*153 PURSUANT TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE SECTION 7463(b), THIS OPINION MAY NOT BE TREATED AS PRECEDENT FOR ANY OTHER CASE.
ARMEN, Special Trial Judge: This case was heard pursuant to the provisions of
Respondent determined deficiencies in petitioner's Federal income taxes and accuracy-related penalties for 1999 and 2000 as follows:
| Accuracy-Related Penalty | ||
| Year | Deficiency | Section 6662(a) |
| 1999 | $ 26,424 | $ 5,285 |
| 2000 | 23,569 | 4,714 |
*154 After concessions by respondent, 2 the issues for decision by the Court are as follows: (1) Whether petitioner is entitled to various Schedule C deductions in 1999 and 2000; (2) whether petitioner is entitled to head-of-household filing status in 1999 and 2000; (3) whether petitioner is entitled to earned income credits in 1999 and 2000; (4) whether petitioner received proceeds from the sale of stock in 2000; and (5) whether petitioner is liable for the accuracy-related penalties under section 6662(a) for 1999 and 2000.
In addition, there are two computational matters, the resolution of which is solely dependent on our disposition of the disputed issue involving*155 petitioner's Schedules C. 3
I. BackgroundSome of the facts have been stipulated, and they are so found. At the time that the petition was filed, petitioner resided in Houston, Texas.
A. Petitioner's OccupationPetitioner filed a Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for 1999. At the bottom of page 2 of the Form 1040, petitioner listed his occupation as "consultant" and his firm as Americana Business Consultants.
Petitioner filed a Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, for 2000. At the bottom of page 2 of the Form 1040, petitioner listed his occupation as "accountant" and his firm as Creative Accountants.
At trial, petitioner testified that he has a college degree in business administration and that he regards himself as an accountant both by education and profession.
*156 B. Petitioner's Schedules CPetitioner attached a Schedule C, Profit or Loss From Business (Sole Proprietorship), to each of his returns for 1999 and 2000. On each Schedule C, petitioner identified his business name as Americana Business Consultants, his principal business or profession as computer and software, and his business activity code as 443120, signifying a computer and software store. 4
On his Schedule C for 1999, petitioner claimed various deductions. As relevant to the issues for decision, those deductions were as follows:
| Other/Depreciation | $ 15,743 |
| Other/EDI fee, advertising, | |
| telephone, etc. | 9,113 |
| Other/Overseas expenses | 24,720 |
| Other/Trade mission | 11,900 |
On his Schedule C for 2000, petitioner claimed various deductions. As relevant to the*157 issues for decision, those deductions were as follows:
| Depreciation | $ 4,157 |
| Legal/Professional | 3,270 |
| Other/Used file cabinets, | |
| chairs, and tables | 7,840 |
| Other/Overseas rent | 3,900 |
| Other/Overseas expenses | 7,870 |
| Other/Overseas wages | 16,000 |
| Other/Overseas office | 1,680 |
| Other/Trade mission | 6,975 |
Petitioner did not attach to either of his returns for 1999 or 2000 a Form 4562, Depreciation and Amortization (Including Information on Listed Property), or other depreciation schedule. Similarly, petitioner did not attach to either of his returns an election to expense property under section 179. 5
C. Petitioner's "Trade Missions" to NigeriaOn his Schedule C for 1999, petitioner claimed a deduction for "trade mission" in the amount of $ 11,900. In this regard, *158 petitioner claims to have gone to Nigeria on a "trade mission" from December 22, 1999, to January 7, 2000, and to have incurred the following "general expenses":
| Item | Amount |
| Air ticket | $ 1,620 |
| Excess luggage | 875 |
| Sealing tape | 5 |
| Yellow Cab taxi | 65 |
| ABC Transport to Owerri | 150 |
| Domino Paramount Hotel--3 days | 225 |
| Taxi to tourist guest house | 45 |
| Tourist guest house--7 days | 665 |
| Hotel conference hall | 570 |
| Banners and signs | 455 |
| Publications and Supplies | 1,650 |
| Car rental with chauffeur--8 days | 540 |
| Gas/petrol | 490 |
| Radio advertisement | 500 |
| Lunch for the guests | 1,950 |
| Domino Paramount Hotel--4 days | 300 |
| Messengers--hired 5 people | 750 |
| Meal and entertainment | 1,045 |
| Total Expenses | 11,900 |
The record does not include an itinerary, passenger receipt, boarding passes, credit card receipt, or other documentary evidence demonstrating that an airline ticket was purchased or, if one was, the cost thereof or the flight itinerary. Regarding the other enumerated expenses, petitioner claims to have paid in cash; he also claims that in Nigeria hotels, restaurants, and other purveyors of goods and services do not provide receipts. 6
*159 On his Schedule C for 2000, petitioner claimed a deduction for "trade mission" in the amount of $ 6,975. In this regard, petitioner claims to have gone to Nigeria on another "trade mission" from December 25, 2000, to January 13, 2001. The record does not include any schedule of expenses that petitioner claims to have incurred. The record does include a flight itinerary issued by a travel agency in Houston calling for the payment of $ 1,930 and a passenger receipt showing a fare of "BULK" and tax of $ 88.73. No other documentation exists in the record; petitioner again claims to have paid his expenses in Nigeria in cash.
At trial, petitioner testified that he went to Nigeria on "trade missions" during the holiday season not because his family was there (see infra I.D., note 8) but because:
In Nigeria business is mostly done during December time. Done during December time, because at that time you have gifts to give to people. They're happy. So this is the only time they can talk to you.
D. Petitioner's Nigerian CorporationThe record in this case includes a document purporting to be the Articles of Association of Americana Business Consultants (Nigeria) Limited, a Nigerian*160 corporation incorporated on January 19, 2000. 7 This document identifies petitioner as holding 500,000, or one-half, of the 1 million shares of the corporation, and five of petitioner's relatives as each holding 100,000 shares. Listed among the five relatives is Chinedu N. Ogu, petitioner's son, whose position in the corporation is identified as "Director-Business Strategist". 8 Petitioner's position in the corporation is identified as "Chairman/Chief Executive officer".
At trial, petitioner testified*161 that "they told me that for them to deal with me, that I must come here and incorporate by Nigerian law" and:
they will not allow you to do business in Nigeria, if it is overseas dominated. You must show that the citizens own the business. Citizens that reside over there, they live over there. Nigerians own the business.
E. Petitioner's "Overseas Expenses" in NigeriaOn Part V of his Schedule C for 1999, petitioner claimed under the category of "Other Expenses" a deduction for overseas expenses in the amount of $ 24,720. Petitioner did not break this amount into constituent parts, but he did describe the total as "overseas commission, shipping, office supplies, etc".
On Part V of his Schedule C for 2000, petitioner claimed under the category of "Other Expenses" deductions for overseas expenses as follows:
| Deduction | Amount |
| Overseas rent | $ 3,900 |
| Overseas expenses | 7,870 |
| Overseas wages | 16,000 |
| Overseas office | 1,680 |
The deductions for "overseas expenses" in 1999 and 2000 appear to relate to Americana Business Consultants (Nigeria) Limited.
F. Petitioner's Involvement in State Court LitigationIn September 1999, an individual by the name of Francis*162 Iheanacho (Mr. Iheanacho) commenced a civil action (Cause No. 1999-47585) in the District Court of Harris County (Houston), Texas, against petitioner for libel and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Mr. Iheanacho named petitioner both individually and as agent and officer of Mbaise Cultural Union, Inc., an organization described by petitioner as "a Houston based charity non-profit tax-exempt organization". 9 Mr. Iheanacho also named Mbaise Cultural Union as a defendant on the basis of respondeat superior.
In his complaint, Mr. Iheanacho alleged that petitioner published defamatory statements suggesting, inter alia, that Mr. Iheanacho "was guilty of criminal activity; theft, welfare fraud, misuse of official information, attempt[ed] aggravated assault, and professional impropriety." Mr. Iheanacho further alleged that petitioner published such statements in letters on petitioner's*163 personal stationery sent to the Texas Department of Human Services and in a "Dear brothers and sisters" letter sent to members of Mbaise Cultural Union. 10
In November 2000, Mbaise Cultural Union*164 commenced a civil action (Cause No. 2000-57938) in the District Court of Harris County (Houston), Texas, against petitioner and another individual. In its complaint, Mbaise Cultural Union described petitioner as "a self appointed public relations officer" and alleged, inter alia, that petitioner "failed to use his best efforts to achieve the corporate and business purposes of MBAISE CULTURAL UNION."
In March 2000, petitioner commenced a civil action (Cause No. 2000-15808) in the District Court of Harris County (Houston), Texas, against Dr. Tim Oparaji. The record in the present case contains no information regarding the nature of Cause No. 2000-15808.
On his Schedule C for 1999, petitioner did not claim any deduction for legal and professional services. In contrast, on his Schedule C for 2000, petitioner claimed a deduction for legal and professional services in the amount of $ 3,270.
G. Petitioner's Immediate FamilyDuring 1999 and 2000, petitioner was unmarried. However, he was formerly married to Sharon J. Carter (Ms. Carter) and had two children with her, a son, Chinedu N. Ogu (Chinedu), who was born on September 21, 1986, and a daughter, Sarah C. Ogu, who was born on August 8, 1990. 11*165
Petitioner and Ms. Carter were divorced in December 1996 by the District Court of Harris County (Houston), Texas. In its Final Decree of Divorce, the District Court appointed petitioner and Ms. Carter as Joint Managing Conservators of their offspring. Although both petitioner and Ms. Carter were granted "the right to have physical possession of the child", only Ms. Carter was granted the right "to establish the legal residence of the child". Petitioner was also ordered to pay child support on a semimonthly basis.
During each of the taxable years in issue, Chinedu lived with his mother for more than half of the year.
H. Petitioner's Reported Tax Liabilities and Earned Income Credits
On his Form 1040 for 1999, petitioner reported "0.00" tax on line 40 and self-employment tax of $ 1,213 on line 50, for a total reported tax liability of $ 1,213. Petitioner then claimed an earned income credit of $ 2,312 and, ultimately, a refund of $ *166 1,099 (i.e., $ 2,312 less $ 1,213).
On his Form 1040 for 2000, petitioner reported "0.00" tax on line 40 and self-employment tax of $ 1,762 on line 52, for a total reported tax liability of $ 1,762. Petitioner then claimed an earned income credit of $ 2,353 and, ultimately, a refund of $ 591 (i.e., $ 2,353 less $ 1,762).
In support of his claims of the earned income credit for 1999 and 2000, petitioner attached to his return for each of those years a Schedule EIC, Earned Income Credit/Qualifying Child Information. On each Schedule EIC, petitioner claimed his son, Chinedu N. Ogu, as a qualifying child and represented that Chinedu lived with him for the entire year.
I. Respondent's Notice of DeficiencyFor 1999, and as relevant to the issues for decision, respondent disallowed the following deductions claimed by petitioner as "other expenses" on Part V of his Schedule C:
| Deduction | Amount Claimed | Amount Allowed | Amount Disallowed |
| Depreciation | $ 15,743 | -- | $ 15,743 |
| EDI fee, advertising, | |||
| telephone, etc. | 9,113 | $ 1,489 | 7,624 |
| Trade mission | 11,900 | -- | 11,900 |
| Overseas expenses | 24,720 | -- | 24,720 |
For 2000, and as relevant to the issues for decision, *167 respondent disallowed the following deductions claimed by petitioner as "expenses" on Part II or as "other expenses" on Part V of his Schedule C:
| Deduction | Amount Claimed | Amount Allowed | Amount Disallowed |
| Depreciation | $ 4,157 | -- | $ 4,157 |
| Legal/Professional | 3,270 | -- | 3,270 |
| Other/Used file cabinets, | |||
| chairs, and tables | 7,840 | -- | 7,840 |
| Trade mission | 6,975 | -- | 6,975 |
| Overseas rent | 3,900 | -- | 3,900 |
| Overseas expenses | 7,870 | -- | 7,870 |
| Overseas wages | 16,000 | -- | 16,000 |
| Overseas office | 1,680 | -- | 1,680 |
For 1999 and 2000, respondent also changed petitioner's filing status from head of household to single and disallowed the earned income credit. For 2000, respondent determined that petitioner received, but failed to report, proceeds of $ 42 from the sale of stock. Finally, respondent determined that petitioner is liable for the accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) for 1999 and 2000.
II. DiscussionA. Burden of ProofHistorically, and as a general rule, the Commissioner's determinations are presumed correct, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving that those determinations are erroneous. Rule 142(a). This principle was established*168 by the United States Supreme Court as early as 1933 and was reaffirmed by the Supreme Court as recently as 1992. See
However, the foregoing rule is subject to the provisions of section 7491, which was enacted as part of the Internal Revenue Service Restructuring and Reform Act of 1998, Pub. L. 105-206, sec. 3001(c), 112 Stat. 727. By virtue of section 7491(a), the burden of proof may, under certain circumstances, be shifted to the Commissioner.
In the present case, section 7491(a) does not operate to place the burden of proof on respondent because: (1) Petitioner did not allege, much less demonstrate, that section 7491 is applicable; (2) petitioner did not introduce credible evidence with respect to any factual issue relevant to ascertaining his liability; (3) petitioner did not comply with the requirements under the Internal Revenue Code to substantiate his deductions; and (4) petitioner did not maintain all records required under the Internal Revenue Code. See
In view of the foregoing, we proceed with our analysis on the basis that petitioner bears the burden of proving that respondent's deficiency determinations are erroneous.
B. Issue 1. Schedule C Deductions
1. General Principles
Deductions are a matter of legislative grace, and the taxpayer bears the burden of proving that he or she is entitled to any deduction claimed. Rule 142(a); Deputy v. du
In addition, the Court is not bound to accept as gospel the unverified and undocumented testimony of a taxpayer.
We also observe that section 6001 and the regulations promulgated thereunder require taxpayers to maintain records sufficient to permit verification of income and expenses. See
In the case of certain expenses, section 274(d) overrides the so-called Cohan doctrine.
Thus, under section 274(d), no deduction is allowable for expenses incurred either for travel or in respect of listed property such as a passenger automobile, a computer or peripheral equipment, or a cellular telephone or other similar telecommunications equipment, on the basis of any approximation or the unsupported testimony of the taxpayer. E.g.,
In addition to the strict substantiation requirements of section 274(d), a deduction for foreign travel is subject to the allocation requirements of section 274(c). E.g.,
With the foregoing general principles in mind, we turn now to the specific Schedule C deductions in issue.
2. Depreciation, Office Furnishings, EDI Fee, etc.
On his Schedule C for 1999, petitioner claimed a deduction for "EDI fee, advertising, telephone, etc." in the amount of $ 9,113; of this amount, respondent allowed $ 1,489 and disallowed the balance. On his Schedule C for 2000, petitioner claimed a deduction for used file cabinets, chairs, and tables in the amount of $ 7,840; respondent disallowed the deduction in its*174 entirety. Finally, on his Schedules C for 1999 and 2000, petitioner claimed depreciation deductions in the amounts of $ 15,743 and $ 4,157, respectively; respondent disallowed these deductions in their entirety.
Insofar as the deduction for "EDI fee, advertising, telephone, etc." is concerned, there is nothing in the record that would permit us to allow any amount greater than that already allowed by respondent in the notice of deficiency. See
Insofar as the used file cabinets, chairs, and tables are concerned, the cost of such office furnishings is generally chargeable to capital account and then recovered through an annual allowance for depreciation. See secs. 167 and 168. However, such cost may be expensed pursuant to section 179 if the requirements of that section are satisfied. However, such cost may not be expensed in the absence of an election. Sec. 179(c);
In the present case, petitioner failed to make any election under section 179. 13 That being the case, petitioner may not expense the cost of used file*175 cabinets, chairs, and tables. Nor is petitioner entitled to any depreciation allowance for such property. Petitioner failed to prove (e.g., by producing a bill of sale) that he acquired any such property; assuming that he did, petitioner failed to prove (e.g., by producing a canceled check or credit card receipt or statement) its cost.
Finally, we consider the depreciation deductions claimed by petitioner on his Schedules C for 1999 and 2000 in the amounts of $ 15,743 and $ 4,157, respectively. Here our analysis is hampered by the fact that the record does not include a depreciation schedule for either of the years in issue. 14 Nevertheless, we understand that depreciation was claimed principally in respect of one or two automobiles and several pieces of computer equipment.
*176 As we understand it, petitioner claims depreciation on a "brand new" 1999 Toyota Camry that he acquired in May 2000, allegedly for $ 22,500. 15 Although the record includes a "Bill of Sale" dated May 2, 2000, there is a reference on petitioner's "Balance Sheet" for the calendar year 1999 to "Automobile--1999 Camery [sic] (New) $ 19,850.00". There is a prior entry on that same "Balance Sheet" for an unidentified automobile, as follows:
| Automobile | 1,500 | |
| Accumulated Depreciation | 1,000 | 500 |
Petitioner contends that he used the 1999 Toyota Camry "almost 100 percent" of the time ("well, maybe 90 percent" of the time) for business, and that he used a second "old car" automobile for personal purposes (e.g., to transport his son during visitations). *177 However, petitioner failed to support such contention; indeed, petitioner failed to produce (and as we understand, failed to maintain) records required by section 274(d) related to the use of any automobile. As previously discussed, such records are essential for any deduction claimed in respect of listed property such as a passenger automobile.
Similarly, petitioner failed to produce (and as we understand, failed to maintain) records required by section 274(d) related to the use of any computer or peripheral equipment. Again, such records are essential for any deduction claimed in respect of listed property such as a computer or peripheral equipment.
Finally, petitioner should understand: The fact that a taxpayer claims a deduction on an income tax return is not sufficient to substantiate the deduction claimed on that return.
In view of the foregoing, we hold for respondent on this issue.
3. "Trade Missions", Overseas Expenses
On his Schedules C for 1999 and 2000, petitioner claimed deductions for "trade missions" in the amounts of $ 11,900 and $ 6,975, respectively. Also on his Schedules C for 1999 and 2000, petitioner claimed various overseas expenses in the aggregate amounts of $ 24,720 and $ 29,450, respectively. 16
*179 To the extent that the strict substantiation rules of section 274(d) apply, petitioner has not adequately substantiated any of the foregoing deductions. See sec. 274(d);
To the extent that the strict substantiation rules of section 274(d) would not preclude us from estimating an appropriate allowance, any such estimate would be unfounded. See
In addition to the foregoing, we are not convinced that the amounts claimed are even deductible, apart from their lack of substantiation. In this regard, the record demonstrates that shortly after petitioner returned from his first "trade mission" (December 22, 1999, to January 7, 2000), Americana Business Consultants (Nigeria) Limited, a Nigerian corporation, was incorporated. At trial, petitioner testified that he was obliged to do business in Nigeria in corporate form. The law is clear that as a general rule, a taxpayer may not deduct the expenses of another taxpayer. Deputy v. du
In view of the foregoing, we hold for respondent on this issue.
4. Legal/Professional Expenses
On his Schedule C for 2000, petitioner claimed a deduction for legal and professional services in the amount of $ 3,270. 17 At trial, respondent conceded*181 that petitioner substantiated the payment of legal expenses of $ 2,746; nevertheless, respondent continued to maintain that no portion of this amount is deductible. For his part, petitioner admitted that the deduction related to expenses incurred in connection with the State court litigation involving Mbaise Cultural Union (Cause No. 1999-47585 and Cause No. 2000-15808). See supra I.F.
Whether legal expenses are deductible as business expenses pursuant to section 162(a) or are nondeductible pursuant to section 262(a) depends on the origin and character of the claim for which the expenses were incurred and whether the claim bears a sufficient nexus to the taxpayer's business activities. See
Having carefully read the complaint filed at Cause No. 1999-47585 and the complaint filed at Cause No. 2000-15808, we are unable to discern any nexus, much less a sufficient nexus, between those civil actions and petitioner's business activities as proprietor of Americana Business Consultants.
In the petition filed at Cause No. 1999-47585, the plaintiff, Mr. Iheanacho, alleged that petitioner published defamatory statements and intentionally inflicted emotional distress. The facts alleged concerning such matters do not implicate petitioner's business activities. Noteworthy is the fact that Mr. *183 Iheanacho alleged that petitioner published defamatory statements in letters on petitioner's personal stationery, which did not even reflect petitioner's business address.
In the petition filed at Cause No. 2000-15808, the plaintiff, Mbaise Cultural Union, alleged that petitioner, "a self appointed public relations officer" of the plaintiff, "failed to use his best efforts to achieve the corporate and business purposes of MBAISE CULTURAL UNION." However, there is nothing on petitioner's returns for 1999 and 2000, or otherwise in the record, to suggest that petitioner's relationship with the plaintiff was other than purely social and/or cultural.
In addition, at trial, petitioner introduced no evidence, testimonial or documentary, demonstrating a sufficient nexus between the State court litigation and his business activities. Any suggestion that petitioner's involvement with Mbaise Cultural Union was for the purpose of developing a pool of potential clients for his computer and software business is too tenuous to be persuasive.
In view of the foregoing, we hold for respondent on this issue.
C. Issue 2. Filing StatusOn each of his returns for 1999 and 2000, petitioner listed*184 his filing status as head of household. In the notice of deficiency, respondent changed petitioner's filing status to single.
As relevant herein, section 2(b)(1)(A)(i) provides that a taxpayer shall be considered a head of a household if, and only if, the taxpayer maintains as his home a household which constitutes for more than half of the taxable year the principal place of abode, as a member of such household, of a son of the taxpayer.
During each of the taxable years in issue, petitioner's son Chinedu N. Ogu lived with his mother for more than half of the year. 18 This living arrangement was consistent with the divorce decree granting petitioner's former spouse the right "to establish the legal residence of the child". Accordingly, petitioner does not qualify for head of household filing status. Id. Respondent's determination is therefore sustained.
*185 D. Issue 3. Earned Income CreditOn each of his returns for 1999 and 2000, petitioner claimed an earned income credit identifying his son Chinedu N. Ogu as a qualifying child. In the notice of deficiency, respondent disallowed the earned income credit for both years. Respondent based the disallowance on the lack of a qualifying child and on the fact that petitioner's income exceeded the maximum amount allowable to claim an earned income credit without regard to a qualifying child.
In the case of an eligible individual, section 32(a) allows an earned income credit against the individual's income tax liability. As relevant in the first instance, an "eligible individual" is defined as an individual who has a "qualifying child" for the taxable year. Sec. 32(c)(1)(A)(i).
As required by section 32(c)(3)(A)(ii), and as relevant herein, a "qualifying child" is the taxpayer's son who has the same principal place of abode as the taxpayer for more than half of the taxable year.
During each of the taxable years in issue, petitioner's son lived with his mother for more than half of the year. See supra note 18. As stated above, this living arrangement was consistent with the divorce decree*186 granting petitioner's former spouse the right "to establish the legal residence of the child". Accordingly, Chinedu is not a "qualifying child" of petitioner.
An individual who does not have a "qualifying child" may also be an "eligible individual" and thereby qualify for an earned income credit. Sec. 32(c)(1)(A)(ii). However, to qualify for 1999, the individual's earned income and modified adjusted gross income must both be less than $ 10,200; for 2000, less than $ 10,380.
In view of our disposition of the Schedule C issues for 1999 and 2000, it would appear virtually certain that petitioner's earned income and modified adjusted gross income for each of those years exceed the maximum amount allowable to claim an earned income credit without regard to a "qualifying child". However, the parties should confirm this matter as part of their computation for entry of decision under Rule 155.
E. Issue 4. Proceeds From the Sale of StockIn the notice of deficiency, respondent determined that petitioner received proceeds of $ 42 from the sale of stock in 2000.
Petitioner did not address this issue at trial; accordingly, we consider it to have been abandoned by him. See, e.g.,
F. Issue 5. Accuracy-Related Penalty
As applicable herein, section 6662(a) imposes a 20-percent accuracy-related penalty on any underpayment of tax attributable to either (1) negligence or disregard of rules or regulations, or (2) any substantial understatement of income tax. The term "negligence" includes any failure to make a reasonable attempt to comply with the Internal Revenue Code, and the term "disregard" includes any careless, reckless, or intentional disregard. Sec. 6662(c). An understatement of income tax is "substantial" if it exceeds the greater of 10 percent of the tax required to be shown on the return or $ 5,000. Sec. 6662(d)(1)(A). As relevant herein, an "understatement" is defined as the excess of the tax required to be shown on the return over the tax actually shown on the return. Sec. 6662(d)(2)(A).
By virtue of section 7491(c), the Commissioner has the burden of production with respect to the liability of any individual for any penalty. "[F]or the Commissioner to meet his burden of production, the Commissioner must come forward with sufficient evidence indicating that it is appropriate to impose the relevant*188 penalty."
This Court has held that the Commissioner may satisfy his burden of production for the accuracy-related penalty based on negligence by showing that the taxpayer failed to keep adequate books and records or to properly substantiate items in question. E.g.,
Given the minimal amount of tax reported by petitioner on his returns as compared*189 with: (1) The magnitude of the adjustments made by respondent in the notice of deficiency, (2) the relatively modest concessions made by respondent at trial, and (3) our holdings herein on the substantive issues for decision, it would appear virtually certain that there are substantial understatements of income tax for 1999 and 2000. However, even if we were to leave that matter to the parties as part of their computation for entry of decision under Rule 155, we would hold that respondent satisfied his burden of production by showing that petitioner failed to maintain complete and adequate books and records and to properly substantiate the items in question. E.g.,
We also hold that petitioner failed to satisfy his burden of proof by demonstrating that he acted with reasonable cause and in good faith. In part, we are led to this conclusion by the fact that petitioner represents himself to be an accountant having his own accounting firm, Creative Accountants, which prepares tax returns. As an accountant, petitioner knows, or should know, that one cannot ignore the strict substantiation requirements of section 274(d) or the more*190 general recordkeeping requirements of section 6001. As an accountant, petitioner also knows, or should know that: A taxpayer cannot generally deduct the expenses of another taxpayer; a taxpayer cannot deduct legal expenses if such expenses are essentially personal in nature; head-of-household filing status may not be claimed if the taxpayer does not maintain as his home a household which constitutes for more than half of the taxable year the principal place of abode, as a member of such household, of a son of the taxpayer; and, for purposes of the earned income credit, a taxpayer's son is not a "qualifying child" unless the son has the same principal place of abode as the taxpayer for more than half of the taxable year.
In view of the foregoing, we hold for respondent on this issue.
G. ConclusionReviewed and adopted as the report of the Small Tax Case Division.
To reflect our disposition of the disputed issues, as well as respondent's concessions, see supra note 2,
Decision will be entered under Rule 155.
Footnotes
1. Unless otherwise indicated, all subsequent section references are to the Internal Revenue Code in effect for 1999 and 2000, the taxable years in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. All monetary amounts are rounded to the nearest dollar.↩
2. At trial, respondent conceded: (1) For 1999 and 2000, petitioner is entitled to claim his son as a dependent; (2) for 1999, petitioner is entitled to a bad debt deduction on Schedule C in the amount of $ 7,580; and (3) for 2000, petitioner is entitled to the cost of goods sold and the deduction for "other expenses--rent" as claimed on his Schedule C.↩
3. The computational matters, each of which involves both of the taxable years in issue, are: (1) The amount of self-employment tax under sec. 1401; and (2) the amount of the self-employment tax deduction under sec. 164(f).↩
4. At trial, petitioner testified that Creative Accountants, see supra p. 3, was a "dba" of Americana Business Consultants. According to petitioner, "we divided our business for people to identify what kind of business we are doing".↩
5. A taxpayer wishing to expense property would typically make the election using Part I, Election To Expense Certain Tangible Property (Section 179), of Form 4562, Depreciation and Amortization (Including Information on Listed Property).↩
6. According to petitioner, "Everything in Nigeria is cash" and "there is nothing like a receipt."↩
7. Although Americana Business Consultants (Nigeria) Limited was purportedly incorporated on Jan. 19, 2000, petitioner's "Financial Statement" for the calendar year 1999 lists a "general administrative expense" of $ 29 as having been incurred in August 1999 for "Articles of Association--ABC Nig Ltd".↩
8. Petitioner's son, Chinedu N. Ogu, was born in 1986 and therefore turned 13 in 1999. See infra p. 10. The other four relatives are petitioner's mother, two brothers, and sister, all of whom live in Nigeria.↩
9. It would appear that petitioner and Mr. Iheanacho were both members of, or otherwise associated with, Mbaise Cultural Union.↩
10. Mr. Iheanacho appended to his complaint as exhibits three of petitioner's letters. One of petitioner's letters was captioned "Use of Deadly Force Authored By Francis Iheanacho", the salutation and opening paragraph of which read as follows:
Dear Brothers and sisters:
I write to inform you that on May 31, 1998, after Mbaise Cultural Union meeting, Francis Iheanacho drove his small pleasure car with reckless abandon with the intention to run over Ezeji T. Ogu [petitioner]. This incident was witnessed by at least five Mbaise people. What prompted Francis Iheanacho to use deadly force against harmless and innocent Ezeji? This is a question only Francis Iheanacho can answer. This incident has added another chapter to Francis Iheanacho's pattern of deception and uncivilized behavior in Mbaise Cultural Union.↩
11. Petitioner's daughter is not involved in any of the issues in this case.↩
12. See also
Diaz v. Commissioner, 58 T.C. 560">58 T.C. 560 , 564 (1972) (describing "the ultimate task of a trier of the facts--the distillation of truth from falsehood which is the daily grist of judicial life");Kropp v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2000-148↩ ("As a trier of fact, it is our duty to listen to the testimony, observe the demeanor of the witnesses, weigh the evidence, and determine what we believe.").13. The election would typically be made using Part I "Election To Expense Certain Tangible Property (Section 179)" of Form 4562. Petitioner did not attach Form 4562 to his return, nor did he otherwise make an election under sec. 179.↩
14. Although the record includes a "Depreciation Worksheet" for 1997, it would appear that the property listed therein would have been fully depreciated before 1999.↩
15. The Texas Certificate of Title describes the Camry as "rebuilt salvage" and as having 19,840 miles on the odometer at the time that the title was transferred to petitioner.
At trial, petitioner testified that "I was offered $ 70,000" for the car.↩
16. For 2000, the aggregate amount consists of rent of $ 3,900, wages of $ 16,000, office expenses of $ 1,680, and other expenses of $ 7,870.↩
17. Petitioner did not claim any deduction for legal or professional expenses on his Schedule C for 1999.↩
18. At trial, the following colloquy between the Court and petitioner occurred:
THE COURT: All right. Did we understand you to say that most of the time he stays with the mother?
PETITIONER: Yes. Most of the time he stays with the mother. Sometimes he stays with me.↩