T.C. Memo. 2003-56
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
RESIDENTIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES TRUST, ROBERT HOGUE, TRUSTEE,
Petitioner v. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket No. 2210-02. Filed March 3, 2003.
Robert Hogue, pro se.
Jeremy L. McPherson, for respondent.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
DAWSON, Judge: This case was assigned to Special Trial
Judge Robert N. Armen, Jr., pursuant to the provisions of section
7443A(b)(5) and Rules 180, 181, and 183.1 The Court agrees with
and adopts the opinion of the Special Trial Judge, which is set
forth below.
1
Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to
the Internal Revenue Code, as amended, and all Rule references
are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
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OPINION OF THE SPECIAL TRIAL JUDGE
ARMEN, Special Trial Judge: This matter is before the Court
on respondent’s motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.2
Respondent maintains that the petition was not filed by a trustee
authorized to bring suit on behalf of Residential Management
Services Trust (Residential Management).3 As discussed in detail
below, we shall grant respondent’s motion and dismiss this case
for lack of jurisdiction.
Background
A. Notice of Deficiency
Respondent issued a notice of deficiency to Residential
Management determining a deficiency in, an addition to, and a
penalty on its Federal income tax as follows:
Accuracy-Related
Addition To Tax Penalty
Year Deficiency Sec. 6651(a)(1) Sec. 6662(a)
1997 $131,400 $26,280 $26,280
The deficiency in income tax is based on the disallowance of
deductions claimed by Residential Management on Schedule C,
2
This case was consolidated for hearing with three related
cases in which Robert Hogue also filed petitions purportedly as
“trustee” on behalf of various so-called trusts. See Rancho
Residential Servs. Trust v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-57;
Home Health Servs. Trust v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-58;
Sunshine Residential Trust v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-59.
3
Use of the terms “trust” and “trustee” (and their
derivatives) is intended for narrative convenience only. Thus,
no inference should be drawn from our use of such terms regarding
any legal status or relationship.
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Profit or Loss from Business. In this regard, respondent
determined that the deductions:
are disallowed because you failed to establish the
amount, if any, that was paid during the taxable year
for ordinary and necessary business expenses, and you
failed to establish the cost or other basis of the
property claimed to have been used in business.
B. Petition
The Court subsequently received and filed a petition for
redetermination challenging the notice of deficiency.4 The
petition was signed by Robert Hogue as Residential Management’s
purported “trustee”.
Paragraph 4 of the petition, which sets forth the bases on
which the notice of deficiency is challenged, alleges as follows:
(1) The Statutory Notice of Deficiency was issued to
petitioner claiming petitioner had unreported income.
Petitioner denies having any unreported income. (2)
Attached to the Notice of Deficiency, IRS Form 4549-A,
income tax examination changes, line 9 states, “Total
Corrected Tax Liability.” Petitioner denies having a
tax liability. (3) Respondent has failed to provide
the petitioners [sic] with the USC Title 26 taxing
statute that applies. (4) Respondent has failed to
provide the petitioners [sic] with certified assessment
information as per Internal Revenue Regulation
301.6203-1. (5) Respondent has failed to identify the
individual who will certify to the tax adjustments the
determination was based on. (6) Petitioner claims, the
Notice of Deficiency, the claimed tax liability, and
the claimed unreported income, are all based on
unfounded and hearsay evidence[;] no examination of
books and records has been done so we are presuming
this is a naked assessment. (7) There can be no
4
Residential Management’s principal place of business was
in California at the time that the petition was filed with the
Court.
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meaningful administrative hearing until respondent
provides petitioner with certified evidence to support
the Notice of Deficiency and the claimed tax liability.
C. Respondent’s Motion
Respondent filed a motion to dismiss for lack of
jurisdiction. In the motion, respondent asserts that this case
should be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction “on the ground that
the petition was not filed by a trustee authorized to bring suit
on behalf of the trust”.
Respondent attached to the motion to dismiss, inter alia, a
five-page purported trust instrument dated May 24, 1994 (1994
trust instrument),5 and a document entitled “Trustee Resignation/
Appointment of Successor-Trustee” dated July 15, 1997, wherein
one Douglas J. Carpa, “trustee”, purportedly appoints Robert
Hogue the successor trustee for Residential Management
(appointment document).6
5
Respondent represents that the 1994 trust instrument was
provided to him by Robert Hogue, a representation that Robert
Hogue does not deny. We also note that the 1994 trust instrument
is a copy of the trust instrument submitted by Robert Hogue in
his first case before this Court involving Residential Management
that was dismissed on the ground that Robert Hogue was not a
proper person authorized to petition the Court on behalf of the
trust. See Residential Mgmt. Servs. Trust v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 2001-297 (involving the 1995 tax year); see also
Residential Mgmt. Servs. Trust v. Commissioner, docket No. 9119-
00 (involving the 1996 tax year and dismissed on the same basis).
6
With the exception of the name of the so-called trust,
the appointment document is identical to the appointment document
submitted to the Court by Robert Hogue in numerous cases before
this Court that were dismissed on the ground that Robert Hogue
(continued...)
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The 1994 trust instrument provides, in pertinent part, as
follows:
[Begin unnumbered cover page]
* * * * * * *
THIS DOCUMENT IS CREATED UNDER COMMON LAW
RIGHT OF CONTRACT IN WASHINGTON D.C.
RESIDENTIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES[7]
A Trust Organization and/or Pure Trust executed Under
The Constitutional Laws of the United States of America
Dated: MAY 24, 1994
[End unnumbered cover page]
DECLARATION OF IRREVOCABLE TRUST
This Declaration of Irrevocable Trust is created this
24TH DAY OF MAY 1994, between CONTRACT ADMINISTRATORS
TRUST, of Washington, D.C., hereinafter called the
SETTLOR and AMERICAN COMMON TRUST, Washington, D.C.,
with mailing address of Tempe, Arizona, Douglas J.
Carpa, Trust Officer, hereinafter called the TRUSTEE,
who are legal entities holding full title, not as
individuals, but collectively as the Board under the
name of RESIDENTIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES * * *.
6
(...continued)
was not a proper person authorized to petition the Court on
behalf of the “trust”. See Rancho Residential Facility Trust v.
Commissioner, docket No. 9120-00; Residential Mgmt. Servs. Trust
v. Commissioner, docket No. 9119-00 (involving the 1996 tax
year); Home Health Servs. Trust v. Commissioner, docket No. 9118-
00; Sunshine Trust v. Commissioner, docket No. 9117-00;
Residential Mgmt. Servs. Trust v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2001-
297 (involving the 1995 tax year); cases cited supra n.2.
7
The record indicates that Residential Management Services
and Residential Management Services Trust are one and the same.
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FIRST
The SETTLOR hereby irrevocable [sic] assigns, conveys
and gives to the Trustee, in trust, the following
property:
Cash: $100.00;
SECOND
The Trustee shall open and maintain such bank accounts
as necessary to receive and hold said financial
property, together with any additions thereto in trust
for the use and benefit of the Trust Certificate
Holders. Certificate 001 for 100 Trust Certificate
Units issued as indicated below:
SHASTA ENTERPRISES TRUST CERTIFICATE UNITS 100
THIRD
This trust shall be irrevocable and amenable as
described herein by appropriate Minute and hereby
affirmed that the trust created by this agreement shall
be irrevocable by the SETTLOR or by any other person or
entity. * * *
FOURTH
This agreement and trust created hereby shall be
administered, managed, governed and regulated in all
respects according to the applicable statutes of the
Uniform Trustees’ Powers Act and The Constitution of
the United States. This trust shall be domiciled in
the City of Washington, District of Columbia. This
Trust Organization shall enjoy the benefits of the
Uniform Commercial Code adopted by the City of
Washington, District of Columbia in the following
citations: section 28:1-105, TERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF
THIS SUBTITLE; PARTIES’ POWER TO CHOOSE APPLICABLE LAW,
and section 28:1-207, PERFORMANCE OR ACCEPTANCE UNDER
RESERVATION OF RIGHTS.
* * * * * * *
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EIGHTH
* * * A Successor-Trustee may be appointed by a court
of competent jurisdiction or by consensus with the
Trust Managers and Beneficiaries if the First Trustee
resigns with 30 days notice.
* * * * * * *
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed
this agreement the day and year first above written.
/s/ /s/
CONTRACT ADMINISTRATORS AMERICAN COMMON TRUST
TRUST, SETTLOR, Enrique FIRST TRUSTEE, Douglas J.
Almodovar Carpa, Trust Officer
[Emphasis added.8]
The recordation information stamped on the unnumbered cover
page of the 1994 trust instrument states as follows:
OFFICIAL RECORDS OF
MARICOPA COUNTY [AZ] RECORDER
HELEN PURCELL
XX-XXXXXXX 05/25/94 10:25
LILIAN 2 of 3[9]
Upon the filing of respondent’s motion to dismiss, the Court
issued an order directing Residential Management to file an
objection, if any, to respondent’s motion, taking into account
8
Enrique Almodovar and Douglas J. Carpa both purportedly
appeared before a notary public in Maricopa County, Arizona, and
purportedly executed the trust instrument on May 24, 1994.
9
We note that the recordation information in the present
case is in numerical order with the recordation information on
the trust instrument submitted to the Court by Robert Hogue on
behalf of a related trust, Home Health Services Trust, to wit:
Official Records of Maricopa County [AZ] Recorder, Helen Purcell,
XX-XXXXXXX, 05/25/94, 10:25, LILIAN 3 of 3. See Home Health
Servs. Trust v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-58; Home Health
Servs. Trust v. Commissioner, docket No. 9118-00.
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Rule 60, and to attach to the objection a copy of the trust
instrument or other documentation showing that the petition was
filed by a fiduciary legally entitled to institute a case on
behalf of Residential Management. The Court subsequently
extended the time within which the objection was to be filed.
D. Robert Hogue’s Objection
Ultimately, the Court received an objection, which was
signed by Robert Hogue, to respondent’s motion to dismiss.
Paragraph 5 of the objection states:
ROBERT HOGUE presented a Trust instrument for the court
which is a Contractual Contract Trust based on common
law & the United States Constitution, Article One,
Section 10., MR. HOGUE also presented notarized
documentation to the court to show his acceptance of
Trusteeship. As well as further documentation such as
form 56, Fiduciary Signature card showing Robert Hogue
as wet signature on bank account. At best this site is
frivolous and without merit. The court is trying to
mislead the petitioner in this court action. ROBERT
HOGUE is the only person who can represent the trust.
His description as Trustee for Residential Management
is well established in his everyday work as Trustee.
Attached to the objection are copies of, inter alia, another
five-page purported trust instrument dated May 24, 1994 (the
altered trust instrument) and documents entitled “Monthly
Management Meeting” (purported minutes).
The altered trust instrument, including the unnumbered cover
page and recordation information, is essentially identical to the
1994 trust instrument with the exception of the following:
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SECOND
The Trustee shall open and maintain such bank accounts
as necessary to receive and hold said financial
property, together with any additions thereto in trust
for the use and benefit of the Trust Certificate
Holders. Certificate 001 for 100 Trust Certificate
Units issued as indicated below:
John Carey 25 CU [certificate units] * * *
George Carey 25 CU * * *
Malia Carey 25 CU * * *
Byron Carey 25 CU * * *
* * * * * * *
EIGHTH
* * * A Successor-Trustee may be appointed by the
current Trustee or Trustees, a court of competent
jurisdiction, or by consensus with the and [sic]
Beneficiaries if the First Trustee resigns with 30 days
notice. [Emphasis added.]
The purported minutes, which are dated July 28, August 25,
September 27, October 27, November 24, and December 29, 1997, are
each one page long and contain a “Sign in Log” with various
signatures, including Robert Hogue’s purported signature.10
However, the purported minutes do not state the organization that
the minutes pertain to, nor do the purported minutes document
Douglas J. Carpa’s alleged notice of resignation, nor Robert
Hogue’s alleged appointment as the successor trustee for
10
All six of these purported minutes are identical copies
of the same six purported minutes submitted to the Court by
Robert Hogue in numerous cases before this Court that were
dismissed on the ground that Robert Hogue was not a proper person
authorized to petition the Court on behalf of the trust. See
cases cited supra n.2.
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Residential Management, nor Robert Hogue’s or any trustee’s
alleged authority to alter the 1994 trust instrument.
Also attached to the objection are an Account Summary, dated
November 27, 1996, from the California State Employment
Development Department identifying a James G. Gaynor11 as the
“trustee” of Residential Management, and a provision of the
Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia, Canada.12
E. Respondent’s Response
At the Court’s direction, respondent filed a response to the
foregoing objection challenging the authenticity of the altered
trust instrument. Respondent further contends that the objection
is nearly identical to a previous objection filed by Robert Hogue
in Residential Mgmt. Servs. Trust v. Commissioner, docket No.
9119-00, which was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction.
Respondent attached to his response, inter alia, an undated
document, which had been furnished to him by Robert Hogue,
11
James G. Gaynor is not otherwise identified or mentioned
in the record.
12
Specifically, Robert Hogue attached Nova Scotia’s
“Trustee Act, Chapter 479 of the Revised Statutes, 1989 amended
1992, c. 8, s. 37; 1994-95, c. 19", which has no relevance to the
present case. See Residential Mgmt. Servs. Trust v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2001-297.
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entitled “Letter of Resignation” (resignation letter)13 that
states:
LETTER OF RESIGNATION
To the TRUSTEES of
RESIDENTIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES
5505 Connecticut Ave., NW, #200
Washington, D.C. 20015
Dear Board of Trustees:
I hereby tender my resignation as Trustee of
RESIDENTIAL MANAGEMENT SERVICES, effective at the close
of the [sic] July 15, 1997.
/s/
American Common Trust,
Douglas Carpa, Trust Officer
Notice of Acceptance of Resignation:
/s/
Bob Hogue, Trustee
F. Hearing on Respondent’s Motion
This matter was called for hearing at the Court’s trial
session in San Francisco, California. Counsel for respondent
appeared at the hearing and offered argument and evidence in
support of respondent’s motion to dismiss. Specifically,
respondent presented to the Court a certified copy of the 1994
trust instrument that was filed with the Maricopa County Recorder
13
With the exception of the name of the so-called trust,
the resignation letter is an identical copy of the resignation
letter submitted to the Court by Robert Hogue in numerous cases
before this Court that were dismissed on the ground that Robert
Hogue was not a proper person authorized to petition the Court on
behalf of the trust. See cases cited supra n.6.
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in Arizona on May 25, 1994. In its entirety, the document that
was filed with the Maricopa County Recorder on that date
consisted of only a one-page unnumbered cover sheet that is
identical to the cover sheet of both the 1994 trust instrument
and the altered trust instrument.
Robert Hogue appeared pro se, purportedly on behalf of
Residential Management. The only evidence he offered was his
naked assertion that he is entitled to appear on behalf of
Residential Management because he was appointed trustee on July
15, 1997.
G. Post-Hearing Memorandum Briefs
A memorandum brief, which was signed by Robert Hogue, does
nothing more than repeat the same unsubstantiated and conclusory
allegations made in the petition and in the objection; i.e., that
Robert Hogue is the trustee for Residential Management.
In an answering memorandum brief, respondent contends that
the facts of this case are substantially identical to the facts
in Residential Mgmt. Servs. Trust v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.
2001-297, holding that Robert Hogue was not properly appointed as
trustee, and that Robert Hogue did not have authority to alter
the 1994 trust instrument.
Discussion
According to respondent, Residential Management failed to
show that Robert Hogue is its duly appointed trustee. Respondent
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asserts that as a result, no valid petition has been filed and
the Court must dismiss this case for lack of jurisdiction. We
agree.
It is well established that the taxpayer has the burden of
affirmatively establishing all facts giving rise to the Court’s
jurisdiction. See Patz Trust v. Commissioner, 69 T.C. 497, 503
(1977); Fehrs v. Commissioner, 65 T.C. 346, 348 (1975); Wheeler’s
Peachtree Pharmacy, Inc. v. Commissioner, 35 T.C. 177, 180
(1960); Natl. Comm. To Secure Justice v. Commissioner, 27 T.C.
837, 838-839 (1957). Furthermore, unless the petition is filed
by the taxpayer, or by someone lawfully authorized to act on the
taxpayer’s behalf, we are without jurisdiction. See Fehrs v.
Commissioner, supra at 348.
Rule 60(a) requires that a case be brought “by and in the
name of the person against whom the Commissioner determined the
deficiency * * * or by and with the full descriptive name of the
fiduciary entitled to institute a case on behalf of such person.”
See Rule 23(a)(1). Rule 60(c) states that the capacity of a
fiduciary or other representative to litigate in the Court “shall
be determined in accordance with the law of the jurisdiction from
which such person's authority is derived.”
Robert Hogue contends that he was appointed the trustee for
Residential Management in accordance with paragraph Eighth of the
altered trust instrument. That paragraph provides, in pertinent
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part, that “A Successor-Trustee may be appointed by the current
Trustee or Trustees, a court of competent jurisdiction, or by
consensus with the and [sic] Beneficiaries if the First Trustee
resigns with 30 days notice.” (Emphasis added.) However, Robert
Hogue has failed to establish that the altered trust instrument
supersedes the 1994 trust instrument in which paragraph Eighth
provides, in pertinent part, that “A Successor-Trustee may be
appointed by a court of competent jurisdiction or by consensus
with the Trust Managers and Beneficiaries if the First Trustee
resigns with 30 days notice”. As it pertains to the question of
whether Robert Hogue is Residential Management’s trustee, we
conclude that the 1994 trust instrument controls our disposition
of this case.
According to the 1994 trust instrument, Residential
Management was purportedly created on May 24, 1994, and Douglas
J. Carpa was purportedly appointed “trustee”. Douglas J. Carpa
then resigned and purportedly appointed Robert Hogue successor
trustee on July 15, 1997. However, the 1994 trust instrument did
not grant Douglas J. Carpa the authority to appoint a successor
trustee. As a result, Robert Hogue would have this Court rely,
not on the 1994 trust instrument, but on the altered trust
instrument to find that Douglas J. Carpa had unilateral authority
to appoint Robert Hogue successor trustee.
In support of his contention, Robert Hogue testified that he
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personally altered the 1994 trust instrument to allow the
resigning trustee to appoint the successor trustee. At trial,
the following colloquy ensued:
ROBERT HOGUE: A trust is capable of amending any
and all parts of a trust, irrevocable or revokable. It
was amended that Robert Hogue be appointed by the
successor trustee. It’s Section 8 in this trust, the
evidentiary trust, that are being challenged today,
that the trustee for the prior years and the trustee,
which is Robert Hogue today, agreed on these facts, by
the moment of the minutes.
* * * * * * *
ROBERT HOGUE: Okay. A complex trust, Black’s Law
Dictionary, has full control, full discretion of the
minutes. So the two trustees got together, or the
original trustee, for these trusts got together and
appointed Robert Hogue as trustee.
It’s been brought into the trust through the
minutes from that period of time.
* * * * * * *
We changed the articles of the trust to read that
that trustee could appoint me as trustee.
* * * * * * *
RESPONDENT: The Tax Court’s opinion in, Judge
Halpern’s opinion in the 1995 case, * * * the second
article of that trust instrument * * * listed the sole
certificate holder as being Shasta Enterprises. Can
you explain to me how this document that you
represented to the Court is the trust instrument [the
altered trust instrument], contains a different
provision than the document [the 1994 trust instrument]
that was introduced into evidence [in Judge Halpern’s
case]?
ROBERT HOGUE: Absolutely. A trustee that has full
discretion can change any article of a trust at any
time. I placed them in there.
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RESPONDENT: How did you do that?
ROBERT HOGUE: By my own wishes.
RESPONDENT: Do you have the trust instrument on a
computer?
ROBERT HOGUE: Do I have it on a computer?
RESPONDENT: How did you, physically, how did you
make the change to the trust instrument?
ROBERT HOGUE: I had the documents to do it. The
little disk.
RESPONDENT: A computer disk?
ROBERT HOGUE: Sure.
RESPONDENT: So you put the computer disk into a
computer and you typed over the earlier terms of the
trust?
ROBERT HOGUE: I didn’t type over. I just modified
it.
* * * * * * *
RESPONDENT: * * * I direct your attention to the
eighth article, where it states how a successor trustee
is appointed.
* * * * * * *
RESPONDENT: Okay. In the version of the trust
instrument that was presented into evidence in the
earlier case, it stated as Judge Halpern quoted in his
opinion, that a successor trustee could be appointed
either by a court or by concurrence between the trust
beneficiaries.
So again, is it your testimony that you * * * replaced
this provision with what was in the earlier version of
the trust instrument?
ROBERT HOGUE: Absolutely.
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RESPONDENT: You however in presenting this
opposition to the Court, made no representation
anywhere in this document, that the trust instrument
that you presented, was altered from the, at least,
earlier version. You did not draw the Court’s
attention to the fact that you had altered the
document.
ROBERT HOGUE: Is there any law that says I had to?
Did the Court demand me to?
RESPONDENT: Can you answer the question?
ROBERT HOGUE: No, I did not.
Robert Hogue thus claims that as the trustee for Residential
Management, he was authorized to alter the 1994 trust instrument,
and that in his capacity as trustee, he added the provision
authorizing the resigning trustee to appoint a successor
trustee.14 By Robert Hogue’s own admission, he created the
altered trust instrument after his purported appointment as
trustee. Therefore, we conclude that the altered trust
instrument is not relevant to the present case.
We have grave doubts about the authenticity of the altered
trust instrument. However, assuming arguendo that it was created
before July 15, 1997, this does not help Robert Hogue. No
14
At the hearing, Robert Hogue testified indignantly that
he could not recall when he created the altered trust instrument.
However, the record suggests that the altered trust instrument
may have been created after this Court’s trial session in
Residential Mgmt. Servs. Trust v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2001-
297, held on June 5, 2000, wherein the Court rested its decision
on the fact that paragraph Eighth of the 1994 trust instrument
did not authorize the resigning trustee to appoint a successor
trustee.
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provision of the 1994 trust instrument authorizes Robert Hogue (a
third party individual unrelated to Residential Management before
July 15, 1997) to alter the 1994 trust instrument.15
Furthermore, there is no evidence that the resigning trustee
provided 30 days’ notice of his intent to resign as required by
paragraph Eighth of either the 1994 trust instrument or the
altered trust instrument. At best, any notice of Douglas J.
Carpa’s purported resignation occurred on July 15, 1997, as
demonstrated by the appointment document and the resignation
letter. In view of the foregoing, we reiterate our conclusion
that the 1994 trust instrument was the controlling instrument at
all relevant times.
This Court has previously held in Residential Mgmt. Servs.
Trust v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2001-297, that Robert Hogue was
not properly appointed as trustee under the provisions of the
1994 trust instrument. Because the 1994 trust instrument is also
controlling in the present case and the facts are identical as to
the issue of whether Robert Hogue is the duly appointed trustee,
we need not repeat the analysis here. Accordingly, we hold that
evidence necessary to support the contention that Robert Hogue
15
Even if the altered trust instrument were the product of
Douglas J. Carpa, the purported trustee who “resigned” in favor
of Robert Hogue, we need not and do not address whether Douglas
J. Carpa had such authority under the law of any relevant
jurisdiction because there is no evidence in the record that the
alteration was permitted by paragraph Third of either the 1994
trust instrument or the altered trust instrument.
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was vested with authority to institute this action on behalf of
Residential Management is lacking. Therefore, we shall dismiss
this case for lack of jurisdiction consistent with respondent’s
motion.16
All of the arguments and contentions that have not been
analyzed herein have been considered but do not require any
further discussion.
In order to give effect to the foregoing,
An order of dismissal for
lack of jurisdiction will be
entered.
16
Robert Hogue is no stranger to this Court and has filed
numerous petitions with the Court on behalf of various so-called
trusts. As is the case here, those petitions were dismissed on
the ground that they were not filed by a proper party. See Bella
Vista Chiropractic Trust v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2003-8;
Deschutes Rd. Trust v. Commissioner, T.C. Sum. Op. 2003-4; Acme
Equip. Trust v. Commissioner, T.C. Sum. Op. 2003-3; Remedios
Chiropractic Clinic Trust, docket No. 11070-01; JREP Trust v.
Commissioner, docket No. 9795-01L; PERJ Trust v. Commissioner,
docket No. 9794-01L; CSM Trust v. Commissioner, docket No. 9796-
01L; Family Chiropractic Trust v. Commissioner, docket No. 7378-
01; R&R Trust v. Commissioner, docket No. 7379-01S; PERJ Trust v.
Commissioner, docket No. 6727-01; JREP Trust v. Commissioner,
docket No. 6726-01; MARFRAN Trust v. Commissioner, docket No.
12427-00S; Remedios Chiropractic Clinic Trust v. Commissioner,
docket No. 12426-00; BLR-SLR Trust v. Commissioner, docket No.
12425-00S; Rancho Residential Facility Trust v. Commissioner,
docket No. 9120-00; Residential Mgmt. Servs. Trust v.
Commissioner, docket No. 9119-00; Home Health Servs. Trust v.
Commissioner, docket No. 9118-00; Sunshine Trust v. Commissioner,
docket No. 9117-00; Residential Mgmt. Servs. Trust v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2001-297.