NOT PRECEDENTIAL
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
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No. 17-3284
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RASAN TOWNSEND,
Appellant
v.
WARDEN HAZELTON FCI
__________________________________
On Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania
(D.C. Civ. No. 2-15-cv-05304)
District Judge: Honorable Paul S. Diamond
__________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)
March 16, 2018
Before: GREENAWAY, JR., BIBAS, and ROTH, Circuit Judges
(Opinion filed: October 31, 2018)
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OPINION
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PER CURIAM
Rasan Townsend appeals from orders of the District Court denying his habeas
corpus petition, 28 U.S.C. § 2241, and motion for reconsideration, Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e).
For the reasons that follow, we will affirm.
This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not
constitute binding precedent.
Townsend, a federal prisoner, was convicted in the United States District Court for
the Eastern District of Pennsylvania of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g). His criminal history included five Pennsylvania
convictions for the manufacture, delivery, or possession of a controlled substance with
intent to deliver, in violation of 35 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 780-113(a)(30), which qualified
him as an armed career criminal under 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) and United States Sentencing
Guideline § 4B1.1. The sentencing judge calculated Townsend’s total offense level as
33, and with a category VI criminal history, Townsend’s Guidelines range was 235 to
293 months. The sentencing judge also determined that, under the Armed Career
Criminal Act (“ACCA”), he faced a 15-year mandatory minimum sentence and a
maximum sentence of life imprisonment. On January 4, 2006, Townsend was sentenced
to a term of imprisonment of 235 months. We affirmed the criminal judgment, see
United States v. Townsend, 242 F. App’x 885, 886 (3d Cir. 2007), and the sentencing
judge denied his motion to vacate sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255, see United
States v. Townsend, 2010 WL 5060600 (E.D. Pa. Dec. 10, 2010).1
Townsend, who is incarcerated in West Virginia, filed a petition for writ of habeas
corpus, 28 U.S.C. § 2241, in the United States District Court for the Northern District of
West Virginia, which was transferred to the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. In it, he
argued that his five Pennsylvania drug convictions lacked the necessary elements to
constitute predicate “serious drug offenses” under the ACCA, 18 U.S.C. § 924(e). In an
order entered on January 21, 2016, the District Court denied the § 2241 petition on the
ground that, even if Townsend could resort to § 2241, his claim was meritless under
1
We denied Townsend a certificate of appealability in connection with the § 2255
proceedings on May 3, 2011, see C.A. No. 11-1314.
2
United States v. Abbott, 748 F.3d 154, 160 (3d Cir. 2014), wherein we held that, because
§ 780-113(a)(30) is divisible, sentencing courts may apply the “modified” categorical
approach in determining whether a defendant’s § 780-113(a)(30) conviction qualified as
an ACCA predicate.
Townsend filed a motion for reconsideration, and after a brief stay of the
proceedings, the District Court, in an order entered on August 25, 2017, denied
reconsideration. The Court concluded that the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in Mathis
v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 2243 (2016), did not abrogate Abbott, citing our decision in
United States v. Henderson, 841 F.3d 623, 628 (3d Cir. 2016) (“In light of the Supreme
Court’s recent decision in Mathis, we find Section 780-113(f)(1) is divisible because it
addresses different elements of the offense; not the different means of committing the
offense.”), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 210 (2017).
Townsend appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We exercise
plenary review over the District Court’s legal conclusions and review its factual findings
for clear error. See Cradle v. United States ex rel. Miner, 290 F.3d 536, 538 (3d Cir.
2002) (per curiam).
We will affirm. “Motions pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 are the presumptive
means by which federal prisoners can challenge their convictions or sentences[.]”
Okereke v. United States, 307 F.3d 117, 120 (3d Cir. 2002). Section 2255(e) of title 28,
also known as the “savings clause,” provides, however, that an application for a writ of
habeas corpus may proceed if “it ... appears that the remedy by [§ 2255] motion is
inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of [a prisoner’s] detention.” 28 U.S.C. §
2255(e). In In re Dorsainvil, 119 F.3d 245, 251 (3d Cir. 1997), we held that the District
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Court had jurisdiction to hear a prisoner’s claim under § 2241 even though he did not
meet the gatekeeping requirements of § 2255(h), where an intervening U.S. Supreme
Court case rendered the conduct of which he was convicted no longer criminal and where
he did not have an earlier opportunity to present his claim. We have not determined
whether § 2255(e)’s saving clause is available when a prisoner, like Townsend, argues
that an intervening U.S. Supreme Court case renders his career-offender designation
invalid, see United States v. Doe, 810 F.3d 132, 160-61 (3d Cir. 2015), and we need not
do so here.
The career offender designation under the ACCA is proper where the defendant
has at least three prior convictions for a “violent felony” or a “serious drug offense.” 18
U.S.C. § 924(e)(1). Under the ACCA, a “serious drug offense” includes “an offense
under State law, involving manufacturing, distributing, or possessing with intent to
manufacture or distribute, a controlled substance (as defined in section 102 of the
Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. § 802)), for which a maximum term of
imprisonment of ten years or more is prescribed by law[.]” 18 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(A)(ii).
Courts must apply a categorical approach in determining whether a prior conviction
qualifies as a “serious drug offense” under the ACCA. Under this approach, courts look
to the statutory definition or elements of the prior offense and not the underlying conduct.
Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 261 (2013). As a general matter, if the state
statute is the same as or narrower than the ACCA definition, the prior offense qualifies as
a “serious drug offense” under ACCA. If the statutory definition is categorically broader
than the ACCA definition, the offense does not qualify as an ACCA predicate. Id.
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Nevertheless, if the statute is “divisible,” that is, it “comprises multiple, alternative
versions of the crime,” courts apply the “modified” categorical approach to determine
whether the defendant was convicted of a qualifying offense. Id. at 262. Under the
“modified” categorical approach, the court may look beyond the elements of the offense,
that is, “the court may look beyond the face of the statute to the ‘charging document,
written plea agreement, transcript of plea colloquy, and any explicit factual finding by the
trial judge to which the defendant assented’ to determine which of the alternative
elements was involved in the defendant’s conviction.” Abbott, 748 F.3d at 158 (quoting
Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 16 (2005)).
Townsend contends that the sentencing judge erred because she applied the
“modified” categorical approach to an indivisible statute in determining that his drug
convictions qualified as ACCA predicates. He contends that § 780-113(a)(30) is
indivisible because it simply outlaws possession with intent to distribute a controlled
substance and that the punishment for an offense involving a controlled substance is not
necessarily 10 years or more, as required by the ACCA.2 We held in Abbott, however,
that the type of drug, insofar as it increased the possible range of penalties, was an
element of the crime; thus § 780-113(a)(30) is divisible and sentencing courts may use
the “modified” categorical approach. The District Court, applying Abbott, correctly held
that the sentencing judge did not err in concluding that Townsend’s Pennsylvania drug
convictions were “serious drug offenses” under the ACCA on the ground that his drug
2
The statutory maximum for an offense involving cocaine or crack cocaine is ten years’
imprisonment, while offenses involving marijuana and some other substances carry a
maximum penalty of less than ten years. 35 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. § 780-113(f)(1.1), (f)(2)
& (f)(3).
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offenses involved cocaine or crack cocaine and that a § 780-113(a)(30) conviction for an
offense involving cocaine or crack cocaine is punishable by up to ten years in prison.
Furthermore, as the District Court correctly concluded in denying Townsend’s
motion for reconsideration, the Supreme Court’s decision in Mathis did not undermine
Abbott. Mathis, which rejected the sentencing court’s use of the “modified” categorical
approach, held that, for purposes of applying the categorical approach, a statute is
divisible only when it sets forth different elements delineating separate crimes, not when
it sets forth different means of committing a single crime. 136 S. Ct. at 2248. We held in
Henderson that Mathis did not abrogate Abbott, reaffirming that the different penalties
that apply to different substances under the Pennsylvania Controlled Substances Act
render § 780-113(a)(30) divisible for purposes of the ACCA. Henderson, 841 F.3d at
628. In Mathis, the Supreme Court outlined three methods for making the
elements/means determination, one of which is to ascertain whether state court decisions
definitively answer the question. 136 S. Ct. at 2256. In Henderson, we examined state
law and held that Pennsylvania courts have definitively determined that the specific type
of drug used is an element of the offense, not a means of committing the offense. 841
F.3d at 629. We noted in that case that, in order to find Henderson guilty of possessing
heroin in violation of § 780-113(f)(1), “a jury would have to conclude that Henderson, in
fact, possessed that specific drug which has been classified as a controlled substance in
Schedule I or II by the Pennsylvania General Assembly,” and accordingly, those
particular controlled substances are “distinct elements of the crime” and not means of
committing the crime. Id. Those same considerations apply here. Accordingly, the
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District Court properly denied Townsend’s motion for reconsideration on the basis of
Henderson.
Townsend contends in his pro se brief that Abbott and Henderson are not
controlling in his case because, at the time he pleaded guilty to the § 780-113(a)(30)
offenses in 2001 and 2005, drug type was not an element of the offense. He contends
that it became so only after the Supreme Court’s decision in Alleyne v. United States,
133 S. Ct. 2151 (2013). Appellant’s Pro Se Brief, at 3-5 ([T]he Federal Court cannot …
convert what once was not an element to an element after that decision.”). He contends
that when he was convicted, the state was only required to prove that he intended to
distribute a controlled substance and not a particular drug, and, because not all § 780-
113(a)(30) offenses are punishable by ten years’ imprisonment, his convictions are not
ACCA predicates. Id.
Townsend’s contention about Alleyne is wrong, and his contention that drug type
was not an element of a Pennsylvania § 780-113(a)(30) offense at the time he was
convicted is unsupported by the case law. Townsend cites Commonwealth v. Kelly, 409
A.2d 21 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1979), but Kelly does not hold that drug type is not an element of
the offense; it simply held that the variance in that case between the charge and the proof
at trial was not so prejudicial as to warrant reversal of Kelly’s conviction. Moreover,
Kelly involved possession of a controlled substance in violation of 35 Pa. Cons. Stat.
Ann. § 780-113(a)(16), and the penalty for simple possession, a misdemeanor, is the
same regardless of the nature of the controlled substance. Kelly, 409 A.2d at 178-79.
Townsend also cites Commonwealth v. Davis, 454 A.2d 612 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1982), which
held that the trial court did not err in permitting amendment of the charging information
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from possession of cocaine to possession of heroin, noting that the penalty for possession
of cocaine and possession of heroin was the same. Again, this case involved a possession
offense in violation of § 780-113(a)(16), and both substances carried the same penalties.
Davis, 454 A.2d at 614-15.
In sum, Abbott and Henderson apply to Townsend’s case. Section 780-113(a)(30)
is divisible because the type of drug involved in the offense, insofar as it increases the
possible range of penalties, is an element of the crime. Therefore, the sentencing judge
could apply the modified categorical approach to determine that Townsend’s prior state
drug convictions qualified as ACCA predicates. The sentencing judge’s determination
that Townsend was a career offender under the ACCA has not been invalidated by
subsequent developments in the law, and thus there is no need for application of the §
2255(e) safety clause here.
For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the orders of the District Court denying
Townsend’s § 2241 petition and his motion for reconsideration. Appellant’s motion to
stay the appeal pending the outcome of United States v. Glass, C.A. No. 16-2906 is
denied as moot.
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