FILED
OCTOBER 2, 2018
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 35381-8-III
Respondent, )
)
v. )
)
EDWARD LANE HART, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
)
Appellant. )
KORSMO, J. — Edward Hart appeals from convictions for second degree child rape
and second degree child molestation, primarily arguing that the trial court erred in
disqualifying his retained attorney. The court did not err by disqualifying an attorney
who was a factual witness to the victim’s report of the crimes. We affirm the convictions
and remand to modify the judgment and sentence.
FACTS
Mr. Hart was convicted of sexually abusing his wife’s daughter, A.C. At age 14,
A.C. reported to her mother that Mr. Hart had abused her over the previous nine years.
Her mother did not believe the accusation, a fact that seriously strained the mother-
No. 35381-8-III
State v. Hart
daughter relationship. A.C. then reported the abuse to Mr. Hart’s family and to his
attorney and personal friend, Julie Anderson. Ms. Anderson did not believe the
accusation and discussed it with A.C.’s mother. Since neither woman believed A.C.,
neither one reported to the police.
At age 16, A.C. performed occasional office work for attorney Anderson. That
fall, she hand wrote a recantation on a declaration form used by the Anderson Law
Office. Ex. 3. A.C. would later testify that her mother sent her to Ms. Anderson, who
then had her write the note. In their testimony, both Anderson and the mother denied
involvement.
When A.C. was 25, her mother’s marriage to Mr. Hart was dissolved. After the
dissolution was final, A.C. and her mother reported the abuse to law enforcement. Both
women described a birthmark on Mr. Hart’s penis. The investigating detective obtained a
search warrant authorizing him to photograph the birthmark. The detective reported
seeing a mark, but it was indistinct in the detective’s photos.
Eventually, the prosecutor filed two counts of first degree child rape and two
counts of second degree child rape against Mr. Hart. Ms. Anderson appeared as retained
counsel for Mr. Hart. She moved to dismiss the charges on statute of limitations grounds.
The trial court denied the motion.
During defense interviews of A.C. and her mother, the prosecution learned of Ms.
Anderson’s relationship to the case, including the fact that A.C. had disclosed the abuse
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to Ms. Anderson years earlier. The State then moved to disqualify Ms. Anderson on the
basis that she was a potential witness in the case. The defense opposed the motion,
arguing that there was no attorney-client relationship between Anderson and A.C., and
that the only issues she would testify about were uncontested matters.
The trial court granted the motion, stating:
I am going to grant the State’s motion to disqualify you, Ms. Anderson,
from this case, and my concern is very much . . . . this could be a real
situation of a he said/she said swearing match where credibility is going to
be of the utmost importance for the jury to evaluate because this long after
the allegations, there’s not going to be any other kind of physical evidence.
Your declaration indicates that you had conversations with Mr. Hart,
with Ms. Stewart, the mother, and with the alleged victim back at this time
period when this was first brought to light. Further, I don’t know if—I
guess I wouldn’t rule out the possibility that the State could end up calling
you as a witness, depending on what the nature of the defense is, as a
rebuttal witness, but I think that Mr. Hart would be deprived potentially of
a witness that might be favorable for him in terms of you and your
knowledge of the event back many years ago if you are acting as his
attorney in this case.
If Mr. Hart is unable to hire another private attorney, he can ask the
Court to appoint one for him. Your implication of your statement is that
many people feel that getting a public defender isn’t as good as getting a
private attorney. I just don’t think that that’s really true here, at least in
Chelan County, where, you know, we have, from the Court’s viewpoint, a
consistently high level of representation and good outcomes at trial, just
had one last week on a high profile case where the defense—although the
gentleman was convicted of a gross misdemeanor, it was far less than the
original charge. So I understand Mr. Hart’s desire to have you continue in
this case, but it seems to the Court that you are potentially a witness in this
case and so I’m going to grant the motion to disqualify you.
Supplemental Report of Proceedings at 10-11.
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Because Mr. Hart was unable to retain a new attorney, the court appointed counsel
for him. The State called Ms. Anderson in its case-in-chief. She testified to her long-
term relationship with Mr. Hart, A.C., and A.C.’s mother. Anderson denied involvement
in the recantation note and did not know why it was on her law firm’s form. She also told
the jury that A.C. had reported the abuse to her, but that, like the child’s mother, she did
not believe the allegation.
The State amended charges during trial to one count of second degree child rape
and one count of second degree child molestation prior to resting. The amended charges
were alleged to have occurred between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2004. The
only witness called by the defense was an investigator for the public defender’s office.
He had taken pictures that morning of the defendant’s penis and presented the photos to
the jury over the State’s objection about untimely discovery. When cross-examining the
investigator, the prosecutor stated: “It’s amazing, the advances in plastic surgery these
days, isn’t it?” Report of Proceedings (RP) at 485. The court sustained the defense
objection and struck the comment from the record.
During closing argument, the defense argued that A.C. was not credible and cited
the photographic proof that there was no mark on his penis. In rebuttal, the prosecutor
pointed out that Mr. Hart had 13 months to have the mark removed and only that very
day had he taken pictures to show that there was no mole. She then argued that there had
been “amazing advances in plastic surgery these days.” The trial court sustained an
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objection to the argument. She then simply noted for the jury, without objection, that Mr.
Hart had 13 months to remove the mark. RP at 533-534.
The jury convicted Mr. Hart as charged. After a timely appeal to this court, a
panel heard argument on the case.
ANALYSIS
This appeal raises arguments concerning the removal of Ms. Anderson and the
prosecutor’s plastic surgery remarks. It also raises three arguments concerning aspects of
the judgment and sentence. We address first the removal of counsel argument before
turning to the prosecutor’s comments. We will then jointly consider the challenges to the
judgment and sentence.
Removal of Counsel
Mr. Hart initially argues that the trial court denied him his counsel of choice when
Ms. Anderson was removed in light of her role as a witness. The trial court did not err in
entering the removal order.
The decision whether or not to disqualify an attorney is reviewed for abuse of
discretion. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1 of Klickitat County v. Int’l Ins. Co., 124 Wn.2d 789,
812, 881 P.2d 1020 (1994); Am. States Ins. Co. ex rel. Kommavongsa v. Nammathao,
153 Wn. App. 461, 466, 220 P.3d 1283 (2009). Discretion is abused when it is exercised
on untenable grounds or for untenable reasons. State ex rel. Carroll v. Junker, 79 Wn.2d
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12, 26, 482 P.2d 775 (1971). Discretion also is abused when it is exercised contrary to
law. State v. Tobin, 161 Wn.2d 517, 523, 166 P.3d 1167 (2007).
The Sixth Amendment guarantee of the right to counsel includes a criminal
defendant’s right to select counsel of one’s choice. United States v. Gonzalez-Lopez, 548
U.S. 140, 146-148, 126 S. Ct. 2557, 165 L. Ed. 2d 409 (2006). However, “even for
defendants with private attorneys, the right to counsel of choice is not absolute.” State v.
Hampton, 184 Wn.2d 656, 663, 361 P.3d 734 (2015). Gonzalez-Lopez noted that trial
courts have “wide latitude” in balancing the right to counsel of choice “against the
demands of its calendar.” 548 U.S. at 152. Hampton acknowledged this balancing as a
discretionary exercise for the trial court. 184 Wn.2d at 663 (quoting State v. Aguirre, 168
Wn.2d 350, 365, 229 P.3d 669 (2010)). Courts are reluctant to disqualify a lawyer absent
compelling circumstances. Kommavongsa, 153 Wn. App. at 466. A trial court should
enter findings concerning (1) the materiality of the testimony, (2) the necessity for the
testimony, and (3) any prejudice to the client. State v. Sanchez, 171 Wn. App. 518, 545,
288 P.3d 351 (2012).
RPC 3.7 states the lawyer as witness rule. The section relevant to this case
provides:
(a) A lawyer shall not act as advocate at a trial in which the lawyer is
likely to be a necessary witness unless:
....
(3) disqualification of the lawyer would work substantial hardship on
the client.
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The trial court concluded that defense counsel was a possible witness for the
prosecution and also could be an important witness for the defense in a case that likely
would turn on witness credibility.1 These conclusions were certainly tenable bases for
determining that counsel likely would be a necessary witness and could no longer act as
an advocate. RPC 3.7(a). They also satisfy the first two questions of the Sanchez test—
the testimony was material and necessary. The remaining question is whether
disqualification would work a substantial hardship on Mr. Hart. RPC 3.7(a)(3); Sanchez,
171 Wn. App. at 545.
The only basis for claiming hardship was that Mr. Hart could no longer afford an
attorney and would need to have appointed counsel. That “hardship” was easily
remedied by the trial court’s appointment of experienced counsel to represent Mr. Hart at
public expense. The trial court also rejected the implied argument that appointed counsel
were not as capable as retained attorneys, pointing to recent successes by local public
defenders. This unsupported allegation simply does not establish substantial hardship.
1
In light of the importance at trial of the testimony concerning the recanted
statement written on her firm’s pleading paper and the victim’s allegation that Ms.
Anderson was behind it, hindsight demonstrates that the trial court’s observation was
correct.
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The trial court had very tenable bases for removing Ms. Anderson. Her testimony
was necessary for both sides. The court did not abuse its discretion by disqualifying Mr.
Hart’s initial counsel of choice.
Prosecutorial Misconduct
Mr. Hart next argues that the prosecutor engaged in egregious misconduct
requiring a new trial. However, we conclude that the trial court properly addressed the
prosecutor’s statements.
The standards governing this issue are well settled. The appellant bears the burden
of demonstrating prosecutorial misconduct on appeal and must establish that the conduct
was both improper and prejudicial. State v. Stenson, 132 Wn.2d 668, 718, 940 P.2d 1239
(1997). Prejudice occurs where there is a substantial likelihood that the misconduct
affected the jury’s verdict. Id. at 718-719. The allegedly improper statements should be
viewed within the context of the prosecutor’s entire argument, the issues in the case, the
evidence discussed in the argument, and the jury instructions. State v. Brown, 132 Wn.2d
529, 561, 940 P.2d 546 (1997).
Reversal is not required where the alleged error could have been obviated by a
curative instruction. State v. Gentry, 125 Wn.2d 570, 596, 888 P.2d 1105 (1995). The
failure to object constitutes a waiver unless the remark was so flagrant and ill-intentioned
that it evinced an enduring and resulting prejudice that could not have been neutralized
by an admonition to the jury. Id.; State v. Swan, 114 Wn.2d 613, 665, 790 P.2d 610
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State v. Hart
(1990); State v. Belgarde, 110 Wn.2d 504, 507, 755 P.2d 174 (1988). Finally, a
prosecutor has “wide latitude” in arguing inferences from the evidence presented.
Stenson, 132 Wn.2d at 727.
The court sustained defense objections both when the prosecutor questioned the
defense investigator about the “amazing advances” in plastic surgery and repeated the
comment in closing argument. In the first instance, the trial court also struck the
comment from the record at defense request. The court also gave the standard jury
instruction that the statements by the attorneys were not evidence and that only evidence
that was admitted at trial could be considered. Clerk’s Papers at 152-153. The first
question was objectionable because no evidence about any “amazing advances” had been
admitted at trial and the defense investigator was unlikely to be a competent witness on
the topic. The second comment was objectionable for the reason that no evidence about
the “amazing advances” had been presented. Since the two remarks were not evidence
and the jury was instructed not to consider the comments of the attorneys, it is not
apparent that anything more needed to be done.
Mr. Hart nonetheless argues that the two remarks were such egregious misconduct
that only a new trial can remedy the situation. We disagree. The relevance of the mole
was clear, although the inference to be drawn was not. Three witnesses testified that one
was present in the past, while one witness testified that no mole currently existed. While
the jurors could infer that one or more witnesses were incorrect in their testimony, it was
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No. 35381-8-III
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equally likely that all were correctly reporting information that they had experienced at
different times over the preceding decades. It was not improper for the prosecutor to
suggest that there had been a recent change, possibly effectuated by plastic surgery, that
explained the conflict in the testimony. The phrasing of the remarks was objectionable
because there was no evidence about any advances in plastic surgery. The possibility of
plastic surgery as an explanation for the differences was not necessarily improper.
Under these circumstances, there was not a substantial likelihood that the two
comments affected the jury’s verdict. Accordingly, Mr. Hart has not sustained his burden
of proving misconduct deprived him of a fair trial.
Judgment and Sentence
Mr. Hart presents three challenges to the judgment and sentence form. We jointly
consider those contentions.
The State concedes two of the challenges and we accept one of those concessions.
First, the parties correctly note that the judgment and sentence incorrectly states that Mr.
Hart was subject to indeterminate sentencing under former RCW 9.94A.712, a provision
that was recodified at RCW 9.94A.507 by Laws of 2008, ch. 231, § 56. The judgment
and sentence should be modified to reflect the proper statute.
Although the State concedes that the prohibition on Mr. Hart possessing sexually
explicit materials is improper, we question whether that concession is correct in light of
State v. Nguyen, No. 94883-6 (Wash. Sept. 13, 2018), http://www.courts.wa.gov/opinions
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/pdf/948836.pdf, a decision issued immediately after we heard argument in this case.
Because the case is being remanded on other issues and the parties have not briefed
Nguyen, we leave this issue for the trial judge on remand.
Finally, the parties do disagree about whether Mr. Hart was properly subject to the
community protection zone exclusion of current RCW 9.94A.703(1)(c). That provision
was originally enacted in 2005. See LAWS OF 2005, ch. 436, § 1. Mr. Hart was convicted
for crimes committed between 2002 and 2004. The law in effect at the time the crime
was committed governs sentencing in Washington. RCW 9.94A.345. The community
protection zone was not enacted until a year after Mr. Hart committed these offenses. It
was improper to sentence in accordance with that statute.
Nonetheless, trial judges have long held the power to impose no-contact and
geographic restrictions as part of a judgment and sentence. See generally former RCW
9.94A.120(7) (1984); DAVID BOERNER, SENTENCING IN WASHINGTON: COMMUNITY
SUPERVISION § 4.4, at 4-4 (1985). At the time of these offenses, the restrictions were
found in former RCW 9.94A.700(5) (2000).
Accordingly, we reverse the two noted sentencing conditions. The trial court is
free to again consider any restrictions on Mr. Hart’s post-release living conditions in
accordance with the law in effect at the time of these crimes. Former RCW 9.94A.700(5).
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The convictions are affirmed. The noted sentence conditions are reversed and the
matter remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
I Kor�.
WE CONCUR:
Siddoway, J.
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