in the Interest of C.A.D.

In The

Court of Appeals

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

___________________

NO. 09-18-00179-CV
___________________

IN THE INTEREST OF C.A.D.

__________________________________________________________________

On Appeal from the County Court at Law
Polk County, Texas
Trial Cause No. CIV30779
__________________________________________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION

This is an appeal from a jury’s verdict in which the jury decided to terminate

“Mother’s” and “Father’s” rights to their daughter, “Claire.”1 The jury’s answers to

the controlling issues are based on three statutory grounds under which courts may

render a judgment that terminates the rights parents otherwise have to parent their

child. Here, the jury found that the rights of Claire’s parents should be terminated

1
We protect the identity of the minor affected by the trial court’s ruling by using
a pseudonym for her name and for the names of her relatives. See Tex. R. App. P.
9.8.
1
because they (1) knowingly placed or knowingly allowed Claire to remain in

conditions or surroundings which endanger her physical or emotional well-being,

(2) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed Claire with persons who engaged in

conduct that endangered her physical or emotional well-being, and (3) that Claire’s

parents, respectively, each have a mental or emotional illness or mental deficiency

that makes that parent unable to provide for Claire’s needs. See Tex. Fam. Code.

Ann. §§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), 161.003(a)(1), (2) (West Supp. 2017).

In five issues, Mother and Father filed separate appeals challenging the trial

court’s judgment. In issues one through three, Mother and Father argue that the

evidence admitted during the trial does not support the jury’s findings that their

rights should be terminated. In issue four, Mother and Father contend the evidence

does not support the jury’s findings that terminating their respective parental rights

is in Claire’s best interest. In their fifth issue, Mother and Father argue that they each

received ineffective assistance of counsel during the trial. For the reasons explained

below, we affirm.

Background

Mother and Father moved to Polk County, Texas from Georgia in late 2016.

When Claire’s parents moved to Texas, they were the parents of an infant son, “Ian,”

but they did not bring him with them when they moved. In early 2018, the State of

2
Georgia terminated their parental rights to Ian because they had not properly cared

for his needs. Claire was born in November 2016, around five months after Mother

and Father moved to Texas.

Mother and Father testified during the trial. They explained that they receive

social security disability benefits, and they acknowledged that the benefits were

based in part on their respective learning disabilities.2 The evidence shows that

together, Mother and Father receive government benefits of about $1500 a month.

The evidence the jury considered established that when Claire was born, Mother and

Father were living in an apartment in Polk County. Shortly after Claire’s birth, her

parents moved from their apartment into a house that had no utilities. After Claire’s

parents moved into the house, they agreed to let Claire stay with Father’s sister-in-

law, “Rebecca,” who the evidence shows also lives in Polk County. 3 Father testified

that under his arrangement with Rebecca, Rebecca was to care for Claire until he

2
Father testified that he could read and write “a little,” and that he could do math
at an eighth-grade level. Mother testified that she is a “slow learner” and that she
attended high school in a special education program, graduating from high school
after completing the program.
3
In late December 2016, Mother and Father signed a voluntary authorization that
allowed Rebecca to assume some of Mother’s and Father’s responsibilities to care
for Claire. The authorization reflects that Mother and Father signed it before a notary
public.

3
could arrange to have the utilities reconnected to the house. According to Rebecca,

who testified in the trial, about one or two months after Claire began living with her,

Father’s adult son “Brian” told her that she should “keep an eye on [Father]” because

he had seen “[Father] touch that baby.” Rebecca explained that after Brian warned

her to watch Father’s conduct around Claire, she observed that while Father was

changing Claire’s diaper he “had his finger on [Claire’s] private part.” Rebecca

testified that she demanded that Mother and Father leave her house right after she

saw Father engage in inappropriate conduct that he directed at Claire; from that

point, Rebecca refused to allow them to see Claire again.

Shortly after Rebecca saw Father engage in what she considered inappropriate

sexual conduct toward Claire, Rebecca filed a suit asking that the trial court appoint

her to be Claire’s conservator. In late April 2017, the trial court appointed the

Department of Family and Protective Services as Claire’s temporary sole managing

conservator. Several days after the Department removed Claire from Rebecca’s

home, Rebecca intervened into the proceedings filed by the Department. She asked

the trial court to name her as Claire’s joint-managing conservator.4 In March 2018,

4
Rebecca’s petition in intervention names two intervenors, Rebecca and her step-
daughter, who is also Claire’s biological cousin. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §
102.004(a), (b) (West Supp. 2017). The step-daughter named in the petition did not
testify during the trial.
4
the trial court called the termination case to trial. When the trial ended, the issues the

jury answered authorized the court to render a judgment terminating Mother’s and

Father’s parental rights. Thereafter, Father’s attorney filed a post-judgment motion

challenging the sufficiency of the evidence to support the jury’s findings; however,

Mother’s attorney did not do so.

Analysis

I. Legal and Factual Sufficiency of the Evidence and Best-Interest
Finding

A. Standard of Review

In issues one through three, Mother and Father contend the evidence is legally

and factually insufficient to show that they (1) knowingly placed or knowingly

allowed Claire to remain in conditions or surroundings which endangered her

physical or emotional well-being, (2) engaged in conduct or knowingly placed Claire

with persons who engaged in conduct that endangered her well-being, or (3) have

mental or emotional illnesses, or a mental deficiency that leaves them unable to

provide for Claire’s physical, emotional, and mental needs. In their respective briefs,

Mother and Father challenge the sufficiency of the evidence proving each of the

findings the jury made that authorized the termination of their parental rights.

Before addressing the merits of Mother’s and Father’s arguments, we note the

standard of review that applies to reviewing issues asserted in appeals claiming that
5
insufficient evidence supports the factfinder’s rulings on the controlling issue. In

conducting a legal sufficiency review, we review all the evidence in the light that

favors the findings to determine whether “a reasonable trier of fact could have

formed a firm belief or conviction that its finding was true.” In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d

256, 266 (Tex. 2002). We assume the jury resolved disputed facts in a way that

favors its findings if a reasonable jury could have done so based on the evidence

before the jury in the trial. See id. We also disregard all evidence that the jury could

have reasonably disbelieved. Id. Nonetheless, an appellate court may overturn the

jury’s verdict if the evidence admitted in the trial reveals that no reasonable jury

could have formed a firm belief or conviction that any of the jury’s findings

authorizing a judgment terminating a parent’s rights are supported by the evidence

the jury considered in the trial. Id.

When conducting a factual sufficiency review, we determine whether the

evidence before the jury allowed it to form a firm belief or conviction on the findings

being challenged in the appeal. Id. In reviewing the evidence, we consider evidence

that the jury could have reasonably found to be clear and convincing. Id. And we

consider whether the disputed evidence is such that a jury could not have resolved

the disputed issue in favor of the finding the jury made. Id. If, given the entire record,

clear and convincing evidence does not support the decisions the jury made on

6
controlling issues, the court must find the evidence is factually insufficient to support

the challenged findings.

A jury’s verdict in a parental-termination case must be supported by clear and

convincing evidence, that is “the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the

mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations

sought to be established.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (West 2014); see also In

re J.L., 163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005). In Claire’s case, the Department needed to

secure favorable findings on one or more of the grounds on which the Legislature

authorized the courts to terminate a parent’s rights and to secure a favorable finding

that the termination of their respective rights is in Claire’s best interest. See Tex.

Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001 (West Supp. 2017); see also J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 84. On

appeal, if the record contains legally and factually sufficient evidence to support the

jury’s best-interest finding and to support the jury’s finding on any one of the

predicate grounds needed to justify terminating the parent-child relationship, the

judgment terminating the parent’s rights will be affirmed. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d

355, 362 (Tex. 2003).

B. Evidence Supporting Endangerment Finding—Father

The judgment terminating Father’s parental rights rests on three of the

predicate grounds that authorize a court to terminate the parent-child relationship.

7
See Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. §§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E), 161.003(a)(1), (2). To justify

reversing the jury’s verdict, Father must establish that insufficient evidence supports

all three of the issues the jury answered on the predicate findings they are

challenging in their appeals, or they must show that the evidence does not support

the jury’s finding on the best-interest issue.

Consequently, Father must establish that insufficient evidence supports the

jury verdict on the endangerment finding the jury made under section

161.001(b)(1)(E) of the Family Code. If he cannot do so, his complaints about the

jury’s other two predicate findings under sections 161.001(b)(1)(D) and

161.003(a)(1) need not be reached. See A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362 (noting that when

coupled with a best-interest finding, only one predicate statutorily-based finding is

needed to authorize a judgment terminating the parent-child relationship); see also

Tex. R. App. P. 47.1 (noting that the appellate court’s opinion must address the

issues that are necessary to dispose of the appeal).

For convenience, we address Father’s challenge to the jury’s finding under

section 161.001(b)(1)(E) (“subsection E”) of the Texas Family Code that he

“engaged in conduct…which endangers the physical or emotional well-being of the

child” before addressing his arguments about the jury’s findings on other issues. “In

considering whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support a finding of

8
endangerment, we must determine whether there was ‘some evidence of

endangerment on which a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief or

conviction of endangerment.’” In re E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d 796, 803 (Tex. 2012)

(quoting In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 346 (Tex. 2009)). As to the jury’s findings

under subsection E, the conduct that Rebecca and Brian described seeing Father

engage in when changing Claire’s diapers is conduct the jury could have reasonably

viewed as revealing that Father has an abnormal sexual interest in his child. During

the trial, Rebecca and Brian testified that they saw Father touch Claire’s sexual organ

in ways they considered inappropriate. Rebecca testified that she saw Father, on one

occasion, put his finger on Claire’s sexual organ while Mother, Father, and Claire

were all sitting in the same room of her home. Rebecca, who the record shows is a

retired nurse, explained that what she saw was inappropriate even though she knew

Father was changing Claire’s diaper. Father argues the jury should have disbelieved

Rebecca’s testimony because she wanted to “steal [Claire]” from them.

Brian’s testimony about what he saw concerns incidents that differ from the

one that Rebecca described, as he was not in the room when Father engaged in the

conduct that Rebecca described. According to Brian, he saw Father touch Claire on

her private parts “more than once” while changing Claire’s diaper. Brian

acknowledged that when someone changes a baby’s diapers, they are going to be

9
around a child’s sexual organ. Yet Brian described seeing Father rubbing Claire’s

sexual organ: he testified that Father “kept rubbing [Claire’s] private parts more than

once.” Father fails to point to any evidence that shows why the jury should have

disbelieved Brian’s account about what he saw Father do to Claire.

The jury could have reasonably considered that the conduct that Rebecca and

Brian described seeing endangered Claire’s physical and her emotional well-being.

See In re L.C., 145 S.W.3d 790, 796 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.) (citing

In re A.B., 125 S.W.3d 769, 775 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. denied)). That

said, no one testified during the trial that Claire suffered a physical injury from the

incidents that Rebecca and Brian described. Yet the lack of evidence showing that a

parent caused a child to suffer a physical injury need not mean that the conduct

described by the witnesses did not endanger the child. See In re M.C., 917 S.W.2d

268, 269 (Tex. 1996) (per curiam) (noting that the term endanger, as used in the

involuntary-termination statute, means to expose the child to loss or injury, or to

jeopardize the child). Even if a parent’s conduct caused no physical injury, the

parent’s conduct may still expose the child to danger. Id. The evidence of the

endangerment that Rebecca and Brian described reveals that more than an abstract

possibility exists that Claire would suffer a physical or emotional injury, so their

testimony does not merely show that Claire had been in “a less-than-ideal family

10
environment[.]” Id. (quoting Tex. Dep’t of Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531,

533 (Tex. 1987)).

In a jury trial, the jury has the responsibility to decide whether a witness is

telling the truth and to weigh how important a witness’s testimony is to the facts that

are in dispute. See City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 819 (Tex. 2005).

Generally, juries may believe or disbelieve any of the testimony the trial court admits

into evidence in the trial. Id. When the jury’s decision reveals that the choices the

jury made were reasonable, the reviewing court may not substitute its judgment

about who should have been believed for the decisions made on those matters by the

jury. Id. at 813-14 (explaining that a reviewing court cannot view evidence that

contradicts the verdict in isolation). When the parties ask a jury to consider

conflicting testimony, the jurors must often choose between opposing inferences and

may do so if the inferences the jury drew from the testimony were reasonable. See

Lozano v. Lozano, 52 S.W.3d 141, 158 (Tex. 2001) (Hecht, J., concurring and

dissenting).

Having carefully considered all the evidence admitted in the trial, we conclude

the jury could have reasonably formed a firm belief or conviction that Father

engaged in conduct that endangered Claire’s physical or emotional well-being. City

of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 813-14. Because the record contains legally and factually

11
sufficient evidence to support the jury’s conclusion that Father engaged in conduct

that endangered Claire, we overrule Father’s second issue.

C. Best-Interest Finding—Father

In a parental-rights termination case filed by the Department, the Department

must establish with clear and convincing evidence that terminating the parent’s right

to his child is in the child’s best interest. See E.N.C., 384 S.W.3d at 807. “In

determining whether the evidence is legally sufficient to support a best-interest

finding, we ‘consider the evidence that supports a deemed finding regarding best

interest and the undisputed evidence,’ and ignore evidence a fact-finder could

reasonably disbelieve.” Id. (quoting J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 268). In evaluating

evidence relevant to a child’s best interest, there is a “rebuttable presumption that

the appointment of the parents of a child as joint managing conservators is in the

best interest of the child.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.131(b) (West 2014); see also

In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006) (noting a “strong presumption” exists

favoring keeping a child with its parent). Courts also presume that a prompt and

permanent placement of a child in a safe environment is in the child’s best interest.

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 263.307(a) (West Supp. 2017). In reviewing a trial court’s

12
best-interest finding, we consider the nine non-exhaustive factors identified in

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976).5

In his fourth issue, Father suggests that the evidence before the jury fails to

offer legally and factually sufficient support for the jury’s decision that terminating

his rights is in Claire’s best interest.6 We have already explained that the jury

considered evidence that allowed it to conclude that Father touched Claire

inappropriately more than once. While Father’s testimony did not detail his plans if

the jury rejected the Department’s claims seeking to terminate his parental rights,

Mother’s testimony suggests that she planned to raise Claire at home where Father

5
In Holley, the Texas Supreme Court applied these factors in reviewing a best-
interest finding:

• the child’s desires;
• the child’s emotional and physical needs, now and in the future;
• the emotional and physical danger to the child, now and in the future;
• the parenting abilities of the parties seeking custody;
• the programs available to assist the parties seeking custody;
• the plans for the child by the parties seeking custody;
• the stability of the home or the proposed placement;
• the parent’s acts or omissions, which may indicate that the existing
parent-child relationship is improper;
• any excuse for the parent’s acts or omissions.

Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976).
6
Following the trial, Father filed a post-judgment motion alleging that legally
and factually sufficient evidence supports the jury’s best-interest finding.
13
would continue to have access to her. Father’s and Mother’s testimony also suggests

that they would consider giving Claire to her maternal grandmother

(“Grandmother”), who was raising Ian. Grandmother, who lives in Georgia, testified

during the trial that while she would agree to allow Claire to live in her home, she

did not believe that Mother’s or Father’s rights should be terminated. Grandmother

also testified that she thought that Mother and Father could care for a child, as she

allowed both to have unsupervised visitation with Ian. Grandmother never testified

that should Claire be placed in her care, she would supervise Father’s visits. Given

her testimony about the possible arrangement, the jury could have viewed the

arrangement as insufficient to protect Claire’s physical and emotional needs. See

R.R., 209 S.W.3d at 116 (noting that the factors the jury may consider in resolving

questions about the child’s best interest include evidence showing the child’s family

is willing to make decisions that would effect positive changes).

The evidence before the jury also allowed the jury to conclude that the

Department placed Claire in a stable and safe placement. According to one of the

Department’s caseworkers who testified in Claire’s case, Claire is a happy, smiling,

and healthy baby. Another of Claire’s caseworkers testified that Claire’s foster

parents are taking good care of her, and that in working with Mother and Father, the

14
Department decided that Claire’s parents had insufficient parenting skills to care

properly for a child of Claire’s age.

Given the testimony about Father’s conduct, the jury could have formed a firm

belief or conviction that allowing Father’s parent-child relationship to continue

would be dangerous to Claire’s short and long term physical and emotional well-

being. We conclude that legally and factually sufficient evidence supports the jury’s

finding based on subsection E that terminating Father’s parental rights is in Claire’s

best interest. See J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 265-66 (holding that the appellate court’s

analysis of a jury’s verdict should determine whether a reasonable jury, upon proper

instruction using a clear and convincing standard of proof, could have formed a “firm

belief or conviction” about the decision in the dispute); see also L.C., 145 S.W.3d at

796 (explaining that evidence showing that a parent sexually assaulted a child

endangers a child’s emotional and physical well-being). Because legally and

factually sufficient evidence supports the jury’s best-interest finding, we overrule

Father’s fourth issue.

II. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

A. Instances of Allegedly Deficient Performance

In issue five, Mother and Father suggest that a retrial is needed because the

respective attorneys who represented them in the trial provided them with ineffective

15
assistance. Father directs his complaints about his trial attorney at the attorney’s

failure to object to testimony that showed a Georgia court had rendered a judgment

terminating his parental rights to Ian, his youngest son. Father also complains that

his trial attorney published a document 7 to the jury alluding “to the trial court judge’s

prior rulings” about the circumstances that led to the Department initiating an

investigation into his care of Claire which in turn led the Department to seek to have

his rights to Claire terminated. Father suggests that his trial attorney then

compounded that error by failing to object when the attorney appointed to represent

Claire questioned one of Claire’s caseworkers about the trial court’s decision

denying Mother’s motion asking that the trial court return Claire to her or to allow

7
Father’s appellate attorney failed to provide a record reference in his brief to the
exact page of the document that he is complaining about in issue five. The document
that we presume Father’s appellate attorney intended to reference is a seven-page
document titled Family Service Plan. The document bears a stamp showing that it
was printed on June 8, 2017. In the middle of page one of that document, under a
heading about why the Department became involved in Claire’s case, the document
states: “The Department received a call from [the trial court judge] stating he was in
a custody hearing for [Claire] and was ordering [temporary managing
conservatorship] at this time. He stated the concerns include mental capacity of the
parents, sexual abuse of the child, extensive [Child Protective Services] history in
the state of Georgia[.]” Within what appears to us as no more than three minutes, the
trial court sent the jury out of the courtroom and alerted Father’s trial attorney that
the jury could see the document, which violated the ruling the trial court made on
Father’s motion in limine. Before the jury returned, the trial court stated that it would
redact the language on page one of the Family Service Plan that conveyed that the
trial court was the entity that called the Department to get the Department involved
in Claire’s case.
16
Claire to reside with her parents “on a monitored basis.” The record shows the

caseworker testified that the trial court denied both requests.

Father also alleges that trial counsel performed deficiently because he should

have objected to the relevance of various questions asked by the attorney the trial

court appointed to represent Claire. The questions Father points to concern questions

about whether Father sexually assaulted his three nieces when they were children.

Father also points to instances in the record where his trial attorney appears to have

had trouble introducing some documents into evidence. And Father complains on

appeal that his trial attorney allowed lay testimony to come before the jury

characterizing him as “mentally disabled.” Finally, Father complains that his

attorney failed to object to the relevance of certain other testimony during the trial.

According to Father, the record shows that his trial attorney failed to fight for him

while handling the case.

Mother points to alleged deficiencies about her trial attorney’s performance

that differ in character from the ones that Father points to in his brief. Mother asserts

the record shows that her trial attorney failed to conduct any discovery, to file a

motion in limine, to subpoena any witnesses, to investigate her claims, or to file any

pleadings other than the jury demand. Mother also complains that during opening

statement, her attorney stated that he agreed with the attorneys for the other parties

17
in some respects but that unlike them, he had not yet made up his mind about what

would be best for Claire.

B. Standard of Review

An indigent parent has a right to appointed counsel in a parental-rights

termination case. In re B.G., 317 S.W.3d 250, 253 (Tex. 2010). The entitlement to

appointed counsel includes a right to effective counsel. Id. In assessing whether

counsel was ineffective, appellate courts in parent-termination cases apply the same

standard that courts apply to such claims that arise from criminal trials. In re M.S.,

115 S.W.3d 534, 544-45 (Tex. 2003). To establish ineffective assistance of counsel,

Father and Mother must show that (1) counsel’s performance was deficient and (2)

the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. See Strickland v. Washington, 466

U.S. 668, 687 (1984); In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 574 (Tex. 2005). To prevail on

such claims, the party who claims they received ineffective assistance of counsel

must show that representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and

show that a reasonable probability exists that, but for counsel’s unprofessional

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. See Strickland, 466

U.S. at 688, 694; M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 544-45 The burden of proving such claims

lies with the complaining party. M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 545.

18
 In considering if counsel’s performance was deficient, we consider all the

circumstances that surround the case. Id. When evaluating trial counsel’s

performance, we focus on whether counsel performed in a reasonably effective

manner. Id. at 545. Our review of counsel’s performance is highly deferential, and

we presume that counsel’s conduct fell within the range of reasonable professional

assistance, considering “the possibility that counsel’s actions [were] strategic.” Id.

“‘An allegation of ineffective assistance must be firmly founded in the record, and

the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness.’” Walker v.

Tex. Dep’t of Family & Protective Servs., 312 S.W.3d 608, 622-23 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2009, pet. denied) (quoting In re K.K., 180 S.W.3d 681, 685

(Tex. App.—Waco 2005, no pet.)). Conduct that trial attorneys engaged in during

trials is not generally viewed as supporting a claim alleging ineffective assistance of

counsel unless “‘the conduct was so outrageous that no competent attorney would

have engaged in it[.]’” M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 545 (quoting Garcia v. State, 57 S.W.3d

436, 440 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001)).

C. Analysis—Father’s Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claim

In his brief, appellate counsel points to several matters to support his argument

claiming that trial counsel performed deficiently in representing Father during the

trial. One of his primary complaints is that trial counsel allowed the jury to see

19
language in the Family Service Plan that he claims conveyed the trial judge’s view

about the case.8 While the first page of the Family Service Plan appears to have been

exhibited briefly in a location where the exhibit was within the jury’s view, whether

the jury saw the sentence that Father complains about is impossible to determine

from the record. Thus, we cannot determine on this record whether the trial

attorney’s conduct resulted in any harm. We hold that on this record Father cannot

establish that the error he complains about was harmful or that the sentence at issue,

if seen by the jury, altered the outcome of the trial. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688,

694; M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 544-45.

We are also unable to conclude that Father’s trial counsel engaged in conduct

so outrageous that it was constitutionally deficient. Father’s appellate counsel moved

for a new trial, but the motion fails to include any evidence from an attorney

explaining what the standard of care requires of attorneys handling cases involving

cases filed by the Department seeking to terminate a parent’s rights. Nor does the

record contain an explanation from Father’s trial attorney about the strategic

decisions that he made in the trial.

8
The unredacted sentence the jury might have seen is in the middle of the first
page of the Family Service Plan. The sentence Father complains about, which the
judge redacted before allowing the exhibit into evidence, states: “The Department
received a call from [the trial judge who handled the termination case] stating he was
in a custody hearing for [Claire] and was ordering TMC at this time.”
20
 We conclude that Father’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is not

firmly founded in the record. As a result, we hold that Father has failed to meet his

burden to establish either of the grounds he had the burden of proving under

Strickland. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. For these reasons, we overrule Father’s

fifth issue.

D. Analysis—Mother’s Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Claims

In issue five, Mother argues that her trial attorney performed deficiently when

handling her case both before and during the trial. According to Mother, her attorney

failed to conduct a proper investigation into the case, to file any pleadings other than

a jury demand, to conduct pretrial discovery, or to subpoena witnesses (without

identifying who they were or what they might have said) to testify in trial. Mother

also complains that some arguments that trial counsel made on her behalf did not

benefit her in the trial. If liberally construed, Mother’s complaints about counsel’s

deficiencies include one that counsel failed to preserve her rights to challenge the

sufficiency of the evidence that supports the findings the jury made on the

controlling issues in her case.9 See Tex. R. App. P. 38.9 (requiring appellate courts

9
Mother does not expressly make these claims in her brief, but we liberally
construe her global complaint about her trial attorney’s failure to file pleadings
(other than a jury demand) as broad enough to include them.

21
to construe briefs liberally). Giving Mother’s complaints about trial counsel as

liberal an interpretation as possible, we will review the various arguments that

Mother raises in her first four issues when evaluating her various claims that her

counsel was ineffective and violated the standards in Strickland even though trial

counsel failed to preserve these claims for our review. 10 See Strickland, 466 U.S. at

688, 694; M.S., 115 S.W.3d at 544-45.

First, we address Mother’s arguments suggesting that the record does not

contain legally or factually sufficient evidence to support any of the three predicate

findings the judgment in her case relies on to terminate her parental rights to Claire.

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 161.001(b)(1)(D), (E),161.003(a)(1), (2). Because it is

10
In its brief, the Department contends that Mother failed to preserve her legal
and factual sufficiency issues for review on appeal. We agree with the Department
that Mother did not properly preserve her argument by filing appropriate post-trial
motions or by raising proper objections to the charge. When appealing from a jury
verdict, Mother was required to preserve her right to appellate review on her legal
and factual sufficiency claims by filing either (1) a motion for instructed verdict, (2)
a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, (3) a motion to disregard the
jury’s answer to a vital fact issue, (4) a motion for new trial, or by (5) lodging
objections to the trial court’s decision submitting the controlling issues to the jury.
See Cecil v. Smith, 804 S.W.2d 509, 510-11 (Tex. 1991); In re D.J.J., 178 S.W.3d
424, 426-27 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005, no pet.). To preserve a factual
sufficiency issue, the record must show that the appellant moved for new trial
claiming the evidence is factually insufficient to support the jury’s verdict. See Tex.
R. Civ. P. 324(b)(2); see also In re A.M., 385 S.W.3d 74, 78-79 (Tex. App.—Waco
2012, pet. denied); In re J.M.S., 43 S.W.3d 60, 62 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.]
2001, no pet.).

22
unnecessary to address each of the predicate findings separately if any one of them

is supported by the verdict, we will first address Mother’s arguments that challenge

whether sufficient evidence was before the jury to support the jury’s determination

under section 161.003 that Mother has an “emotional illness or a mental deficiency

that renders her unable to provide for the physical, emotional, and mental needs of

the child[.]” See A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362.

Section 161.003 of the Family Code states

[t]he court may order termination of the parent-child relationship…if
the court finds that: (1) the parent has a mental or emotional illness or
a mental deficiency that renders the parent unable to provide for the
physical, emotional, and mental needs of the child [and] (2) the illness
or deficiency…will continue to render the parent unable to provide for
the child’s needs until the 18th birthday of the child[.]

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.003(a)(1), (2).

During the trial, Mother acknowledged that she is a slow-learner, is on social

security disability, and graduated from high school while enrolled in a special

education program. The evidence presented at trial pertinent to both Mother’s care

of Ian and Mother’s care of Claire allowed the jury to infer that Mother did not have

sufficient skills or knowledge about how to raise a child. For example, the evidence

shows that Mother’s rights to Ian were terminated by the State of Georgia because

Mother did not understand how to feed and care for him. When Mother testified, she

agreed that the agency in Georgia responsible for investigating child welfare
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expressed concerns about her parenting skills, concerns that she acknowledged

included her apparent lack of knowledge about how to feed and bathe a newborn

child. The testimony before the jury about Ian’s care allowed the jury to infer that

Mother allowed other members of her family to feed Ian food that a child of his age

should not be eating. The evidence also suggests that Mother did not know she

needed to keep Ian’s head above water when she bathed him. Finally, the jury could

reasonably view Mother’s failure to advise the child welfare agency in Georgia that

she was pregnant, as well as her decision to move to Texas while pregnant with

Claire, as decisions designed to avoid allowing the agency to interfere with her rights

to parent Claire as she thought appropriate. The jury could have reasonably viewed

Mother’s decision to leave Georgia as an effort to avoid investigation by child

welfare into whether she possessed the abilities to parent a child.

The evidence before the jury revealed that Mother also has a teenage son,

unrelated to Father, that was living with her in Georgia before she and Father moved

to Texas. The testimony showed that Mother’s teenage son elected to remain in

Georgia, with Grandmother, when Mother moved to Texas. The evidence also

showed that Mother and the teenager had lived with Grandmother beginning when

he was four years old. During the trial, Grandmother testified that she was providing

a support system to help Mother parent Ian and her teenage son. The jury could have

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determined that Grandmother’s ability to help Mother stopped when Mother and

Father moved to Texas. According to Grandmother, Mother is a person who can be

easily manipulated because she is too trusting and believes that everyone is honest.

Rebecca addressed her views about Mother’s ability to care for children when

she testified in the trial. According to Rebecca, after Mother had Claire, Mother

asked her basic questions about caring for infants, such as when she should wake up

and feed Claire. Rebecca also described statements she heard Mother make

threatening Claire’ safety. According to Rebecca, she heard Mother threaten to harm

Claire by burning her in a bonfire and by drowning her in a bathtub. Rebecca testified

that she took these threats seriously and called the police.

The Department’s caseworkers assigned to Claire’s case testified in the trial.

Both criticized Mother’s ability to parent a child. One of the Department’s

caseworkers testified that he observed Mother exercise her supervised visitation with

Claire after the court placed Claire in the Department’s care. According to the

caseworker, Mother did not interact with Claire during the visits despite his

instructing her that she needed to do so. The same caseworker testified that he

observed Mother relying on Father for the most part to handle the responsibilities

placed on the parents during their visits. While the evidence shows that Mother

completed most of her obligations under the Department’s family service plan and

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shows that Mother attended parenting classes, the caseworker testified that the

services that Mother received and the services available to her were insufficient, in

his opinion, to overcome Mother’s lack of skills.

The Department supervisor assigned to Claire’s case testified that she did not

believe more parenting classes would remedy Mother’s limited capacity to improve

her skills in caring for a child. From the testimony presented by the Department, the

jury could have reasonably concluded that Mother lacked sufficient insight into her

lack of skills to improve them to any significant degree. Given the other evidence

before the jury showing that Mother is a person who can be manipulated and has a

trusting nature, the jury’s conclusion that Mother’s mental deficiency left her unable

to care for Claire’s short and long-term needs is supported by the evidence in the

record.

We conclude the record contains legally and factually sufficient evidence to

allow the jury to form a firm belief or conviction that Mother could not adequately

provide for Claire’s mental, physical, and emotional needs and will be unable to do

so until Claire is eighteen. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.003 (West Supp. 2017).

Because the judgment can be supported by the evidence supporting this finding, we

need not reach Mother’s remaining legal and factual sufficiency arguments

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challenging the jury’s findings relevant to terminating her rights under subsections

D and E of the Family Code.11 Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §161.001(b)(1)(D), (E).

We also review the jury’s best-interest finding in evaluating Mother’s

ineffective assistance of counsel claims. We once again note that we review a jury’s

best-interest finding using the nine non-exhaustive Holley factors. See Holley, 544

S.W.2d at 371-72.

In deciding what was in Claire’s best interest, the jury faced choosing between

the Department’s plans for Claire—termination and adoption by a non-relative—and

Mother’s plans for Claire—either to allow her to continue to act as Claire’s Mother,

to allow Grandmother to become Claire’s managing conservator, or to allow

Rebecca to have that role. The jury decided that terminating Mother’s rights is in

Claire’s best interest, a finding that is reasonable given the evidence relevant to the

choices the parties asked the jury to consider in the trial. Viewed in the light most

favorable to the verdict, Mother lacks the parenting skills she needs to prevent Claire

from being exposed to the risk of repeated incidents of Father’s sexual misconduct.

The jury could have viewed Mother’s proposals to create conservatorships over

11
See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003) (holding that a jury’s
termination of the parent-child relationship will be sustained if there is legally and
factually sufficient evidence to support the jury’s verdict on any of the grounds if
the jury also finds that terminating the parent’s rights is in the best interest of the
child); see also Tex. R. App. P. 47.1.
27
Claire with other family members as insufficiently protective of Claire’s physical

and emotional well-being, given the testimony about the dynamics of those

relationships in the trial and the threats Mother made regarding Claire. Finally, the

jury could have viewed the Department’s plans for Claire as the plan that gave Claire

the best chance of being raised in an environment free from the risks posed by

Mother and Father. We conclude the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to

support the jury’s best-interest finding.

Next, we address Mother’s complaints that her trial attorney had no trial

strategy. The record reveals otherwise, as it shows that Mother’s attorney argued the

jury should allow Claire to remain in the Department’s care without terminating

Mother’s rights so that the court could consider naming Grandmother to be Claire’s

managing conservator.

Finally, Mother argues that Mother’s trial attorney failed to conduct any

discovery, to file a motion in limine, to subpoena any witnesses, to investigate her

claims, or to file any pleadings other than the jury demand that he filed on her behalf.

These claims, however, are not firmly founded in the record. The record fails to show

what informal discovery efforts Mother’s attorney pursued before trial, what

additional discovery an attorney should have obtained, what any witnesses who

might have been called would have said had they been called, whether any additional

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pleadings would have affected the outcome of the trial, or whether any further

discovery or testimony would have resulted in a verdict that differs from the one

Mother challenges in her appeal. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 694; M.S., 115

S.W.3d at 544-45.

In reviewing ineffective assistance claims, we recognize that “it is all too easy

for a court, examining counsel’s defense after it has proved unsuccessful, to

conclude that a particular act or omission of counsel was unreasonable.” Strickland,

466 U.S. at 689. When the appellant blames trial counsel for the client’s loss, we

must avoid judging trial counsel’s performance in hindsight of the result achieved in

the trial. Id. Moreover, we must presume the attorney who tried the case “rendered

adequate assistance” and that all the decisions the attorney made in the trial were

reasonable under the standards that apply to evaluating counsel’s exercise of

professional judgment. Id. at 690. Because Mother failed to meet the burdens

imposed on her by Strickland, we overrule her fifth issue.

Conclusion

For the reasons explained above, the trial court’s judgment is affirmed.

AFFIRMED.

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 ______________________________
HOLLIS HORTON
Justice

Submitted on July 23, 2018
Opinion Delivered October 18, 2018

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Horton, JJ.

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