IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF DELAWARE
BRP HOLD OX, LLC, and TDBBS, )
LLC, )
)
Plaintiffs/Counterclaim )
Defendants, )
) C.A. No. N18C-04-116 CLS
v. )
)
WILLIAM CHILIAN, )
)
Defendant/Counterclaim )
Plaintiff. )
Date Submitted: July 6, 2018
Decided: October 31, 2018
On Plaintiffs/Counterclaim Defendants BRP Hold Ox, LLC and TDBBS, LLC’s
Motion to Dismiss Counterclaims.
Granted.
Scott T. Earle, Esquire, Zarwin Baum DeVito Kaplan Schaer Toddy, P.C., 1007
North Orange Street, 4th Floor, Wilmington, Delaware, 19801. Attorney for
Plaintiffs/Counterclaim Defendants BRP Hold Ox, LLC and TDBBS, LLC.
William Chilian, 4307 Nevil Bend Turn, Moseley, Virgina, 23120. Pro Se.
Christopher Viceconte, Esquire, Gibbons P.C., 300 Delaware Avenue, Suite 1015,
Wilmington, Delaware, 19801. Former Attorney for Defendant/Counterclaim
Plaintiff William Chilian.
Scott, J.
This case involves a former employee subject to a non-compete clause
undertaking employment with an organization engaged in the same general line of
business. The former employer instigated an action to enjoin the former employee’s
employment, and recover damages. The issue before the Court is whether the former
employee’s counterclaims are barred by the absolute privilege doctrine, or fail to
meet the pleading requirements.
Background
Prior to April 2017, William Chilian (Defendant/Counterclaim Plaintiff) was
employed by TDBBS, LLC as vice president of marketing, in charge of the
Barkworthies organization. TDBBS manufactures and sells natural pet treats and
chews throughout the United States. As part of his compensation from TDBBS
Defendant was granted a membership interest in the LLC. At some point the
organization as a whole was offered for sale, and Chilian took a role in marketing
the organization to potential buyers. In March 2017, BRP Hold Ox, LLC acquired
TDBBS by purchasing all membership interests in the LLC. BRP and TDBBS
(collectively “BRP”) manufacture and sell pet related products including natural dog
chews and treats and other similar items. As part of the purchase of TDBBS
members signed an agreement not to compete with TDBBS after the sale, nor
disclose any proprietary information.
2
In April 2017, Chilian left BRP’s employ, and was subsequently hired by
Central Garden & Pet Company (Central). Central consists of several subsidiaries,
at least one of which is in direct competition with Chilian’s former line of business.
At some point BRP became aware of Chilian’s new employment situation. In
December 2017, BRP sent a demand letter to Chilian and a Central subsidiary
advising of Chilian’s contractual obligations, and requesting written confirmation of
steps the subsidiary would take to ensure Chilian’s compliance with his obligations.
The parties disagree as to whether there was response to this letter.
On January 23, 2018, BRP filed an action in United States District Court for
the District of Delaware. Shortly after the Federal Action was filed Chilian’s
employment with Central ended. BRP subsequently withdrew their motion for
preliminary injunctive relief. Responding to a jurisdictional challenge BRP filed a
motion for voluntary dismissal of the Federal Action from the District Court. The
voluntary motion to dismiss was granted. BRP filed this action in April 2018,
asserting it is nearly identical to the complaint in the Federal Action.
Parties Assertions
Chilian asserted four counterclaims against BRP; Tortious interference with
his employment, malicious prosecution, abuse of process, and declaratory judgment.
BRP seeks dismissal of all counterclaims.
3
BRP argues the tortious interference claim is barred by the litigation privilege
which protects statements of parties in the course of judicial proceedings that are
relevant to the issue in the case. BRP asserts Chilian’s claim is based on the demand
letter and the subsequent Federal Action.
Chilian contends the absolute litigation privilege only applies to claims of
defamation arising from statements made in the course of judicial proceedings.
Chilian contends his tortious interference claim is not a thinly veiled defamation
case, and that he has sufficiently pleaded a claim for tortious interference.
BRP next argues Chilian has failed to state a claim for malicious prosecution.
BRP argues the Federal Action was filed in good faith. BRP further argues Chilian
has failed to allege three elements of a malicious prosecution claim including
initiating a suit without probable cause, with malice, and termination of the action
in favor of the defendant.
Chilian contends there is evidence suggesting the initiation of the Federal
Action was without probable cause and that he has sufficiently pleaded all elements
of malicious prosecution. Chilian argues he need not present evidence at this stage
in the proceedings where the Superior Court Civil Rules allow malice to be averred
generally.
4
BRP next argues Chilian’s claim for abuse of process fails as a matter of law.
BRP argues Chilian has not alleged they had an ulterior motive or illegitimate
objective in maintaining suit against Chilian.
Chilian contends BRP brought suit with knowledge he was not working for a
competitor, and with the intent to improperly force him to terminate his employment.
Finally, BRP argue Chilian’s claim for declaratory judgment is redundant and
unnecessary. BRP argues the relief sought by Chilian is the inverse of their claims
and should be dismissed. Chilian argues his claim for declaratory relief is valid and
should survive at this stage of the litigation.
Standard of Review
The test for sufficiency of a complaint challenged by a Rule 12(b)(6) motion
to dismiss is whether a plaintiff may recover under any reasonably conceivable set
of circumstances susceptible of proof under the complaint.1 In making its
determination, the Court must accept all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint
as true and draw all reasonable factual inferences in favor of the non-moving party.2
The complaint must be without merit as a matter of fact or law to be dismissed.3
1
Spence v. Funk, 396 A.2d 967, 968 (1978); see Cambium Ltd. v. Trilantic Capital
Partners III L.P., 2012 WL 172844, at *1 (Del. 2012)(citing Cent. Mortg. Co. v.
Morgan Stanley Mortg. Capital Holdings LLC, 27 A.3d 531, 537 (Del. 2011)).
2
Ramunno v. Cawley, 705 A.2d 1029, 1034-36 (Del. 1998); Nix v. Sawyer, 466 A.2d
407, 410 (Del. Super. Ct. 1983).
3
Diamond State Tel. Co. v. University of Delaware, 269 A.2d 52 (Del. 1970).
5
Therefore, if the plaintiff can recover under any conceivable set of circumstances
susceptible of proof under the complaint, the motion to dismiss will not be granted.4
The Court need not, however, blindly accept conclusory allegations unaccompanied
by “specific supporting factual allegations.5
Analysis
Tortious Interference
Delaware Courts consistently follow the Restatement (Second) of Torts which
recognizes a claim for tortious interference with contractual relations where a
defendant utilizes “wrongful means” to induce a third party to terminate a contract.6
Conduct amounting to tortious interference has been found actionable even where
the third party is lawfully entitled to terminate a contract “at will.”7
BRP relies on Barker v. Huang for the proposition that statements made as
part of a judicial proceeding are absolutely privileged, and therefore cannot be the
basis for an intentional tort.8
The absolute privilege doctrine has long been recognized in Delaware as a
protection from actions for defamation. The privilege applies to statements offered
4
Ramunno, 705 A.2d at 1034; see Cambium, 2012 WL 172844, at *1 (citing Cent.
Mortg., 27 A.3d at 537)).
5
Korotki v. Hiller & Arban, LLC, 2016 WL 3637382, at *2 (Del. Super. Ct. 2016).
6
ASDI, Inc. v. Beard Research, Inc., 11 A.3d 749, 751 (Del. 2010).
7
Id. at 751.
8
Barker v. Huang, 610 A.2d 1341 (Del. 1992).
6
in the course of judicial proceedings, by judges, parties, witnesses and attorneys
when the statements are relevant to a matter at issue in the case.9
The Delaware Supreme Court has explained the policy supporting absolute
privilege “is to facilitate the flow of communication between persons involved in
judicial proceedings and, thus, to aid in the complete and full disclosure of facts
necessary to a fair adjudication.”10 In other words, absolute privilege promotes “the
encouragement of candid discussions between contentious parties free from the
threat of collateral lawsuits based on reputationally based torts such as defamation,
libel, or intentional infliction of emotional distress.”11
The Court of Chancery in Paige stated without holding, “policy rationale for
the privilege is best served by limiting the privilege's scope to only defamation and
related torts arising from derogatory statements alleged to be harmful to the suing
party's reputation or psychic well-being.”12
Delaware Courts have frequently addressed questions of defamation and
related torts. In Barker v. Huang, Barker filed a complaint in Superior Court,
seeking damages for defamation of character, libel, slander, tortious invasion of
privacy, wrongful use of civil proceedings, abuse of process, intentional infliction
9
Barker v. Huang, 610 A.2d 1341 (Del. 1992).
10
Id. at 1345.
11
Paige Capital Mgmt., LLC v. Lerner Master Fund, LLC, 22 A.3d 710, 722 (Del.
Ch. 2011).
12
Id. at 720, (emphasis added).
7
of emotional distress, outrageous conduct and civil conspiracy.13 Barker’s claims
stemmed from statements made by Huang in a deposition and his counterclaim in an
unrelated civil suit. Barker was not a party to that action. The Court in Barker
upheld summary judgment in favor of Huang related to the claim for defamation.
The Court found Barker’s claims arose from statements within the judicial context,
and thus covered by the defense of absolute privilege.14
Moving to Barker’s non-defamation claims of invasion of privacy and
intentional infliction of emotional distress related to the statements made during the
course of litigation, the Court determined no matter how they were framed, Barker's
claim was “that Huang intentionally made derogatorily false statements about her,
and that she has been harmed thereby.”15 The Court held regardless of the tort theory
by which Barker sought recovery, absolute privilege barred her claims.16
This Court in Walker v. Parson, reached the same conclusion.17 Plaintiff in
Walker brought claims of defamation and abuse of process related to two prior
actions, one in the Court of Chancery, and one in Superior Court. In the Superior
Court action, Walker wrote a letter to opposing counsel, sending a copy to a Superior
13
Barker, at 1341.
14
Id. at 1346.
15
Id. at 1349.
16
Id.
17
Walker v. Parson, 2016 WL 3130093 (Del. Super. Ct. 2016), aff'd, 151 A.3d 455
(Del. 2016).
8
Court Commissioner, that letter became part of the Court’s record in the case.
Opposing Counsel replied to Walker, also copying the Commissioner. Walker
claimed the letter in reply contained defamatory a statement. In the Chancery Court
action, Walker claimed a statement contained in a brief in support of Defendant’s
Motion to Dismiss were defamatory. The Court determined the statements
constituted statements made during judicial proceedings, pertinent to the pending
action, and thus were privileged.18
The facts in Denoble v. Dupont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., are substantially
similar to Walker where the statements at issue were made to the Division of
Unemployment Insurance, and therefore were absolutely privileged.19 The Court in
Denoble went one step farther and stated absolute privilege “extends to an attorney's
communication preliminary to the proceedings” citing § 586 of the Restatement
(Second) of Torts for support of this conclusion.20
However, as the Court of Chancery noted in Paige, no other Delaware cases
addressed the absolute litigation privilege’s applicability to statements made before
the initiation of a formal judicial proceeding.21 The Court in Paige analyzed the
applicability of absolute privilege in the context of admitting the content of a demand
18
Walker, at *3-4.
19
DeNoble v. DuPont Merck Pharm. Co., 1997 WL 35410094, at *5 (Del. Super.
Ct. 1997), aff'd, 703 A.2d 643 (Del. 1997).
20
Id.
21
Paige, at 718.
9
letter into evidence. In its analysis of the absolute privilege doctrine the Court noted
a determination as to whether the absolute privilege doctrine applies to
communications made in advance of litigation “should be decided in a context where
the merits of that issue are actually contested.”22
As the Court in Paige noted, assuming absolute privilege does extend to pre-
litigation communications, the rationale for such protection is that it permits parties
to peaceably resolve their disputes prior to litigation by previewing claims that will
be made in good faith litigation.23
AGC Networks, Inc. v. Relevante, Inc.,24 and Bove v. Goldenberg25 raise
similar questions as the present case. Following a complaint filed by AGC against
Relevante, AGC sent letters to some of its former customers informing them of the
complaint requesting that they preserve electronically stored information that might
be relevant to the issues in the case. Relevante asserted a counterclaim for tortious
interference, alleging that by sending the letters, AGC intentionally and wrongfully
interfered with Defendant’s business relationships with those parties. AGC filed a
motion to dismiss the claim asserting the absolute litigation privilege.
22
Paige, at 718.
23
Id. at 723.
24
AGC Networks, Inc. v. Relevante, Inc., 2015 WL 1517419, at *1 (D. Del. Mar. 31,
2015).
25
Bove v. Goldenberg, 2007 WL 446014 (Del. Super. Ct. 2007).
10
In Bove, Plaintiff asserted claims for defamation and tortious interference.
Bove based her claims on statements made in a hearing before the Delaware Human
Rights Commission wherein Bove was alleged to have violated the Delaware Equal
Accommodations Law. Bove asserted that the defendants engaged in intentional
interference by spreading misinformation which affected the success of her law
practice.
The Courts in these two cases reached the same conclusion; the doctrine of
absolute privilege barred claims of intentional interference related to statements
made in the course of litigation.26 Furthermore, the privilege extends to
communications between the parties that are made in an effort to address their
alleged grievances.27
The question presented before this Court involves two actions, a demand letter
from BRP addressed to Chilian and Central, and the Complaint filed in Federal
District Court. These actions were taken by BRP to address the potential violation
of contractual claims between the parties. Additionally, Chilian’s counterclaim
asserts these actions caused economic and reputational harm.28
26
AGC Networks, Inc. v. Relevante, Inc., 2015 WL 1517419, at *1 (D. Del. Mar. 31,
2015); Bove v. Goldenberg, 2007 WL 446014, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct. 2007)
27
Bove v. Goldenberg, at *4.
28
Answ. at ⁋⁋ 54, 59.
11
Defamation need not accompany other claims for the absolute privilege to
apply. To the extent statements were made prior to, or during judicial proceedings,
so long as the statements were made in an effort to address the alleged grievance
between the parties, the absolute privilege doctrine applies. For this reason, BRP’s
motion to dismiss Chilian’s tortious interference claim must be Granted.
Malicious Prosecution
To sustain a cause of action for malicious prosecution a party must show all
requirements; 1) the institution of civil proceedings; 2) without probable cause; 3)
with malice; 4) termination of the proceedings in the aggrieved party's favor; and 5)
damages which were inflicted upon the aggrieved party by seizure of property or
other special injury.29
With respect to probable cause to initiate a suit, a person has probable cause
for bringing a civil suit if he reasonably believes that he has a good chance of
establishing it to the satisfaction of the Court or the jury.30 “[T]he existence or want
of probable cause is determined at the time of the inception of the original
proceedings...”31
29
Nix, at 411.
30
Henriksen v. Henriksen, 1987 WL 25466, at *1 (Del. Super. 1987) citing Prosser,
Torts § 120 at 85 (4th ed. 1971).
31
Nevins v. Bryan, 2005 WL 2249520, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. 2005), aff'd, 901 A.2d
120 (Del. 2006).
12
This Court in Batchelor v. Alexis Properties, LLC denied a motion to dismiss
a malicious prosecution claim stating at this stage in the suit the claimant’s
allegations must be accepted as true, however should he be unable to discover
evidence that the opposing party brought the action without probable cause and in
bad faith, the claim is subject to be resolved in the opposing party’s favor at the
summary judgment phase.32
This case presents the same issue. At this early stage Chilian has raised
questions as to BRP’s initiation of the Federal Action in good faith.
The requirement is a showing of malice. While malice may be averred
generally,33 the bare allegation that defendants instituted these proceedings solely to
intimidate and harass is insufficient.34 For an act to have been done in such a way
as to form the basis of a suit for malicious prosecution the act must have been done
with a wrongful or improper motive or with a wanton disregard for the rights of that
person against whom the act is directed.35
At this stage, Chilian has pleaded BRP initiated the Federal Action with at
least the ancillary motive of forcing him from his employment. Accepting as true
32
Batchelor v. Alexis Properties, LLC, 2018 WL 1053016, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct.
2018).
33
Super. Ct. Civ. R. 9 (b).
34
Nix, at 412.
35
Nevins v. Bryan, 2005 WL 2249520, at *1 (Del. Super. Ct. 2005), aff'd, 901 A.2d
120 (Del. 2006).
13
Chilian’s pleadings until such time as the factual record is more developed, Chilian
has sufficiently pleaded the malice requirement to sustain the action.
The fourth requirement for maintaining this cause of action is a showing that
the proceedings terminated in the aggrieved party's favor. BRP points to two non-
Delaware cases for their argument that voluntary dismissal in one forum in favor of
bringing the same claims in a different forum is not a favorable disposition for a
defendant.
The Supreme Court of Vermont’s holding in Siliski v. Allstate Ins. Co., is
persuasive. There the Court held “if the manner of termination, including dismissal,
reflects negatively on the merits of the case, it will be considered favorable to the
defendant.”36 However, this Court has denied dismissal of a malicious prosecution
claim where the party seeking dismissal has failed to present legal authority showing
that a voluntary dismissal should not be considered as a termination in the claimant’s
favor.37
The Federal Action between the parties was dismissed by the District Court
on September 26, 2018. In the Court’s order dismissing the action, the Court denied
Chilian’s request for fees and costs noting “[BRP] acted reasonably in withdrawing
their motion expeditiously and choosing to file the Superior Court action in light of
36
Siliski v. Allstate Ins. Co., 811 A.2d 148, 152 (Vt. 2002).
37
Batchelor v. Alexis Properties, LLC, 2018 WL 1053016, at *4 (Del. Super. Ct.
2018).
14
the jurisdictional challenge raised by [Chilian].”38 The manner of termination of the
Federal Action does not reflect a favorable termination for either side in this action.
Dismissal was voluntary following a jurisdictional challenge, and therefore, neutral.
The final requisite to bring a malicious prosecution action is damages,
including some special injury. This Court has addressed what constitutes a “special
injury” holding it must be something more than expenses and attorney’s fees
incurred in connection with defending the original suit and alleged damage to the
claimant's reputation.39
Defendant has alleged Attorney’s fees and costs connected with defending the
Federal Action. Alone these are insufficient. Defendant has however also alleged
the actions have caused him to lose his work, emotional distress, and other monetary
loses. These claims are sufficient to support a claim for malicious prosecution.
Causes of action for malicious prosecution are viewed with disfavor by the
Delaware Courts, and, therefore, assessed with careful scrutiny.40 Chilian’s claim
fails to meet one of the requirements, namely the Federal Action was not terminated
in his favor. For this reason, BRP’s motion to dismiss Defendant’s malicious
prosecution claim is Granted.
38
Brp Hold Ox, LLC & TDBBS, LLC, v. William Chilian, 2018 WL 4613195, at *2
(D. Del. Sept. 26, 2018).
39
Cuccia v. Edinburg, 1984 WL 548380 (Del Super 1984).
40
Nix, at 411.
15
Abuse of Process
Unlike malicious prosecution claims, which focus on a party's initiation of the
legal process, abuse of process concerns “perversion[s] of the process after it has
been issued.”41 Abuse of process and malicious prosecution both address the same
wrong, abusive litigation; it is only a matter of timing between the two. 42 In Nix The
Court also reviewed a claim for abuse of process. There the Court deferred to prior
Delaware precedent for explanation;
In regard to the claim for abuse of process, Prosser states that the
essential elements of the tort are: 1) an ulterior purpose; and 2) a wilful
act in the use of the process not proper in the regular conduct of the
proceedings. In explaining these elements, Prosser notes that some
definite act or threat not authorized by the process, or aimed at an
objective not legitimate in the use of the process, is required. Merely
carrying out the process to its authorized conclusion, even though with
bad intentions, does not result in liability. Some form of coercion to
obtain a collateral advantage, not properly involved in the proceeding
itself, must be shown. Prosser, Law of Torts, § 121 (4th Ed.1971).43
In Nix, the Court dismissed a claim for abuse of process where the aggrieved
party failed to show 1) a willful and improper act in the use of process; 2) any form
of coercion; and 3) a collateral advantage to defendants arising from said
coercion.”44 Some form of coercion to obtain collateral advantage, not properly
41
Korotki v. Hiller & Arban, LLC, 2016 WL 3637382, at *2 (Del. Super. 2016).
42
Spence v. Spence, 2012 WL 1495324, at *3 (Del. Super. 2012).
43
Nix, at 412.
44
Nix, at 412.
16
involved in the proceeding itself, must be shown, such as obtaining the surrender of
property or the payment of money by the use of the process as a threat or club. In
other words, a form of extortion is required.45
In the present case Chilian has alleged BRP improperly sought to force
Chilian’s separation from his employer, cause financial hardship, intimidate others,
and to deprive a rival organization of an employee.
These allegations mirror Chilian’s malicious prosecution claim. Defendant
has failed to allege some defect in the carrying on of litigation that would sustain an
abuse of process claim. Defendant’s injuries appear to flow from the initiation of
litigation between the parties, not some act or threat not authorized in the carrying
out of litigation. For this reason, BRP’s motion to dismiss Chilian’s abuse of process
claim is Granted.
Declaratory Judgment
This Court is statutorily authorized to declare rights, status and other legal
relations whether or not further relief is or could be claimed, where an actual
controversy exists.46 Any person interested under written contract, may have
determined any question of construction or validity arising under the contract, and
obtain a declaration of rights, status or other legal relations thereunder.47
45
See; Preferred Inv. Servs., Inc., 2013 WL 3934992, at *23.
46
10 Del. C. § 6501.
47
10 Del. C. § 6502.
17
BRP points to CompoSecure, L.L.C. v. CardUX, LLC for the proposition that
Chilian’s claim for declaratory judgment is the inverse of the relief they seek.48 The
Court there determined it was unnecessary to grant declaratory judgment as to
interpretation of a contract where the Court’s decision as to which party was in
breach served the same end.49 In the present case, Chilian has asserted the contract
between the parties is not valid. A determination of the validity of the contract, and
the obligations due under the same serves the same purpose as the relief Chilian
seeks with the counterclaim for Declaratory Judgment. As with CompoSecure this
claim is redundant and unnecessary. For this reason, BRP’s motion to dismiss
Chilian’s declaratory judgment claim is Granted.
For the forgoing reasons, Plaintiff’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
/s/ Calvin L. Scott
Judge Calvin L. Scott, Jr.
48
CompoSecure, L.L.C. v. CardUX, LLC, 2018 WL 660178, at *44 (Del. Ch. 2018).
49
Id.
18