FILED
COURT OF APPEALS DIV
STATE OF WASHINGTON
2818 OCT -p AM 9: 39
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, )
) No. 76657-1-1
Respondent, )
) DIVISION ONE
v. )
) UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ERIC LAMAR JACKSON, )
)
Appellant. ) FILED: October 8, 2018
)
APPELWICK, C.J. — Jackson was convicted of physical control of a vehicle
while under the influence and possession of a controlled substance. He argues
that the evidence was insufficient to convict him of physical control of a vehicle
while under the influence, because no rational jury could have found that he failed
to prove the affirmative defense—that he was safely off the roadway. And, he
argues that the "to convict" instruction for the charge of unlawful possession of a
controlled substance omitted an essential element, because it failed to identify the
controlled substance he possessed. He asserts that this error was not harmless
as to the conviction or sentence. We affirm the convictions, but remand for
resentencing on the unlawful possession of a controlled substance conviction.
FACTS
On February 29, 2016, King County Sherriff deputies were dispatched to
the Crowne Plaza Hotel on International Boulevard in SeaTac. When they arrived,
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they saw a silver car blocking a driveway. A man, later identified as Eric Jackson,
was in the driver's seat.
The area where the deputies located the vehicle is not a public roadway,
but a driveway to the hotel. The driveway, which runs east to west(perpendicular
to the public roadway, that runs north to south), is a two lane driveway, one lane
for ingress and one lane for egress. Gate arms restrict ingress and egress to the
parking area. A few marked parking spaces are located on the north side of the
driveway, between the parking lot gate and the street. On the south side of the
driveway is a curb and a fence. Jackson's vehicle was facing toward the public
roadway (on the south side, blocking incoming traffic). There was at least a car
length between the street and his vehicle.
Deputy Anthony Lopez noticed that Jackson appeared to be asleep and
knocked on the window to get his attention. Deputy Lopez asked Jackson to step
out of the car because he suspected that Jackson was intoxicated, and his car was
blocking the driveway. Lopez asked Jackson to perform field sobriety tests.
Jackson was not able to complete the horizontal gaze nystagmus (HGN) test.
Lopez testified that during the test Jackson "kept moving his head, kept dropping
his head, [and] was swaying." Lopez also noticed that Jackson's eyes were
"extremely watery."
The deputies arrested Jackson. Deputy Lopez testified that, during the
search incident to Jackson's arrest, he found a pistol and a bag of crack cocaine.
Lopez did not remember where he found the bag of suspected cocaine. Lopez
also testified that during his initial frisk of Jackson he mistook Jackson's gun for a
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cellphone. The deputies also found a "bubble packet" of medication, later identified
as diazepam, in Jackson's car.1 The deputies got a warrant to draw blood from
Jackson. Deputy Lopez took Jackson to Harborview Medical Center, where a
nurse administered the blood draw. A blood test showed that Jackson had cocaine
and diazepam in his system.
The State charged Jackson with unlawful possession of a firearm, two
counts of possession of a controlled substance—one count for possession of
cocaine and one count for possession of diazepam—and physical control of a
vehicle while under the influence. After the court granted the motion to suppress
the diazepam evidence, the State asked the court to dismiss the charge of
possession of diazepam. The charge was dismissed. The jury found Jackson not
guilty of unlawful possession of a firearm, but guilty of possession of a controlled
substance, cocaine and of physical control of a vehicle while under the influence.
Jackson appeals.
DISCUSSION
Jackson makes three arguments. First, he argues that the evidence was
insufficient to convict him of physical control of a vehicle while under the influence.
Second, he argues that the to convict instruction for possession of a controlled
substance unconstitutionally relieved the State of its burden of proof, because it
did not specify cocaine as the controlled substance. Third, he argues that, even if
his conviction of possession of a controlled substance is affirmed, this court should
1 At trial, the court granted Jackson's motion to suppress evidence of the
diazepam.
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reverse his sentence because the sentence does not comport with the jury's
verdict.
I. Sufficiency of Evidence
Jackson contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove actual physical
control while under the influence because he proved the affirmative defense—that
he was parked safely off the roadway in a private driveway. The sufficiency of the
evidence is a question of constitutional law that the appellate court reviews de
novo. State v. Rich, 184 Wn.2d 897, 903, 365 P.3d 746(2016).
In order to be found guilty, the State had to prove that Jackson had actual
physical control of the vehicle while he was under the influence of or affected by
alcohol or any drug. RCW 46.61.504(1)(c). It is an affirmative defense to a charge
of physical control that "prior to being pursued by a law enforcement officer, the
person has moved the vehicle safely off the roadway." RCW 46.61.504(2). The
inquiry for this court is whether, considering the evidence in the light most favorable
to the State, a rational trier offact could have found that the accused failed to prove
the affirmative defense by a preponderance of the evidence. City of Spokane v.
Beck, 130 Wn. App. 481, 486,123 P.2d 854(2005).
In Beck, the defendant's car was running and parked, taking up two spaces
in a parking lot, 20 to 30 yards from the roadway. Id. at 484. The defendant called
for a ride before she fell asleep in the driver's seat. Id. at 488. An officer arrested
the defendant for physical control of a vehicle while under the influence. Id. at 484,
486. The arresting officer acknowledged at trial that the defendant's car was "off
the roadway and there was no danger." Id. at 484. This court held that the
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evidence was insufficient for a jury to conclude that Beck did not prove the defense,
that she was safely off the roadway, by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at
483, 488.
The court in Beck distinguished the facts of that case from those in City of
Edmonds v. Ostby, 48 Wn. App. 867, 740 P.2d 916 (1987). Beck, 130 Wn. App.
at 488. In Ostby, an officer found the defendant passed out behind the wheel of a
car in an apartment complex's parking lot. 48 Wn. App. at 868. The car was
running, its lights were on, and it was still in gear. Id. "The vehicle was not in a
parking stall, but was situated in the middle of the roadway, blocking access to
adjoining parking areas and buildings." Id. This court stated, "[T]tle physical
control statute can apply to an intoxicated driver apprehended on private property."
Id. at 870. Then, it held that "[w]hether the vehicle was 'safely off the roadway' is
a factual issue to be decided by the trier of fact." Id. (quoting RCW 46.61.504).
And, it found that substantial evidence2 supported the district's court's
conclusion—that Ostby was not safely off the roadway. Id. at 870-71.
The issue here is whether Jackson failed to prove that it was more likely
than not that his vehicle was safely off the roadway. Jackson argues that the facts
differ from those in Ostbv, because his "vehicle was not blocking access, he was
at least a car length removed from the public Pacific Highway, the engine had not
been running for an hour, and his lights were not on."
2 Ostby was decided before our Supreme Court decided the standard of
review for challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence to support a conviction
based on an affirmative defense in State v. Lively, 130 Wn.2d 1, 17,921 P.2d 1035
(1996).
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Deputy Lopez testified that Jackson's car was "blocking the driveway" and,
more specifically, that it was "right in front of the gate area." Lopez also clarified,
"I could have pulled around it. I think it was mostly blocking incoming traffic." And
later, Lopez explained that Jackson's car was "off the main road and off the
sidewalk" on the access way to the hotel entryway, with the front of the car facing
International Boulevard. Jackson's car was far enough into the driveway that
Lopez pulled his car into the driveway and parked in front of Jackson's, enabling
Lopez's car to be completely off of International Boulevard. Deputy Patrick Kelly,
who arrived on the scene after Deputy Lopez, testified that Jackson's car was
parked blocking a driveway of the hotel, in such a way that it was "preventing
vehicles from entering or leaving that area." Deputy Steven Johnson, who arrived
with Lopez, testified that Jackson's car was "roughly in the middle" of the driveway.
Johnson also described the hotel parking as where he "often at night will see
people, motorists, who are tired pull over there."
In describing the location of the car, Jackson testified,
Okay. And the hotel would be back here. There's a gate here for
entry. . . . And then there's a fence going down this side. And this
is Pacific Highway. So I would have been probably like right here
towards the curb and the fence.
The record is unclear as to whether the car was running when Deputy Lopez
asked Jackson to step out of it. Lopez testified that he did not remember hearing
the car running, nor did he remember seeing the keys. This case is distinguishable
from Ostby on that fact, because there the record was clear that the defendant was
passed out behind the wheel with the motor running and the transmission in drive.
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But, Jackson's testimony did not contradict the State's evidence that the car
was parked in the driveway for incoming and outgoing traffic to the hotel parking
lot. While in Beck the officer testified that the defendant's car was "off the roadway
and there was no danger," here no deputy made a concession of that nature. 130
Wn. App. at 484. In fact, Jackson was parked in one of the two lanes of the
driveway, or according to one of the deputies, in the middle of the lanes, meaning
vehicles exiting the roadway to get to the parking entry gate would have to make
their way around him by entering the exit lane. And, Jackson testified that he was
on the south side of the driveway, toward the curb and the fence. Because his car
was facing toward the highway, we can infer from the record that he was facing
the wrong way in what would have been the ingress lane to the parking lot. Viewed
in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence was sufficient for a jury to
conclude that Jackson failed to prove that he was, more probably that not, safely
off the roadway.
The evidence was sufficient for a jury to find that Jackson was in actual
physical control of a vehicle while under the influence.
II. To Convict Instruction
Jackson argues next that the to convict instruction for possession of a
controlled substance relieved the State of its burden of proof, because it did not
specify cocaine as the controlled substance.
A. Essential Element
The State bears the burden of proving every element of the crime charged
beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Fisher, 165 Wn.2d 727, 753, 202 P.3d 937
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(2009). It follows that the to convict instruction must contain every element of the
crime charged. Id. Failure to include every element of the crime charged amounts
to constitutional error that may be raised for the first time on appeal. Id. at 753-54.
We review to convict instructions de novo. Id. at 754.
When a defendant is charged with possession of a controlled substance,
the identity of the substance is an essential element that must be stated in the to
convict instruction if it increases the maximum sentence. See State v. Gonzalez,
2 Wn. App. 2d 96, 106, 408 P.3d 743, review denied, 190 W.2d 1021, 418 P.3d
790 (2018). Because the various provisions of RCW 69.50.4013 "have the effect
of imposing different maximum sentences based on the type and amount of the
controlled substance possessed," the identity of the controlled substance is an
essential element. Id. at 110.
Here, the identity of the substance that the State alleged Jackson
possessed, cocaine, was an essential element because it exposed him to greater
punishment. Possession of cocaine is a class C felony, while possession of forty
grams or less of marijuana is only a misdemeanor. RCW 69.50.4013(1),(2); RCW
69.50.4014. The instruction provided,
To convict the defendant of the crime of Possession of a
Controlled Substance, as charged in count [two], each of the
following elements of the crime must be proved beyond a reasonable
doubt:
(1)That on or about the [sic] February 29,2016,the defendant
possessed a controlled substance; and
(2) That the acts occurred in the State of Washington.
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If you find from the evidence that each of these elements has
been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, then it will be your duty to
return a verdict of guilty as to count [two].
On the other hand, if, after weighing all the evidence, you have
a reasonable doubt as to any one of these elements, then it will be
your duty to return a verdict of not guilty as to count [two].
The State asserts that there was no error because the to convict
instruction's use of "as charged" incorporated the information, which specified
cocaine as the controlled substance. To support its assertion, the State cites State
v. Sibert, 168 Wn.2d 306, 230 P.3d 142(2010).
In Sibert, a plurality of our State Supreme Court affirmed a controlled
substances delivery conviction despite the fact that the to convict instruction
omitted reference to the specific substance. 168 Wn.2d at 312-13. The plurality
held that the failure to specify methamphetamine in the to convict instruction was
not error when (1) the to convict instruction incorporated the drug identity by
reference to the charging document, which specified methamphetamine, and (2)
that drug and only that drug was proved at trial. Id. at 309-10, 317. But, only four
justices agreed to this part of the lead opinion, and the four dissenting justices
agreed that the omission was error. Id. at 317 (lead opinion), 325-26 (Alexander,
J., dissenting), 334 (Sanders, J., dissenting). The ninth justice concurred in the
lead opinion's result only. Id. at 317. Because there is no majority opinion adopting
any analysis on this issue, Sibert does not control whether the omission of the
essential element of the identity of the controlled substance is error. See State v.
Johnson, 173 Wn.2d 895, 904, 270 P.3d 591 (2012) ("A plurality has little
precedential value and is not binding.").
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In recent similar cases, this court has held that omitting the essential
element of the identity of the controlled substance in the to convict instruction is
error. Gonzalez, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 111; State v. Clark-El, 196 Wn. App. 614, 619-
20, 384 P.3d 627 (2016)(recognizing that Sibert did not result in binding law on
this issue and that omitting the identity of the controlled substance in the to convict
instruction is error, especially where the to convict instruction did not include "as
charged" language).
Under existing case law, omitting the essential element of the identity of the
controlled substance from the to convict instruction is error.
B. Harmless Error Analysis
The State argues that, even if it was erroneous to omit a reference to
cocaine in the to convict instruction, the error was harmless as to Jackson's
conviction.
Under the federal constitution, an erroneous jury instruction that omits an
element of the offense is subject to harmless error analysis. Neder v. United
States, 527 U.S. 1, 4, 119 S. Ct. 1827, 144 L. Ed. 2d 35 (1999); State v. Brown,
147 Wn.2d 330, 340-41, 58 P.3d 889(2002)(following Neder). A jury instruction
that omits an essential element is harmless if it appears beyond a reasonable
doubt the error did not contribute to the verdict. Brown, 147 Wn.2d at 341. The
omitted element must be supported by "uncontroverted evidence," and the
reviewing court must be able to "conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury
verdict would have been the same absent the error." Id.(quoting Neder, 527 U.S.
at 19).
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Jackson argues that, under article I, sections 21 and 22 of the Washington
Constitution, omitting an essential element from the to convict instruction requires
automatic reversal. And, he further argues that this court should follow the lead of
the New Hampshire and Mississippi courts and hold that harmless error does not
apply in this context. Jackson's arguments are the same as those presented in
Gonzalez and Clark-El. Gonzalez, 2 Wn. App. 2d at 112; Clark-El, 196 Wn. App.
at 620-24. Jackson does not attempt to show why the analysis in either of those
cases is incorrect. Consistent with the analyses in Gonzalez and Clark-El, we hold
that the error in omitting the essential element of the identity of the controlled
substance is subject to harmless error analysis as to the conviction.
Alternatively, Jackson asserts that the failure to require proof of the charged
controlled substance was not harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. He argues
that the State presented evidence of various substances at trial, and the jury "might
have entertained a reasonable doubt as to the validity of the testing" of the
substance found on Jackson or in his blood.
Although the record includes evidence that Jackson had both cocaine and
diazepam in his blood, the fact that Jackson was in possession of cocaine was
uncontroverted. At trial, the State presented the cocaine found on Jackson.
Moreover, Jackson testified, "[T]here was cocaine in the car and the cocaine was
in a baseball hat inside of the passenger side of the car." And, later Jackson
testified, "I knew I had cocaine, yes, ma'am." In jury instruction 15, the trial court
told the jury, in part, "Possession in Count 2 means having a substance in one's
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custody or control." The to convict instruction also referred the jury to count two of
the information, which clearly specified possession of cocaine.
Given these facts, the error in the to convict instruction was harmless
beyond a reasonable doubt because the omitted element is supported by
uncontroverted evidence, and this court is able to conclude beyond a reasonable
doubt that the jury verdict would have been the same absent the error.
Accordingly, we affirm the unlawful possession of a controlled substance
conviction.
III. Sentencing
Jackson argues third that even if this court affirms the conviction, this case
must be remanded for resentencing. He contends that the jury's verdict, that he
possessed an unidentified controlled substance, authorized the sentencing court
to impose only the "lower possible sentence" for possession of controlled
substance, which is a misdemeanor.
"'The constitutional right to jury trial requires that a sentence must be
authorized by a jury's verdict." Clark-El, 196 Wn. App. at 624 (quoting State v.
Morales, 196 Wn.2d 106, 109,383 P.3d 539(2016)). If a court imposes a sentence
that is not authorized by the jury's verdict, harmless error analysis does not apply.
Id.
The jury's finding that Jackson possessed an unidentified controlled
substance authorized the sentencing court to impose only the lowest possible
sentence for possession of a controlled substance. Gonzalez, 2 Wn. App. 2d at
114 (Holding that without a finding regarding the nature of the controlled
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substance, the jury's verdict authorized the court to impose only the lowest
possible sentence for unlawful possession of a controlled substance.). The trial
court nevertheless imposed a felony sentence in this case.
The State concedes that resentencing is required.3
We affirm Jackson's convictions, but remand for resentencing on the
conviction for unlawful possession of a controlled substance in order for the court
to impose a misdemeanor sentence.
WE CONCUR:
3 At oral argument, the State asked this court to distinguish sentencing in
this case from Clark-El because here, Jackson admitted to possession of cocaine
while testifying. But, Jackson never stipulated to cocaine possession nor entered
a plea agreement acknowledging his cocaine possession. As in Clark-El and
Gonzalez, the jury's verdict that Jackson possessed an unidentified controlled
substance did not provide a basis upon which the trial court could impose a
sentence based on possession of cocaine.
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