Marten v. Commissioner

VIRGINIA M. MARTEN, Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent DAVID E. AND DONNA P. LANE, Petitioners v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

No. 3401-97; No. 16223-97

United States Tax Court

T.C. Memo 2000-186; 2000 Tax Ct. Memo LEXIS 230; 79 T.C.M. (CCH) 2151; T.C.M. (RIA) 53918;

June 27, 2000, Filed

*230 An appropriate order will be issued denying the motion for costs, and decisions will be entered.

John E. Cassinat, for petitioners in docket No. 16223-97.

Christian A. Speck, for respondent.

Vasquez, Juan F.

VASQUEZ

MEMORANDUM OPINION

VASQUEZ, JUDGE: This case is before the Court on petitioners David E. and Donna P. Lane's (petitioners) motion for costs and fees pursuant to section 7430 and Rule 231. ¹ Petitioners do not request a hearing on this matter, and we see no reason for a hearing. See Rule 232(a)(2). Accordingly, we rule on petitioners' motion on the basis of the parties' submissions and the existing record. See Rule 232(a)(1). We incorporate by reference portions of Marten v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1999-340">T.C. Memo 1999-340 (Marten I), our opinion on the merits in the instant case, that are relevant to the disposition of the motion before us.

*231 After concessions, ² the issue for decision is whether petitioners are a "prevailing party" in the underlying tax case. Subsumed within this issue is the question of whether respondent's position in the underlying tax case was substantially justified.

BACKGROUND

In 1953, David E. Lane (Mr. Lane) and Virginia M. Marten (Ms. Marten) married. After legally separating in 1979, Mr. Lane purchased a $ 750,000 life insurance policy on his own life and named Ms. Marten the owner and beneficiary of the policy. In Marten I, the issue was whether Mr. Lane's payments of the life insurance premiums were alimony*232 includable by Ms. Marten in gross income and deductible by Mr. Lane. We held that under section 71, before amendment by the Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 (DEFRA), Pub. L. 98-369, sec. 422(a), 98 Stat. 795 (pre-DEFRA section 71), the premium payments were alimony and includable in Ms. Marten's gross income and deductible by Mr. Lane. Discussion

Section 7430 provides for the award of administrative and litigation costs to a taxpayer in an administrative or court proceeding brought against the United States involving the determination of any tax, interest, or penalty pursuant to the Internal Revenue Code. An award of administrative or litigation costs may be made where the taxpayer (1) is the "prevailing party", (2) exhausted available administrative remedies, ³ (3) did not unreasonably protract the administrative or judicial proceeding, and (4) claimed reasonable administrative and litigation costs. Sec. 7430(a), (b)(1), (3), and (c). These requirements are conjunctive, and failure to satisfy any one will preclude an award of costs to petitioners. See Minahan v. Commissioner, 88 T.C. 492">88 T.C. 492, 497 (1987).

*233 PREVAILING PARTY

To be a "prevailing party" (1) the taxpayer must substantially prevail with respect to either the amount in controversy or the most significant issue or set of issues presented, and (2) at the time the petition in the case is filed, the taxpayer must meet the net worth requirements of 28 U.S.C. sec. 2412(d)(2)(B) (1994). Sec. 7430(c)(4)(A). A taxpayer, however, will not be treated as the prevailing party if the Commissioner establishes that his position was substantially justified. See sec. 7430(c)(4)(B).

Respondent contends that petitioners are not a prevailing party because his position was substantially justified. ⁴ Petitioners argue that respondent's position was not substantially justified because (1) respondent erroneously relied on section 71(b) after the amendments made by DEFRA (post-DEFRA section 71), to assess liability against petitioners, and (2) respondent took inconsistent positions against Ms. Marten and petitioners where respondent knew that only one petitioner could be liable for the deficiency.

*234 At trial and in their posttrial briefs in Marten I, all parties, including petitioners, relied on post-DEFRA section 71. We held in Marten I that pre-DEFRA section 71 applied. On November 5, 1999, Ms. Marten filed a motion for reconsideration of our opinion in Marten I in which she argued that Marten I, pursuant to Q&A-26 of section 1.71-1T(e), Temporary Income Tax Regs., 49 Fed. Reg. 34458 (Aug. 31, 1984) (hereinafter Q&A-26), should have been decided under post-DEFRA section 71. Respondent filed a response to the motion for reconsideration in which respondent agreed with Ms. Marten. In an order dated April 20, 2000, we granted the motion for reconsideration and considered whether Q&A-26 dictated that post-DEFRA section 71 should apply. There was no definitive case law directly on point, and the legislative history behind DEFRA was not illuminating. We interpreted Q&A-26 in light of the effective date language in DEFRA and decided that, under Q&A-26 and DEFRA itself, pre-DEFRA section 71 applied to the instant case. Given the difficulty of the issue and lack of case law on point, respondent was substantially justified in taking the position, *235 as petitioners did in Marten I, that post-DEFRA section 71 applied.

Petitioners also complain that respondent took inconsistent positions in regards to petitioners and Ms. Marten and thus could not have been substantially justified. We have held that the Commissioner is entitled to take inconsistent positions against former spouses in the alimony context. See Doggett v. Commissioner, 66 T.C. 101">66 T.C. 101, 103 (1976); Ryan v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1999-109">T.C. Memo 1999-109; see also Maggie Management Co. v. Commissioner, 108 T.C. 430">108 T.C. 430, 446 (1997); Sherbo v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo 1999-367">T.C. Memo 1999-367. In the present case, respondent was in a classic "whipsaw" situation because petitioners deducted the premium payments as alimony, and Ms. Marten failed to include the premium payments in income. In such a case, the Commissioner is substantially justified in taking inconsistent positions to protect the revenue. We therefore conclude that petitioners are not a prevailing party within the meaning of section 7430.

Accordingly, we hold that petitioners are not entitled to an award of administrative or litigation costs.

To reflect the foregoing,

An appropriate order will*236 be issued denying the motion for costs, and decisions will be entered.

Footnotes

1. Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue Code as amended, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.↩
2. In respondent's objection to petitioners' motion for costs and fees, respondent concedes that: (1) Petitioners substantially prevailed with respect to the amount in controversy and to the most significant issue presented in the Court proceeding, (2) petitioners have not unreasonably protracted the litigation, and (3) petitioners exhausted their administrative remedies available within the Internal Revenue Service.↩
3. This requirement applies only to litigation costs. See sec. 7430(b)(1)↩.
4. Respondent, alternatively, argues that petitioners have not proven that (1) they meet the net worth requirement of sec. 7430(c)(4)(A)(iii), and (2)↩ all litigation costs and fees claimed were reasonable. Because we find that respondent's position was substantially justified, we need not reach respondent's alternative arguments.