T.C. Memo. 2000-194
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
RONALD M. BROOKE, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 15401-97. Filed June 28, 2000.
Ronald M. Brooke, pro se.
Stephen R. Takeuchi and Robert S. Bloink, for respondent.
MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
GERBER, Judge: Respondent determined a deficiency in
petitioner’s 1992 Federal income tax of $12,186, a penalty
pursuant to section 6662(a)1 of $2,437.20, and a late-filing
addition pursuant to section 6651(a)(1) of $3,046.50. The
primary issues for our consideration are whether petitioner is
1
Unless otherwise stated, all section references are to the
Internal Revenue Code in effect for the taxable year in issue.
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subject to the alternative minimum tax (AMT), and whether he was
negligent when he failed to calculate the AMT on his 1992 Federal
income tax return. Petitioner also challenges the late-filing
penalty determined by respondent.
FINDINGS OF FACT
The stipulation of facts and the exhibits attached thereto
are incorporated herein by this reference.
At the time his petition was filed, petitioner was a U.S.
citizen residing in Ludwigshafen, Germany. Petitioner had
remained in Germany after retiring from the U.S. Army in 1985.
From 1986 to 1992, petitioner owned a business that contracted
with the U.S. military in Germany. In 1992, he received $567,331
in income from that business and reported an adjusted gross
income of $507,761. Included in that amount was interest income
of $1,421 and dividend income of $196, both of which are
considered U.S.-source income and were not taxed by the German
Government.
Petitioner paid 456,738 German marks (DM) for taxes
associated with the 1992 taxable year to the German Finanzamt,
the sovereign taxing authority of Germany. Using the applicable
exchange rate for that time (DM 1.56 to the dollar), that amount
equals $292,781. The parties agree that petitioner’s U.S.
tentative AMT liability for 1992 would have been $121,863 before
accounting for the alternative minimum tax foreign tax credit and
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the alternative minimum tax net operating loss deduction.
Petitioner claimed on his U.S. income tax return that the foreign
tax credit and net operating loss deduction completely offset any
U.S. tax liability he may have had for 1992.
Petitioner’s 1992 Federal income tax return was received by
respondent on April 15, 1996. Respondent later reviewed
petitioner’s 1992 return and determined that petitioner had
negligently failed to report that he owed the AMT. Respondent
determined that petitioner owed $12,186 in income tax after the
correct foreign tax credit was applied and a negligence penalty
of $2,437.20 for failing to report and pay his AMT. Respondent
also determined that petitioner owed a late-filing addition of
$3,046.50 because his return was received after the required date
for foreign returns.
OPINION
Nonresident U.S. citizens, such as petitioner, are required
to file Federal income tax returns by a date certain and report
all worldwide income. See sec. 6012; sec. 1.6012-1(a)(1)(i),
Income Tax Regs. If the nonresident citizen pays income tax to
foreign jurisdictions, that citizen is entitled to claim a
foreign tax credit. See secs. 27(a), 901. Petitioner received
U.S.-source income, in the form of dividends and interest, and
German-source income, in the form of a salary from his company
based in Germany. He reported all sources of income on his
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Federal income tax return and calculated the appropriate tax. He
then claimed a credit for the German income tax he had paid
against the income tax he owed to the United States, thereby
reducing his Federal income tax liability to zero. He did not
report any liability for the section 55 AMT.
Section 55(a) imposes an AMT on noncorporate taxpayers equal
to the excess of the “tentative minimum tax” over the “regular
tax”2 for the taxable year. That excess amount is paid in
addition to any regular tax owed. The AMT prevents a taxpayer
with substantial income from avoiding significant tax liability
through the use of exemptions, deductions, and credits. See
Urbanek v. United States, 866 F. Supp. 1414 (S.D. Fla. 1994),
affd. per curiam 71 F.3d 855 (11th Cir. 1996); S. Rept. 99-313,
at 518 (1986), 1986-3 C.B. (Vol. 3) 1, 518.
Noncorporate taxpayers may reduce their tentative minimum
tax by the foreign tax credit. See sec. 55(b)(1)(A). However,
that foreign tax credit is limited by section 59(a)(2)(A). The
foreign tax credit cannot offset more than 90 percent of the
tentative minimum tax figured. See id. The parties agree that
petitioner’s tentative minimum tax is $121,863. Ninety percent
of $121,863 is $109,676. Therefore, petitioner’s AMT, the
2
The term “regular tax” means “the regular tax liability
for the taxable year (as defined in section 26(b)) reduced by the
foreign tax credit allowable under section 27(a)”. Sec.
55(c)(1).
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tentative minimum tax minus the foreign tax credit, is $12,186.
Because he had no additional regular tax due, petitioner would
owe $12,186 for 1992.
In his challenge of the deficiency determined by respondent,
petitioner does not question respondent’s calculation of the AMT.
Instead, he contends that the AMT violates the double tax
prohibition found in the U.S.-Germany tax treaty. See Convention
for the Avoidance of Double Taxation, Aug. 29, 1989, U.S.-
Germany, art. 23, 30 I.L.M. 1778, 1779 (the U.S.-Germany treaty).
This was the same argument made in Pekar v. Commissioner, 113
T.C. 158 (1999). In that case, we found that the treaty
provision had been written to allow for the preexisting
alternative minimum tax provision in section 59. See id. at 163-
164. The treaty provision, which was written 5 years after
section 59 was enacted, states that the double taxation
prohibition is “‘subject to the limitations of the law of the
United States.’” Id. at 163 (quoting the U.S.-Germany treaty,
art. 23(1)). Because the treaty provision may be read in harmony
with the AMT provision, petitioner is not excused from liability
for the AMT.
Petitioner also disputes respondent’s determination that a
section 6662(a) negligence penalty should be applied. Petitioner
contends that he should not be subject to the section 6662(a)
negligence penalty because he relied on the advice of a Judge
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Advocate General (JAG) officer hired to help U.S. service
personnel living in Germany prepare their tax returns, who told
him that he was not liable for the AMT.
Section 6662(a) imposes an accuracy-related penalty of 20
percent on any portion of an underpayment of tax that is
attributable to items set forth in section 6662(b). Respondent
contends that petitioner was negligent with respect to his
understatement of tax. Negligence includes any careless,
reckless, or intentional disregard of rules and regulations, any
failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the
provisions of the law, and any failure to exercise ordinary and
reasonable care in the preparation of a tax return. See Zmuda v.
Commissioner, 731 F.2d 1417, 1422 (9th Cir. 1984), affg. 79 T.C.
714 (1982). To prevail on the issue of negligence, petitioner
must prove that his actions in connection with this transaction
were reasonable in light of his experience and business
sophistication. See Hoffpauir v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.
1996-41; Avellini v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1995-489. If a
taxpayer acts in good faith and with reasonable cause, he or she
will not be liable for the addition to tax for negligence. See
sec. 6664(c); Collins v. Commissioner, 857 F.2d 1383, 1386 (9th
Cir. 1988), affg. Dister v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1987-217.
Petitioner has no tax or accounting background beyond helping
fellow service personnel read Internal Revenue Service forms.
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Petitioner’s return was prepared by an officer who petitioner
understood to be hired solely to provide tax advice to service
personnel stationed abroad and upon whom he relied. Although we
have not ruled in favor of petitioner on the AMT issue, his
failure to comply with the regulations was due to his reasonable
belief that the JAG officer would know whether he was liable for
the AMT. Consequently, petitioner is not liable for the
accuracy-related penalty.
As a final issue, petitioner also contends that he should
not be liable for the 6651(a)(1) late-filing penalty. Individual
Federal income tax returns are generally due on or before April
15 of the year following the close of the calendar year. See
sec. 6072(a). That date may be extended by an additional 2
months for U.S. citizens whose tax homes are outside the United
States and Puerto Rico. See sec. 1.6081-5(a)(5), Income Tax
Regs. Petitioner’s 1992 Federal income tax return was received
by respondent on April 15, 1996, approximately 3 years past the
due date. Petitioner argues that, because a claim for refund may
be filed up to 3 years from the return due date, he may also file
his return within 3 years of the due date. Petitioner has cited
no authority for this position, nor can we find any such
authority. Petitioner is therefore liable for the late-filing
penalty.
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To reflect the foregoing,
Decision will be entered for
respondent as to the deficiency and
the late-filing addition, and for
petitioner as to the negligence
penalty.