J-A14031-18
NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
THERESA SEIBERT AND GLENN : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
SEIBERT, H/W : PENNSYLVANIA
:
Appellants :
:
v. :
:
JEANNE COKER :
:
Appellee : No. 191 EDA 2018
Appeal from the Order Entered December 11, 2017
in the Court of Common Pleas of Bucks County
Civil Division at No.: 2015-03045
BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., SHOGAN, J., and PLATT*, J.
MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED OCTOBER 15, 2018
Plaintiffs/Appellants, Theresa Seibert and Glenn Seibert, husband and
wife, appeal from the order granting summary judgment in favor of
defendant/Appellee, Jeanne Coker, in this slip-and-fall premises liability case.
Appellants chiefly maintain that there were questions of fact which should
have been decided by a jury. We affirm.
We derive the facts of the case from the trial court opinion and our
independent review of the available record. (See Trial Court Opinion,
2/06/18, at 1-2). We view the evidence of record in the light most favorable
to Appellants as the non-moving parties in the motion for summary judgment.
On February 6, 2014, Appellant Theresa Seibert, a physical therapist
employed by Holy Redeemer Hospital, slipped and fell on an isolated patch of
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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.
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black ice as she was departing from a forty-five minute home visit to
Appellee.1 Theresa did not tell Appellee that she believed she had fallen on
black ice. (See id. at 1 (citing N.T. Deposition of Theresa Seibert, 6/08/16,
at 92)). She was seriously injured.2
Appellants brought suit against Appellee for negligence. The trial court
granted summary judgment in favor of Appellee. Appellants maintain that,
among numerous questions of material fact which they claim the trial court
should have left for a jury to decide, there was an issue as to whether Appellee
had constructive notice of the icy condition. (See Appellants’ Brief, at 8, 11-
12).
Of special note for the first issue in this appeal, Appellants originally
claimed that Appellee violated a duty of care by permitting the accumulation
of hills and ridges of ice or snow in her driveway area. (See Civil Action
[Complaint], 4/21/15 at ¶ 8). Appellants changed their minds, however, and
at least by the time of their response to the motion for summary judgment,
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1 There is no dispute that the weather conditions that week were extremely
cold, indeed sub-freezing, but there had been no snow or rain for the twenty-
six hours preceding the incident.
2 Appellant Theresa reports she is now totally disabled and has undergone
three surgeries. (See Appellants’ Brief, at 5). Her medical expenses and
wages have been paid through worker’s compensation benefits with Holy
Redeemer Hospital. (See id.). Co-Appellant Glenn claims loss of consortium.
(See Civil Action, at ¶ 18).
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they maintained that Appellee’s driveway and the surrounding area were
generally free of any accumulation of snow or ice and, therefore, the “Hills
and Ridges” doctrine did not apply in this case. (See Plaintiffs’ Response to
Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, 4/07/17, at ¶¶ 2, 37-39).
As already noted, the trial court granted summary judgment for the
defendant/Appellee, in an order dated December 11, 2017 and filed on
December 14, 2017. Appellants timely appealed.3
Appellants present three overlapping questions for our review:
1. Did the trial court commit an error of law and/or abuse
its discretion in applying the hills and ridges doctrine, when there
was no evidence in the case demonstrating that the community in
the area in question was under generally slippery conditions, and
where the fall occurred due to an isolated patch of ice?
2. Did the trial court commit an error of law and/or abuse
its discretion in taking away from a jury the question of whether
or not constructive notice could be imposed upon a defendant
property owner, when disputed material questions of fact remain
as to whether the defendant should have known of the condition
in question?
3. Did the trial court commit an error of law and/or abuse
its discretion in deciding a contested material question of fact that
the admissions of the plaintiff regarding the ice formation in
question that allegedly caused her fall, suggested that the black
ice in question only formed during the 45 minutes she was inside
of defendant’s home, thereby concluding that a jury could not
reasonably infer that defendant had constructive notice of the
condition prior to the accident?
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3 Appellants filed a court-ordered statement of errors on January 25, 2018.
The trial court filed an opinion on February 6, 2018. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925. It
bears noting that in their Rule 1925(b) statement of errors, Appellants
presented thirteen allegations of error. (See Plaintiffs’ Concise Statement of
Errors, 1/25/18, at unnumbered pages 1-3).
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(Appellants’ Brief, at 4).
Preliminarily, we observe that counsel for Appellants raises three
nominal questions but fails to divide the argument portion of the brief into
corresponding separate sections. (See id. at 4). Instead, the brief presents
an undifferentiated, occasionally meandering, and frequently repetitive
argument, which only randomly corresponds to the questions presented. (See
id. at 9-22).4
This substantially fails to conform to Pa.R.A.P. 2116 and 2119, and
hampers our review. We could quash or dismiss this appeal for failure to
conform to the requirements of our rules. See Pa.R.A.P. 2101. Nonetheless,
in the interest of justice and judicial economy, we will address the arguments
that can reasonably be discerned from this defective brief. See
Commonwealth v. Lyons, 833 A.2d 245, 252 (Pa. Super. 2003), appeal
denied, 879 A.2d 782 (Pa. 2005) (addressing evident arguments in pro se
appellant’s defective brief).
The legal principles applicable to Appellants’ claims are well-settled:
“Our scope of review of a trial court’s order granting or denying
summary judgment is plenary[.]” Krapf v. St. Luke's Hosp., 4 A.3d 642,
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4 We note that the trial court eschewed a point-by-point analysis of Appellants’
thirteen asserted errors, many of which are vague and repetitive, in favor of
a direct explanation of the reasons for its decision. (See Trial Ct. Op., at 4).
We deem the balance of Appellants’ asserted errors to be abandoned on
appeal.
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649 (Pa. Super. 2010), appeal denied, 34 A.3d 831 (Pa. 2011) (citation
omitted).
A reviewing court may disturb the order of the trial court
only where it is established that the court committed an error of
law or abused its discretion. As with all questions of law, our
review is plenary.
In evaluating the trial court’s decision to enter
summary judgment, we focus on the legal standard
articulated in the summary judgment rule. Pa.R.C.P.
1035.2. The rule states that where there is no genuine issue
of material fact and the moving party is entitled to relief as
a matter of law, summary judgment may be entered.
Where the non-moving party bears the burden of
proof on an issue, he may not merely rely on his
pleadings or answers in order to survive summary
judgment. Failure of a non-moving party to adduce
sufficient evidence on an issue essential to his case
and on which he bears the burden of proof establishes
the entitlement of the moving party to judgment as a
matter of law. Lastly, we will review the record in the light
most favorable to the non-moving party, and all doubts as
to the existence of a genuine issue of material fact must be
resolved against the moving party.
Coleman v. Wyeth Pharm., Inc., 6 A.3d 502, 509 (Pa. Super. 2010), appeal
denied, 24 A.3d 361 (Pa. 2011) (citations omitted, emphasis added); accord,
Murphy v. Duquesne Univ. Of The Holy Ghost, 777 A.2d 418, 429 (Pa.
2001) (“Failure of a non-moving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an
issue essential to his case and on which it bears the burden of proof . . . .
establishes the entitlement of the moving party to judgment as a matter of
law.”) (citation omitted); see also Lineberger v. Wyeth, 894 A.2d 141, 146
(Pa. Super. 2006) (stating that “a record that supports summary judgment
will either (1) show the material facts are undisputed[;] or (2) contain
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insufficient evidence of facts to make out a prima facie cause of action or
defense and, therefore, there is no issue to be submitted to the jury.”)
(citation omitted); Overly v. Kass, 554 A.2d 970, 972 (Pa. Super. 1989)
(stating that court ruling on motion for summary judgment must ignore
controverted facts contained in pleadings and restrict review to material filed
in support of and in opposition to motion for summary judgment and to those
allegations in pleadings that are uncontroverted).
For a party to prevail in a negligence action, a plaintiff must prove that
the defendant “owed a duty of care to the plaintiff, that duty was breached,
the breach resulted in the plaintiff’s injury, and the plaintiff suffered an actual
loss or damages.” Merlini ex rel. Merlini v. Gallitzin Water Auth., 980
A.2d 502, 506 (Pa. 2009) (citation omitted).
A land possessor is subject to liability for physical harm caused to an
invitee only if the following conditions are satisfied:
[the land possessor] knows of or reasonably should have
known of the condition and the condition involves an unreasonable
risk of harm, [the possessor] should expect that the invitee[s] will
not realize it or will fail to protect themselves against it, and the
[possessor] fails to exercise reasonable care to protect the
invitees against the danger.
Estate of Swift v. Ne. Hosp. of Phila., 690 A.2d 719, 722 (Pa. Super. 1997),
appeal denied, 701 A.2d 577 (Pa. 1997) (citation omitted).
Moreover, the “mere existence of a harmful condition in a public place
of business, or the mere happening of an accident due to such a condition[,]
is neither, in and of itself, evidence of a breach of the proprietor’s duty of care
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to his invitees, nor raises a presumption of negligence.” Myers v. Penn
Traffic Co., 606 A.2d 926, 928 (Pa. Super. 1992) (en banc), appeal denied,
620 A.2d 491 (Pa. 1993) (citation omitted).
In their first claim, Appellants challenge the trial court’s application of
the hills and ridges doctrine (which Appellants first raised in their own
complaint). Appellants now maintain that a prerequisite to the application of
the hills and ridges doctrine is a finding of generally slippery conditions, as
opposed to isolated icy patches. (See Appellants’ Brief, at 9). Based on
controlling authority, we agree.
On appeal, the trial court reasons that summary judgment was proper
because Appellants failed to establish the first element under the hills and
ridges doctrine, that snow or ice had accumulated in an amount which
unreasonably obstructed travel and constituted a danger to pedestrians. (See
Trial Ct. Op., at 6). On independent review, we are constrained to conclude
that this requirement does not apply to the instant case.
This Court has summarized the hills and ridges doctrine as follows:
The “hills and ridges” doctrine is a long standing and well
entrenched legal principle that protects an owner or occupier of
land from liability for generally slippery conditions resulting
from ice and snow where the owner has not permitted the ice and
snow to unreasonably accumulate in ridges or elevations.
* * *
In order to recover for a fall on an ice or snow covered
surface, [ ] a plaintiff is required to prove: (1) that snow
and ice had accumulated on the sidewalk in ridges or
elevations of such size and character as to unreasonably
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obstruct travel and constitute a danger to pedestrians
travelling thereon; (2) that the property owner had notice,
either actual or constructive, of the existence of such
condition; (3) that it was the dangerous accumulation of
snow and ice which caused the plaintiff to fall.
Morin v. Traveler’s Rest Motel, Inc., 704 A.2d 1085, 1087-88 (Pa. Super.
1997), appeal denied, 723 A.2d 1025 (Pa. 1998) (emphasis added, citation
and paragraph break omitted). “The rationale for this doctrine has been
explained as follows: . . . to require that one’s walks be always free of ice and
snow would be to impose an impossible burden in view of the climatic
conditions in this hemisphere.” Id. (emphasis added) (citation omitted).
Similarly, “[t]here is no absolute duty on the part of a landowner to keep
his premises and sidewalks free from snow and ice at all times. These
formations are natural phenomena incidental to our climate.” Rinaldi v.
Levine, 176 A.2d 623, 625 (Pa. 1962) (collecting cases). Rather, “[i]t must
appear that there were dangerous conditions due to ridges or elevations which
were allowed to remain for an unreasonable length of time, or were created
by defendant’s antecedent negligence.” Id. (citations omitted).
Accordingly, a prerequisite to the application of the “hills and ridges”
doctrine is a finding of generally slippery conditions, as opposed to isolated
icy patches. See Tonik v. Apex Garages, Inc., 275 A.2d 296, 298 (Pa.
1971) (stating that “[p]roof of ‘hills and ridges’ is necessary only when it
appears that the accident occurred at a time when general slippery conditions
prevailed in the community[.]”).
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An exception to the “hills and ridges” doctrine exists, however, where
the plaintiff can prove “the hazard is not the result of a general slippery
condition prevailing in the community, but of a localized patch of ice.”
Bacsick v. Barnes, 341 A.2d 157, 160 (Pa. Super. 1975) (citations omitted).
Nevertheless, when proof of hills and ridges is not required, a plaintiff must
still prove that the defendant landowner had actual or constructive notice of
the hazardous condition. See id.
Because Appellants’ second and third claims both address constructive
notice, we address them together.
What will amount to constructive notice of a defective or
dangerous condition existing upon a defendant’s premises,
necessarily varies under the circumstances of each case. Some
of the factors affecting the question, in addition to the time
elapsing between the origin of the defect and the accident, are the
size and physical condition of the premises, the nature of the
business conducted thereon, the number of persons using the
premises and the frequency of such use, the nature of the defect
and its location on the premises, its probable cause and the
opportunity which defendant, as a reasonably prudent person, had
to remedy it.
Lanni v. Pennsylvania R. Co., 88 A.2d 887, 889 (Pa. 1952) (holding, where
central issue was whether railroad had constructive notice of dangerous
condition on its premises, that evidence was not sufficient to take case to jury)
(citation omitted).
Here, Appellants fail to produce evidence in support of their claim of
constructive notice of the patch of ice, merely asserting, repeatedly, that the
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issue should have gone to the jury. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 11, 12, 15, 18).
We disagree.
Both Appellee and Appellant Theresa Seibert denied seeing any patch of
ice prior to the fall.5 No witness testified to seeing the patch of ice prior to
Appellant’s fall. Appellants offered no evidence regarding the length of time
the patch of ice had been in the driveway. Likewise, no evidence suggested
a history of ice forming in that particular location due to any kind of
irregularity.
Thus, the record is devoid of evidence that the ice, which we assume
existed, for the sake of our review, was visible or had a source other than the
most recent precipitation. There was no other evidence to support a claim of
constructive notice. Accordingly, Appellants have failed to adduce sufficient
evidence to avoid summary judgment.
Where the non-moving party bears the burden of proof on an
issue, he may not merely rely on his pleadings or answers in order
to survive summary judgment. Failure of a non-moving party to
adduce sufficient evidence on an issue essential to his case and
on which he bears the burden of proof establishes the entitlement
of the moving party to judgment as a matter of law.
Coleman, supra at 509 (citation omitted); accord, Murphy, supra at 429
(“Failure of a non-moving party to adduce sufficient evidence on an issue
essential to his case and on which it (sic) bears the burden of proof . . .
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5Appellee also testified that a previous visitor the day of the accident found
no ice either.
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establishes the entitlement of the moving party to judgment as a matter of
law.”) (citation omitted); see also Lineberger, supra at 146 (summary
judgment warranted if record contains insufficient evidence of facts to make
out prima facie cause of action, leaving no issue to submit to jury).
“Although our reasoning differs somewhat from that of the trial court,
we may affirm on any basis provided that the court’s decision is legally
correct.” Ramalingam v. Keller Williams Realty Grp., Inc., 121 A.3d
1034, 1049 (Pa. Super. 2015) (citation omitted).
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 10/15/18
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Seibert, T. v. Coker, J.
Combined Opinion