14‐4304‐cr
United States v. Climico (Mendoza)
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A
SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY
FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1.
WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST
CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION
ASUMMARY ORDER@). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON
ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley
Square, in the City of New York, on the 29th day of October, two thousand
eighteen.
PRESENT: DENNIS JACOBS,
REENA RAGGI,
DENNY CHIN,
Circuit Judges.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐X
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Appellee,
‐v.‐ 14‐4304‐cr
JUAN R. CLIMICO, aka Sealed Defendant, 1,
aka Manuel Climico, aka Juan Clinico, aka
Smiley, aka Juanito, MARCO CRUZ, aka Marco
Antonio Cruz Bello, aka Marcos Cruz, aka
Sealed Defendant, 2, aka Juan Bello, aka Freddo
1
Gomez, aka Burro, aka Mariguano, FIDEL
DEJESUS, aka Sealed Defendant, 3, aka
Duende, JORGE LEYVA, aka Sealed Defendant,
4, aka Cucha, JESUS MARTINEZ, aka Sealed
Defendant, 5, aka Gafas, aka Tito, RUBI
MARTINEZ, aka Sealed Defendant, 6,
ARTURO MEDINA‐LOPEZ, aka Sealed
Defendant, 7, aka Arturo Medina, aka Marlboro,
YASMIN OSUNA, aka Sealed Defendant, 9, aka
La Mona, La Mono, MARCOS REYES, aka
Sealed Defendant, 10, aka Marco Reyes, aka
Cuervo, WILLIAM ROJAS, aka Sealed
Defendant, 11, aka Willy, LUISBI SANTOS, aka
Sealed Defendant, 12, aka Chorejas, aka
Dumbo, aka Lulu,
Defendants,
RUDY MENDOZA, aka Sealed Defendant, 8, aka
Raul Perez, aka Pedro Mendoza,
Defendant‐Appellant.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐X
FOR APPELLANT: GLENN A. GARBER, Glenn Garber,
P.C. (Ezra Spilke, Law Offices of Ezra
Spilke; Sarah Kunstler, Law Offices
of Sarah Kunstler, on the brief), New
York, New York.
FOR APPELLEE: AMY LESTER (Andrew Thomas,
Karl Metzner, on the brief), Assistant
United States Attorneys, for Geoffrey
S. Berman, United States Attorney
for the Southern District of New
York, New York, New York.
2
Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the
Southern District of New York (McMahon, Ch.J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED,
ADJUDGED AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court be
AFFIRMED.
Rudy Mendoza appeals from the judgment of the United States District
Court for the Southern District of New York (McMahon, Ch.J.), sentencing him
principally to 300 months’ imprisonment after conviction for (1) participation in
the “Vagos Gang” racketeering conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d); (2)
participation in a Vagos Gang‐related conspiracy to distribute and possess with
intent to distribute cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 812, 841(a)(1),
841(b)(1)(C), and 846; (3) participation in a conspiracy to commit Hobbs Act
armed robbery of individuals believed to be in possession of 20 kilograms of
cocaine, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1959; (4) use of a firearm in connection with
the robbery conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(i); and (5)
participation in a conspiracy to distribute and possess with intent to distribute 5
kilograms or more of cocaine, also in connection with the robbery conspiracy, in
violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 812, 841(a)(1), 841(b)(1)(A), and 846. Mendoza
challenges the sufficiency of the evidence; the jury instructions; trial counsel’s
effectiveness; the procedural reasonableness of his sentence; and the applicability
of § 924(c) to Hobbs Act robbery conspiracy. We assume the parties’ familiarity
with the underlying facts, the procedural history, and the issues presented for
review.
1. A defendant challenging the sufficiency of the evidence underlying
his conviction at trial “bears a heavy burden”: We “view the evidence in the
light most favorable to the government, crediting every inference that could have
been drawn in the government’s favor, and deferring to the jury’s assessment of
witness credibility and its assessment of the weight of the evidence.” United
States v. Coplan, 703 F.3d 46, 62 (2d Cir. 2012) (citations omitted). We must
uphold the judgment if “any rational trier of fact could have found the essential
elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Jackson v.
Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979)). “The traditional deference accorded to a jury’s
verdict is especially important when reviewing a conviction for conspiracy
3
because a conspiracy by its very nature is a secretive operation, and it is a rare
case where all aspects of a conspiracy can be laid bare in court with the precision
of a surgeon’s scalpel.” United States v. Jackson, 335 F.3d 170, 180 (2d Cir. 2003)
(internal quotation marks and ellipsis omitted).
Mendoza argues that the evidence was insufficient to prove his
participation in the Vagos Gang racketeering conspiracy during the charged time
frame (2009‐2011). Viewed in the proper light, the evidence showed that
Mendoza was associated with the Vagos Gang as early as 2001, was initiated in
2002, and was an active participant‐member from that time and at essentially all
subsequent times when not incarcerated1‐‐including during the charged time
frame. Mendoza was released from prison in March 2011 and quickly resumed
his participation with the criminal organization. Mendoza sold cocaine to Juan
Climico, the leader of the 110th Street subset of the Vagos Gang, on numerous
occasions in 2011, as Mendoza admitted during his testimony. The jury heard
recordings of numerous wiretapped telephone conversations between Mendoza
and Climico between July 2011 and Mendoza’s September 19 arrest, in which
Mendoza inquired as to the activities of Climico’s set of the Vagos Gang; made
plans with Climico to extort and rob prostitution rings (a Vagos Gang activity in
which Mendoza had been involved before his incarceration); offered and asked
for guns; and discussed providing cocaine to Climico and other Vagos Gang
members. In the calls, Mendoza referred to the Vagos Gang as “we” and spoke
about wanting to increase its numbers; he also said that he wanted the Vagos
Gang to have a large presence at an annual Mexican festival in September 2011 so
that rival gangs would take notice. Mendoza’s continued participation with the
Vagos Gang was also evidenced by a reference to the 116th Street set of the
Vagos Gang in the email address Mendoza associated with his 2011‐activated
Facebook page, and by several 2011 posts on that Facebook page. The evidence
was more than sufficient to support the jury’s finding that Mendoza agreed to
1 Mendoza was incarcerated from approximately January 15, 2003, through
March 9, 2004; August 15, 2005, through January 6, 2006; and March 13, 2009,
through March 15, 2011.
4
(and did) participate in the Vagos Gang racketeering conspiracy during the
charged time frame.2
As to the three counts relating to the Hobbs Act armed robbery conspiracy,
Mendoza contends that the evidence was insufficient to prove that he had
knowledge that the objective of the robbery conspiracy was to steal cocaine (as
opposed to, e.g., cash) from an undercover agent posing as drug courier.3 Three
of Mendoza’s co‐conspirators (his uncle and cousins) had numerous
conversations with the undercover agent about their plan to steal 20 to 25
kilograms of cocaine, and to split the cocaine 50/50 with the agent. Mendoza’s
2 Mendoza also argues that there was insufficient evidence of his connection to
any two racketeering acts committed as part of the criminal enterprise. The
RICO conspiracy count required proof that Mendoza agreed “with others (a) to
conduct the affairs of an enterprise (b) through a pattern of racketeering.”
United States v. Basciano, 599 F.3d 184, 199 (2d Cir. 2010). “[A] conspirator
charged with racketeering conspiracy need not commit or even agree to commit
the predicate acts . . . .” United States v. Cain, 671 F.3d 271, 291 (2d Cir. 2012).
“[T]he jury must consider the predicate acts charged against the defendant and
his alleged co‐conspirators to determine ‘whether the charged predicate acts
were, or were intended to be, committed as part of that conspiracy.’” Id.
(quoting United States v. Yannotti, 541 F.3d 112, 129 n.11 (2d Cir. 2008)). In
addition to the activities discussed on the 2011 wiretapped phone calls, the jury
heard about a Vagos Gang‐related attempted murder in June 2011. The jury
could have easily found that Mendoza or a co‐conspirator committed or intended to
commit multiple, related acts of murder, extortion, robbery, and narcotics
trafficking (the charged predicates) in connection with the enterprise.
3 Mendoza appears to acknowledge that the evidence was sufficient to prove his
intent to participate in a robbery. Indeed, Mendoza’s recorded conversation with
the undercover agent soon before the arrest demonstrated that Mendoza knew
the plan was to commit a push‐in robbery; comments on his Facebook page a few
weeks prior to the robbery revealed that Mendoza had been looking for the
opportunity to commit a robbery; and Mendoza and his co‐conspirators were
arrested with the tools (firearms and a rope) needed to carry out a robbery
consistent with the previously made plans.
5
uncle told the agent that Mendoza knew what was going on, was ready to do
“the job,” “ready to do . . . what they have to do,” and was one of his “trusted
people.” A674‐78. An audio recording of Mendoza corroborates that he was an
informed participant who knew quite well the robbery strategy previously
discussed by the co‐conspirators and the agent. Furthermore, Mendoza’s
involvement in cocaine trafficking during this period permits the inference that
Mendoza agreed to commit this robbery in part because the target was cocaine.
And a taped conversation during which Mendoza agreed to the manner of
splitting proceeds can be reasonably interpreted to show that Mendoza knew the
target of the robbery was drugs, not money.4 The jury could have reasonably
inferred from all of this evidence that Mendoza had been fully informed by his
co‐conspirators as to the armed robbery conspiracy, including that they planned
to obtain 20 or more kilograms of cocaine. See United States v. MacPherson, 424
F.3d 183, 189‐90 (2d Cir. 2005) (“The law . . . recognizes that the mens rea
elements of knowledge and intent can often be proved through circumstantial
evidence and the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom.”).
2. We review a challenge to jury instructions de novo and will reverse
“only where the charge, viewed as a whole, ‘either failed to inform the jury
adequately of the law or misled the jury about the correct legal rule.’” United
States v. Quinones, 511 F.3d 289, 314 (2d Cir. 2007) (quoting United States v.
Ford, 435 F.3d 204, 209‐10 (2d Cir. 2006)). Since Mendoza did not object to the
challenged instruction before the submission of the case to the jury, we review
for plain error.5 See United States v. Botti, 711 F.3d 299, 308 (2d Cir. 2013).
4 The agent used the word “they” and Mendoza’s co‐conspirator Jose Ramos
used the phrase “our shit” when referring to the proceeds, A498‐500; this
language undermines Mendoza’s contention that he might have thought the
object of the robbery was money, rather than kilograms of cocaine.
5 “Plain error review requires a defendant to demonstrate that ‘(1) there was
error, (2) the error was plain, (3) the error prejudicially affected his substantial
rights, and (4) the error seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public
reputation of judicial proceedings.’” United States v. Youngs, 687 F.3d 56, 59 (2d
Cir. 2012) (quoting United States v. Flaherty, 295 F.3d 182, 195 (2d Cir. 2012)).
6
Mendoza asserts that the district court provided an incomplete instruction
regarding the vertical (as opposed to horizontal) relatedness requirement of the
predicate racketeering acts.6 As to relatedness, the instruction was not, taken as a
whole, misleading. The jury was instructed that racketeering acts must be
“related to each other by a common scheme or plan, such as furthering the ends or
goals of the enterprise.” A1706. While it may be preferable to distinguish between
horizontal and vertical relatedness, and to do so distinctly, this instruction
sufficiently incorporated both requirements. See United States v. Daidone, 471
F.3d 371, 375 (2d Cir. 2006) (per curiam).
3. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant
must (1) “show that counsel’s representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness”; and (2) “affirmatively prove prejudice.” Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 693 (1984). “[A] petitioner cannot show prejudice
if the claim or objection that an attorney failed to pursue lacks merit.”
Harrington v. United States, 689 F.3d 124, 130 (2d Cir. 2012).
6 In passing, Mendoza also asserts that the district court erred in failing to
instruct the jury as to the continuity requirement of the predicate acts. However,
the substance of Mendoza’s argument deals only with vertical relatedness, not
continuity, so this does not suffice to preserve the issue. See Norton v. Sam’s
Club, 145 F.3d 114, 117 (2d Cir. 1998) (“Issues not sufficiently argued in the briefs
are considered waived and normally will not be addressed on appeal. . . .
Pursuant to this rule, we have held that . . . stating an issue without advancing an
argument . . . did not suffice.”).
In any event, there is no reasonable probability that an instruction as to
continuity would have had any effect on the jury’s verdict. See Cain, 671 F.3d at
277. In a case like this, involving a criminal, rather than lawful, enterprise,
continuity is easily established. See H.J. Inc. v. Nw. Bell Tel. Co., 492 U.S. 229,
242‐43 (1989) (“[T]he threat of continuity is sufficiently established where the
predicates can be attributed to a defendant operating as part of a long‐term
association that exists for criminal purposes. Such associations include, but
extend well beyond, those traditionally grouped under the phrase ‘organized
crime.’”). The wiretapped conversations between Mendoza and Climico
demonstrated that continuing criminal activity was intended.
7
Mendoza cites trial counsel’s failure to challenge the racketeering acts jury
instruction discussed above. The ineffectiveness claim fails because (inter alia)
there was no error.7 See United States v. Frampton, 382 F.3d 213, 222 n.8 (2d Cir.
2004) (“Having found no error in [the district court’s jury] instruction, we hold
[defendant’s ineffective assistance] claim must fail.”).
4. We review the procedural reasonableness of a sentence under a
“deferential abuse‐of‐discretion standard.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 41
(2007). This means that a district court’s legal application of the Sentencing
Guidelines is reviewed de novo and its underlying factual findings are reviewed
for clear error. United States v. Cossey, 632 F.3d 82, 86 (2d Cir. 2011).
Mendoza challenges the district court’s application of a two‐point
enhancement under U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1 for obstruction of justice. Mendoza fails to
show procedural error. The district court applied the enhancement because it
determined that Mendoza willfully had perjured himself on material issues at
trial. The district court found that Mendoza “lied and lied and lied” about his
knowing participation in the armed robbery conspiracy, as evidenced by the
different version of events revealed by Mendoza’s own words on the
contemporaneous audio recording and by the undercover agent’s testimony.
This finding was not clearly erroneous and is a sufficient basis for applying the
enhancement. See United States v. Salim, 549 F.3d 67, 73 (2d Cir. 2008); United
States v. Lincecum, 220 F.3d 77, 80‐81 (2d Cir. 2000) (per curiam).
5. Mendoza was convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) for use of a firearm
in connection with a “crime of violence”; his underlying offense was conspiracy
to commit Hobbs Act robbery under 18 U.S.C. § 1951. He argues that conspiracy
7 Although “in most cases a motion brought under [28 U.S.C.] § 2255 is preferable
to direct appeal for deciding claims of ineffective assistance,” Massaro v. United
States, 538 U.S. 500, 504 (2003), we may resolve Mendoza’s claim on direct appeal
because no additional fact‐finding is necessary and the claim can be resolved on
the current record “beyond any doubt,” United States v. Gaskin, 364 F.3d 438,
468 (2d Cir. 2004) (quoting United States v. Khedr, 343 F.3d 96, 100 (2d
Cir. 2003)).
8
to commit Hobbs Act robbery is not a “crime of violence” under 18 U.S.C.
§ 924(c)(3).
We held in United States v. Hill, 890 F.3d 51 (2d Cir. 2018), that Hobbs Act
robbery is categorically a crime of violence under § 924(c)(3)(A). Conspiracy to
commit such an offense, “by its ‘very nature’ presents a substantial risk of
physical force, so as also to be a violent crime under” the subsection’s “risk‐of‐
force” clause, § 924(c)(3)(B). United States v. Barrett, 903 F.3d 166, 175 (2d Cir.
2018). Mendoza argues that Barrett and Hill were wrongly decided, and that
Barrett’s categorical application of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(A) and § 924(c)(3)(B) is
dubious in light of the Supreme Court’s decisions in Johnson v. United States,
135 S. Ct. 2551 (2015), and Sessions v. Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. 1204 (2018).
Nonetheless, Barrett is the law of this Circuit. Our precedent thus establishes
that Mendoza’s offense is categorically a “crime of violence” under § 924(c).
Mendoza’s offense also qualifies as a crime of violence under a conduct‐
specific application of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(3)(B). This Court has held that
§ 924(c)(3)(B) “can be applied to a defendant’s case‐specific conduct, with a jury
making the requisite findings about the nature of the predicate offense and the
attending risk of physical force being used in its commission. Such a conduct‐
specific approach avoids . . . due process vagueness concerns identified in
Dimaya and Johnson.” Barrett, 903 F.3d at 178. While a conduct‐specific
§ 924(c)(3)(B) determination was not made by the jury here, any error in failing to
require the jury to make such a finding was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Mendoza was convicted of a conspiracy to steal 20 to 25 kilograms of cocaine
through the use of physical force, including forcing open the door at the robbery
location and hitting, tying up, and pistol whipping the targets of the robbery.
Indeed, the conspirators brought with them firearms and rope. Therefore,
because the predicate offense of Mendoza’s conviction entailed a “plan[] to use
physical force,” the “evidence can only support a finding that the charged
conspiracy, by its nature, involved a substantial risk of the use of physical force.”
Id. at 184 (emphasis in original).
Accordingly, the district court did not err in applying the “crime of
violence” sentencing enhancement to Mendoza’s Hobbs Act robbery conspiracy
conviction.
9
For the foregoing reasons, and finding no merit in Mendoza’s other
arguments, we hereby AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
FOR THE COURT:
CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK
10