.2 The trial court held a hearing on the motion but deferred ruling on
the motion until trial.
[9] The court held a jury trial on January 22 and 23, 2018. During the trial, the
State presented as evidence the testimony of Detective Walthour and one of the
officers who searched Cook’s apartment. The State also called J.S. as a witness.
Outside the presence of the jury, Cook questioned J.S. on his prior criminal
history. J.S. testified that he had a pending case against him in another county
for attempted sexual misconduct with a minor. J.S. also testified that he had
entered into a plea agreement with the State on that charge, but that the trial
court had not accepted the agreement. He further testified that he had received
no benefit in the sexual misconduct case for testifying against Cook in the
present case, that he did not believe he would receive a benefit for testifying in
the present case, and that no promises were made to him in exchange for his
2
J.S. also has a prior conviction for conversion. The parties all agreed that Cook could cross-examine J.S.
regarding that conviction.
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testimony against Cook. The trial court ruled that Cook could not cross-
examine J.S. about the pending case in front of the jury.3
[10] At the conclusion of the trial, the jury found Cook guilty of robbery, as a Level
3 felony, and battery, as a Class A misdemeanor. The trial court entered
judgment of conviction on both counts, but later vacated Cook’s conviction for
battery. The court then sentenced Cook to nine years in the Indiana
Department of Correction. This appeal ensued.
Discussion and Decision
Issue One: Admission of Statements
[11] Cook first contends that the trial court violated “his right against self-
incrimination” when it admitted into evidence statements he made to law
enforcement. Appellant’s Br. at 8. But Cook has not provided cogent
reasoning to support his contention as required by the appellate rules. See Ind.
Appellate Rule 46(A)(8)(a) (“The argument must contain the contentions of the
appellant on the issues presented, supported by cogent reasoning.”).
[12] “We demand cogent argument supported with adequate citation to authority
because it promotes impartiality in the appellate tribunal. A court which must
search the record and make up its own arguments because a party has not
3
After the trial court sustained the State’s motion in limine, Cook made an offer of proof and stated that, if
he were allowed to question J.S. regarding the charged crime, he would ask whether J.S. had been charged
with attempted sexual misconduct with a minor.
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adequately presented them runs the risk of becoming an advocate rather than an
adjudicator.” Young v. Butts, 685 N.E.2d 147, 151 (Ind. Ct. App. 1997). “A
brief should not only present the issues to be decided on appeal, but it should be
of material assistance to the court in deciding those issues. On review, we will
not search the record to find a basis for a party’s argument[.]” Id.
[13] Here, Cook simply states “that the Court erred in finding that he had been
properly advised of his rights, or that he made a knowing and intelligent waiver
of his rights.” Appellant’s Br. at 8. Cook does not present any argument as to
how he was not properly advised of his rights or why his waiver was not
knowing or intelligent. We will not search the record to find a basis for his
argument. See Young, 685 N.E.2d at 151. Thus, Cook has waived this issue.
Issue Two: Admission of Evidence Found in Cook’s Apartment
[14] Cook next contends that the trial court violated his “Article 1, Section 11”
rights when it admitted into evidence items obtained as a result of the search of
his apartment. But, again, Cook has not provided cogent reasoning to support
his contention. Cook simply states, without more, that “the procedures
followed by the police” in the search of his apartment “did not comply with the
grounds of Pirtle [v. State, 323 N.E.2d 634 (Ind. 1975)].” Appellant’s Br. at 9.
Cook further “submits that any search in the premises and any evidence
obtained therefrom was unreasonable under the tests employed under Article 1,
Section 11 of the Indiana Constitution.” Id. Cook does not attempt to explain
how his consent following a Pirtle advisement was inadequate or why his
consent was needed in light of the fact that his sister, with whom he shared the
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apartment, had given her consent for officers to search the apartment. See Peel
v. State, 868 N.E.2d 569, 575 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007) (“A valid consent to search
may be given by the person whose property is to be searched or a third party
who has common authority or an adequate relationship to the premises to be
searched.”) Further, Cook does not attempt to explain how the procedures
followed by the police in searching his apartment violated his constitutional
rights or otherwise explain how the search of his apartment was unreasonable.
And, again, we will not make his argument for him. Thus, this issue is also
waived.
Issue Three: Cross-Examination of J.S.
[15] Finally, Cook contends that the trial court violated his right to confront a
witness against him under the Sixth Amendment to the United States
Constitution and Article 1, Section 13 of the Indiana Constitution when it did
not allow Cook to cross-examine J.S. regarding a pending criminal charge
against J.S. As the Indiana Supreme Court has stated:
Generally, a trial court’s ruling on the admission of evidence is
accorded “a great deal of deference” on appeal. Tynes v. State,
650 N.E.2d 685, 687 (Ind. 1995). “Because the trial court is best
able to weigh the evidence and assess witness credibility, we
review its rulings on admissibility for abuse of discretion” and
only reverse “if a ruling is ‘clearly against the logic and effect of
the facts and circumstances and the error affects a party’s
substantial rights.’” Carpenter v. State, 18 N.E.3d 998, 1001 (Ind.
2014) (quoting Clark v. State, 994 N.E.2d 252, 260 (Ind.2013)).
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Hall v. State, 36 N.E.3d 459, 466 (Ind. 2015). But where, as here, “‘a
constitutional violation is alleged, the proper standard of appellate review is de
novo.’” Id. (quoting Speers v. State, 999 N.E.2d 850, 852 (Ind. 2013)).
[16] It is well settled that
[t]he Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
guarantees that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall
enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against
him.” The Sixth Amendment right to confrontation is made
applicable to the states by the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment. Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. 400, 406, 85
S.Ct. 1065, 13 L.Ed.2d 923 (1965). Article 1, Section 13 of the
Indiana Constitution similarly provides that “[i]n all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to . . . meet the
witnesses face to face.” Both the Sixth Amendment and Article
1, Section 13 guarantee the right to cross-examine witnesses.
Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 315, 94 S.Ct. 1105, 39 L.Ed.2d 347
(1974); McCarthy v. State, 749 N.E.2d 528, 533 (Ind.2001).
McCain v. State, 948 N.E.2d 1202, 1206 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011). But the right to
cross examine witnesses “is subject to reasonable limitations placed at the
discretion of the trial judge.” Smith v. State, 721 N.E.2d 213, 219 (Ind. 1999).
[17] Cook specifically contends that he was denied the opportunity to cross-examine
J.S. when the trial court prohibited him from questioning J.S. about the
pending criminal charge because J.S.’s testimony about that charge would have
been impeaching. However, it is well settled that “it is not proper to impeach
by evidence of charged crimes not reduced to conviction.” Id. Here, J.S. had
entered into a plea agreement with the State regarding the pending criminal
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case, but, at the time of Cook’s trial, the trial court had not accepted J.S.’s
guilty plea. Accordingly, J.S.’s charge for sexual misconduct with a minor had
not yet been reduced to a conviction. Because the charged crime had not been
reduced to a conviction, Cook could not use that charge to impeach J.S.
[18] Cook also contends that J.S.’s testimony regarding the charged offense would
show that J.S. had a “bias, prejudice[,] or ulterior motive” to testify against
Cook. Appellant’s Br. at 11. “The exposure of a witness’s motivation in
testifying is a proper and important function of the constitutionally-protected
right of cross examination.” McCain, 948 N.E.2d at 1206 (citing Delaware v.
Van Arsdall, 475 U.S. 673, 679 (1986)). However, there is nothing in the present
case to indicate that J.S. had any motivation to testify against Cook.
[19] Indeed, during the hearing outside the presence of the jury on the State’s
motion in limine, J.S. testified that the State did not offer him anything in
exchange for his testimony in the present case, that the prosecuting attorney did
not offer to make any calls to help J.S. in the pending criminal case, and that he
did not believe he would receive any benefit in the pending case in exchange for
his testimony against Cook. While “pending charges that are the basis of an
arrangement with the witness are a proper subject of cross examination,”
Tolliver v. State, 922 N.E.2d 1272, 1286 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), there is no
evidence of any arrangement between J.S. and the State. Accordingly, Cook’s
challenge to the trial court’s limitation of his cross-examination of J.S. is
without merit. See id.
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[20] In sum, Cook could not use a pending charge not reduced to a conviction to
impeach J.S. And J.S. did not have an “ulterior motive” to testify against Cook
because the State did not offer any benefit to J.S. in his pending criminal charge
in exchange for his testimony against Cook. Accordingly, the trial court did not
violate Cook’s right to cross-examine a witness against him when it prohibited
Cook from questioning J.S. about the pending criminal charge. We affirm
Cook’s conviction.
[21] Affirmed.
Crone, J., and Pyle, J., concur.
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