Fourth Court of Appeals
San Antonio, Texas
MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-17-00646-CR
Gilbert CISNEROS,
Appellant
v.
The STATE of Texas,
Appellee
From the 365th Judicial District Court, Dimmit County, Texas
Trial Court No. 15-10-03043-DCRAJA
Honorable Amado J. Abascal, III, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Karen Angelini, Justice
Sitting: Karen Angelini, Justice
Luz Elena D. Chapa, Justice
Irene Rios, Justice
Delivered and Filed: October 31, 2018
AFFIRMED
A jury convicted Gilbert Cisneros of the offense of aggravated assault with a deadly
weapon. On appeal, Cisneros argues the trial court erred by denying his request for a jury
instruction on reckless driving, which he claims was a lesser-included offense under the
circumstances of this case. We affirm.
BACKGROUND
Cisneros was indicted for the offense of aggravated assault. The indictment alleged two
manners for commission of the offense. First, the indictment alleged Cisneros intentionally,
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knowingly, or recklessly caused bodily injury to the victim, by causing a motor vehicle to strike
the victim, and the vehicle was a deadly weapon. Second, the indictment alleged Cisneros
intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caused serious bodily injury to the victim by causing a
motor vehicle to strike the victim. Cisneros pled not guilty to the allegations in the indictment.
At trial, the State presented evidence showing that in the early morning hours of November
21, 2014, Cisneros drove to a convenience store in Carrizo Springs, Texas, to buy gas for the
vehicle he was driving. While Cisneros went inside to pay, Cisneros’s passenger, Nestor Padilla,
began to pump gas. Vanessa Flores and Robert Titsworth were in the store’s parking lot standing
by a parked car.
When Cisneros returned to the vehicle, Titsworth approached Padilla and Cisneros and
started to fight with Padilla. Flores and several individuals urged Titsworth to walk away from
Padilla and Cisneros. As Flores and Titsworth were walking away, Cisneros drove up behind them
and hit them with the vehicle. After hitting Flores and Titsworth, Cisneros reversed the vehicle
and sped away from the convenience store. The entire incident was recorded on the store’s security
cameras and the video recordings were played at trial.
Flores’s knee was cut when she was pinned between the vehicle driven by Cisneros and a
parked car. After the incident, Flores went to the emergency room, where she received medical
treatment, including fourteen sutures, for the cut to her knee.
Cisneros testified at trial, claiming that he had hit Flores and Titsworth by mistake.
Cisneros claimed the vehicle he was driving, which belonged to his girlfriend, was not in very
good condition. The vehicle had problems with the transmission, requiring Cisneros to “jiggle
through the gears,” and it had problems with the power steering, making it difficult for Cisneros
to steer. Cisneros further testified that Titsworth had scared him and he had panicked. Cisneros
claimed he had hit Flores and Titsworth with the vehicle because he was trying to call 9-1-1 on his
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cell phone and to leave the area quickly. According to Cisneros, he did not see Flores or Titsworth
in front of him and he did not realize that he had hit anyone with the vehicle; however, Cisneros
did realize that he had “bumped into a car.”
At the charge conference, Cisneros requested jury instructions on deadly conduct and
reckless driving. The trial court granted Cisneros’s request as to deadly conduct but denied his
request as to reckless driving. The trial court also decided to instruct the jury on the offense of
simple assault. Therefore, the jury was instructed on aggravated assault and two lesser-included
offenses, deadly conduct and simple assault. The jury was not instructed on reckless driving.
The jury convicted Cisneros of the offense of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon.
Cisneros elected to have punishment assessed by the trial court. The trial court sentenced Cisneros
to five years in prison. Cisneros appealed.
DISCUSSION
In his sole issue, Cisneros argues the trial court erred in denying his request for a jury
instruction on reckless driving. Cisneros argues that, under the circumstances of this case, reckless
driving was a lesser-included offense of aggravated assault. Cisneros argues he satisfies the two-
part test set out in Hall v. State, 225 S.W.3d 524, 535-36 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007), for determining
if a defendant is entitled to a lesser-included-offense instruction. Under Hall, the first step is to
determine if the requested instruction pertains to an offense that is a lesser-included offense of the
charged offense, which is a matter of law. Bullock v. State, 509 S.W.3d 921, 924 (Tex. Crim. App.
2016); Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 535. The second step is to determine if there is evidence in the record
that supports giving the instruction to the jury. Bullock, 509 S.W.3d at 924-25; Hall, 225 S.W.3d
at 536. The second step requires some evidence in the record that would permit a jury to rationally
find that, if the defendant is guilty, he is guilty only of the lesser offense. Bullock, 509 S.W.3d at
925; Hall, 225 S.W.3d at 536. The State agrees that Cisneros satisfies the first step of the Hall test,
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but not the second step of the Hall test. Therefore, according to the State, the trial court’s refusal
to instruct the jury on reckless driving was not error.
For purposes of analyzing this case, we will assume, without deciding, the trial court erred
in refusing to instruct the jury on reckless driving. We, therefore, confine our analysis to whether
Cisneros was harmed by the alleged error.
Preservation of charge error does not become an issue until an appellate court evaluates
harm. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005); Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d
157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984). In this case, Cisneros preserved any error by objecting in the
trial court. Generally, when jury-charge error has been preserved, we reverse if the error in the
court’s charge resulted in some harm to the accused. Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 743; Almanza, 686
S.W.2d at 171.
Cisneros argues that he was harmed by the refusal to instruct the jury on reckless driving
because the punishment for aggravated assault exceeds the punishment for reckless driving. The
State counters that Cisneros was not harmed by the refusal to instruct the jury on reckless driving
for the reasons stated in Masterson v. State, 155 S.W.3d 167, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
In Masterson, the Court of Criminal Appeals reiterated that a jury’s failure to find an
intervening lesser-included offense may, in appropriate circumstances, render a failure to instruct
on a requested lesser-included offense harmless. Id. (citing Saunders v. State, 913 S.W.2d 564,
572 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995)). The Court of Criminal Appeals reasoned that “the harm from
denying a lesser offense instruction stems from the potential to place the jury in the dilemma of
convicting for a greater offense in which the jury has reasonable doubt or releasing entirely from
criminal liability a person the jury is convinced is a wrongdoer.” Id. “The intervening lesser offense
is an available compromise, giving the jury the ability to hold the wrongdoer accountable without
having to find him guilty of the charged (greater) offense.” Id. An instruction regarding an
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intervening lesser offense does not automatically foreclose harm because in some circumstances
that intervening offense may be the least plausible theory under the evidence. Id. However, if the
jury’s rejection of the intervening lesser offense indicates that the jury legitimately believed that
the defendant was guilty of the greater, charged offense, the appellate court can conclude that the
intervening offense instruction renders the error harmless. Id. at 171-72.
We must first determine if the jury in this case was charged on an intervening lesser-
included offense. An intervening lesser-included offense is one that “is between the requested
lesser offense and the offense charged.” Id. at 171. In this case, the requested lesser offense was
reckless driving, which is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine not to exceed $200 and/or
confinement in the county jail for not more than thirty days. TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN.
§ 545.401(b). The potential intervening lesser-included offense was simple assault, which is
generally a Class A misdemeanor, punishable by a fine not to exceed $4000 and/or confinement
in jail not to exceed one year. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §§ 12.21, 22.01(b). Finally, the greater,
charged offense was aggravated assault, which is a second degree felony punishable by a fine not
to exceed $10,000 and/or a term of imprisonment from two to twenty years. Id. §§ 12.33,
22.02(a),(b). We conclude simple assault qualifies as an intervening lesser-included offense in this
case, and therefore, Masterson applies.
Under Masterson’s analysis, we consider whether the jury rejected the intervening lesser-
included offense. 155 S.W.3d at 171. We also consider the plausibility of the intervening lesser-
included offense. Id. Therefore, if the jury rejected simple assault, and that offense was not “the
least plausible theory under the evidence,” then the trial court’s refusal to instruct on reckless
driving was harmless. See id.
Here, the jury was instructed that a person commits the offense of simple assault if he
recklessly causes bodily injury to another. Under the evidence presented, simple assault was a
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realistic option for the jury. The State’s aggravated assault theories were based on Cisneros either
using or exhibiting the vehicle in a manner that met the definition of deadly weapon, or Flores
suffering serious bodily injury. If the jury found (1) Cisneros operated the vehicle recklessly, (2)
Flores suffered bodily injury but the vehicle was not a deadly weapon, and (3) Flores did not suffer
serious bodily injury, then the jury would have found Cisneros “not guilty” of aggravated assault.
Under this scenario, all the elements of simple assault would have been proven and a conviction
for that lesser-included offense would have been appropriate. Additionally, the nature and extent
of Flores’s injury was contested at trial, but the fact that Flores suffered some bodily injury was
not. Bodily injury may be an element of simple assault, but it is not an element of reckless driving. 1
We conclude that under the evidence presented simple assault was not “the least plausible theory
under the evidence.” See id.
The intervening lesser offense was an available compromise in this case; it gave the jury
the ability to hold Cisneros accountable without having to find him guilty of the greater offense.
See id. The jury’s conviction of Cisneros for aggravated assault with a deadly weapon despite the
availability of simple assault shows that the jury legitimately believed that Cisneros was in fact
guilty of the greater offense. Because the jury rejected simple assault, and that offense was not the
least plausible theory under the evidence, the trial court’s refusal to instruct on reckless driving
was harmless. See id. at 171-72; Guzman v. State, 188 S.W.3d 185, 194 n.20 (Tex. Crim. App.
2006) (recognizing in attempted murder appeal that any error in refusing a deadly conduct
instruction would have been harmless in light of the jury’s rejection of the intervening lesser-
1
A person commits the offense of assault by intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causing bodily injury to another.
TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.01(a)(1). A person commits the offense of reckless driving by driving a vehicle in willful
or wanton disregard for the safety of persons or property. TEX. TRANSP. CODE ANN. § 545.401(a).
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included offense of aggravated assault). Therefore, we conclude that any error in denying a
reckless driving instruction was harmless. We overrule Cisneros’s sole issue.
CONCLUSION
The trial court’s judgment is affirmed.
Karen Angelini, Justice
Do not publish
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