T.C. Memo. 2000-87
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
WILLIAM D. ZACK, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 7825-94. Filed March 14, 2000.
John S. Regan, for petitioner.
Catherine M. Thayer, Linda C. Grobe, and Claire McKenzie,
for respondent.
MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
LARO, Judge: William D. Zack petitioned the Court to
redetermine respondent's determination of deficiencies in his
1985 and 1986 Federal income tax and additions thereto. Those
determinations are as follows:
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Additions to Tax1
Sec. Sec. Sec.
Year Deficiency 6653(b)(1) 6653(b)(1)(A) 6661
1985 $45,079 $22,540 $11,270
1986 62,984 $112,210 15,746
1
Respondent also determined that the additions to tax under
sec. 6653(b)(2) and (b)(1)(B) apply to the deficiencies.
Following petitioner’s concession1 and a June 7, 1999, Oral
Opinion of this Court that petitioner is collaterally estopped
from contesting the applicability of the section 6653(b)
additions to tax on account of his conviction for income tax
evasion for the subject years, see sec. 7201, we are left to
decide:
1. Whether petitioner’s income for the respective years in
issue should be increased by unreported income of $217,162 and
$94,439 from the false invoice scheme described below. We hold
that his unreported income from that scheme was $172,019 and
$49,296, respectively.2
1
Petitioner has not directed our attention to any evidence
(and did not make any arguments on brief) as to respondent’s
determination of the additions to tax under sec. 6661. We
conclude that petitioner has conceded this issue, if, in fact,
the Rule 155 computation shows that his income tax understatement
is “substantial” within the meaning of sec. 6661(b)(1). See Rule
151(e)(4) and (5); see also Rule 142(a).
2
Respondent also determined that petitioner's income should
be adjusted to reflect adjustments made to his distributive share
of income/loss from a partnership; the adjustment stemmed from a
tax-evasion scheme other than the one discussed herein.
Petitioner has not contested respondent’s proposed findings of
fact as to this determination, and the record clearly supports
those proposed findings. We sustain respondent’s determination
as to this adjustment without further discussion.
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2. Whether petitioner may carry back to 1985 and 1986 a
purported net operating loss (NOL) from 1988. We hold he may
not.
Unless otherwise indicated, section references are to the
Internal Revenue Code applicable to the relevant years, dollar
amounts are rounded to the dollar, and Rule references are to the
Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
FINDINGS OF FACT
Some of the facts were stipulated, and the parties’
stipulation of facts and the exhibits submitted therewith are
incorporated herein by this reference. When we filed
petitioner’s petition, he resided in Morgantown, West Virginia.
He filed his 1985 and 1986 Federal income tax returns with the
Commissioner on July 14, 1986, and November 13, 1987,
respectively. He filed his 1988 Federal income tax return with
the Commissioner on November 13, 1989, and he filed a 1988 Form
1040X, Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, with the
Commissioner on October 24, 1996.
In 1976, petitioner and Lester J. Sova (Sova) formed a tool
and die business named Zachova Tool & Die, Inc. (Tool & Die),
and, 4 years later, they formed another tool and die business
named Zachova Industries, Inc. (Industries). They owned equally
the stock of Tool & Die and Industries, and they served as the
companies’ president and vice president, respectively.
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They formed four other entities in the mid-1980's named Colt
Tool & Die, Inc. (Colt), Synchronized Design & Development, Inc.
(Synchronized), Sovack Partnership (Sovack), and Jaclyn Leasing,
Inc. (Jaclyn) (we sometimes use the term “Zachova entities” to
refer to two or more of the six entities formed by petitioner and
Sova). Colt is a tool and die business, and its stock is owned
equally by petitioner, Sova, and Sova’s brother. Synchronized
designs the dies used by the Zachova entities, and its stock is
owned equally by petitioner, Sova, and Mark Bartolomucci. Sovack
owns the machinery and equipment used by Tool & Die and
Industries and the building in which those two companies operate;
Sovack is owned equally by petitioner and Sova. Jaclyn rents a
building to the Zachova entities; Jaclyn is owned equally by
petitioner and Sova.
Petitioner and Sova devised a scheme in or around 1983 to
obtain cash surreptitiously from Industries and Tool & Die.
Under this scheme (the false invoice scheme), third parties
issued false invoices to Tool & Die and Industries for work not
actually performed, Tool & Die and Industries paid the third
parties the amounts shown on the invoices, the third parties
returned the payments to petitioner and Sova net of a 25-percent
“commission”, and petitioner and Sova split the net payments
equally. Petitioner and Sova each received $217,162 from the
false invoice scheme in 1985, and they each received $94,439 from
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the false invoice scheme in 1986. Petitioner did not report on
his 1985 or 1986 Federal income tax return any of the amounts
that he received from the false invoice scheme.
During 1984, the Zachova entities began looking into
contracting with Ford Motor Co. (Ford) to do work for it.
Petitioner and Sova met with a Ford employee named Ed Cooper
(Cooper), and Cooper told petitioner and Sova that they would
secretly have to pay him money (bribes) for Ford to award
contracts to the Zachova entities. Petitioner and Sova discussed
Cooper's demand, and petitioner and Sova decided to pay Cooper on
behalf of the Zachova entities for an award of Ford contracts.
Petitioner and Sova each paid Cooper a total of $90,286 during
1985 and 1986, and, in return, Ford awarded some of its contracts
to the Zachova entities. Petitioner and Sova used some of the
money that they received from the false invoice scheme to pay
Cooper the bribes.
OPINION
Respondent determined and argues that petitioner failed to
report for the respective years in issue income of $217,162 and
$94,439 realized from the false invoice scheme. Respondent
asserts that petitioner exerted dominion and control over all the
funds he received from that scheme and that he was free to use
those funds as he chose. Petitioner does not dispute the fact
that he received the amounts determined by respondent to be
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income, but, petitioner claims, those amounts are not includable
in his income because he received the underlying funds as a “mere
conduit” for the Zachova entities’ payment of bribes to Cooper.
Petitioner relies primarily on this Court’s memorandum opinions
in Estate of Kalichuk v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1964-336, Smith
v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1964-274, and Pew v. Commissioner,
T.C. Memo. 1961-264. In Kalichuk, we held that money received by
a corporation’s shareholders was not taxable to them as a
dividend because the owners immediately paid that money to public
officials to secure work contracts for the corporation. We
concluded in Kalichuk that the owners received the money as “mere
conduits” for payment to the public officials. In Smith, we held
similarly as to money received by a corporation’s shareholder
which he distributed to third parties as gifts or gratuities on
behalf of the corporation. We noted in Smith that the taxpayer
kept none of the money for his personal benefit. In Pew, we held
that a taxpayer’s gross income did not include money paid to his
client’s agent as kickbacks. The money passed through the
taxpayer’s hands in that the taxpayer billed his client for (and
received from him payment for) the value of his services, plus an
additional amount which represented the kickback, and the
taxpayer returned the kickbacks to the agent.
We agree with petitioner that this Court’s jurisprudence
excludes from his gross income the amount of the bribes which he
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paid to Cooper in exchange for Ford’s awarding contracts to the
Zachova entities. See also Diamond v. Commissioner, 56 T.C. 530,
541 (1971), affd. 492 F.2d 286 (7th Cir. 1974); Ball v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1984-218; Shaara v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 1980-247. Petitioner and Sova, on behalf of the Zachova
entities, had agreed with Cooper to pay him bribes as a
precondition to Ford’s award of the contracts, and petitioner,
pursuant to a concerted plan, used part of the money that he
received from the false invoice scheme to satisfy that agreement.
Although respondent observes correctly that petitioner actually
possessed the bribe money, we disagree with respondent’s
conclusion drawn therefrom that this possession allowed
petitioner to do whatever he wanted with that money. To be sure,
the Zachova entities wanted the contracts, the Zachova entities
had to bribe Cooper to get the contracts, the Zachova entities
(through petitioner and Sova) agreed with Cooper to pay him his
bribes in return for the contracts, and petitioner and Sova, as
officers and agents of the Zachova entities, used the Zachova
entities’ money to pay Cooper the bribes which, in turn, allowed
the Zachova entities to receive the Ford contracts. Because
petitioner received the bribe money from the Zachova entities as
a mere intermediary, or “conduit”, between them and Cooper,
petitioner is not taxed on his “receipt” of that money.
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As to the amount of the bribes, petitioner testified at
trial that he paid $312,572 to Cooper in bribes during the
subject years. We do not find this testimony credible.3 The
credible evidence in this case persuades us, and we have found as
a fact, that petitioner paid Cooper $90,286 in bribes during the
subject years. On the basis of the record, we also are satisfied
that 50 percent of this amount was attributable to 1985 and that
the rest was attributable to 1986. We conclude and hold that
petitioner’s gross income, as adjusted by respondent in the
notice of deficiency, should be decreased by $45,143 in both 1985
and 1986.
Petitioner argues that he had an NOL in 1988 that he may
carry back to the years at bar. Petitioner asserts: (1) He
reported on his 1988 Federal income tax return the income that he
realized from the false invoice scheme, (2) he amended that
return in 1996 to account for respondent’s position that the
income was actually taxable in 1985 and 1986, and (3) his removal
of that income from 1988 generated an NOL for that year.
The record does not adequately support petitioner’s
assertion that he realized an NOL in 1988. Although section
172(a) allows taxpayers to deduct an NOL equal to the sum of NOL
3
Nor do we find credible the vague, unsupported testimony
of petitioner to the effect that he indirectly paid General
Motors Co. a $15,000 bribe. In contrast with the bribes paid to
Cooper, the record does not adequately support petitioner’s bald
assertion that he indirectly bribed General Motors Co.
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carryovers plus NOL carrybacks, petitioner, as the claimant of an
NOL, must prove his right thereto. See United States v. Olympic
Radio & Television, Inc., 349 U.S. 232, 235 (1955).4
We have considered all the parties’ arguments and, to the
extent not discussed above, find those arguments to be without
merit or irrelevant. To reflect the foregoing,5
Decision will be entered
under Rule 155.
4
Nor has petitioner proven that he reported on his 1988
Federal income tax return the income that he realized from the
false invoice scheme. Accordingly, we reject without further
comment petitioner’s argument that the mitigation provisions of
secs. 1311 through 1314 and the doctrine of equitable recoupment
operate favorably to him in this case.
5
The sec. 6653(b) additions to tax apply to the entire
underpayment. We are convinced clearly that the entire
underpayment in this case, which stemmed from the false invoice
scheme and the other scheme discussed supra in note 2, was
attributable to fraud.