T.C. Memo. 2010-276
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
BENGT EDVARD OMAN, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket Nos. 18413-08, 18421-08L. Filed December 15, 2010.
Bengt Edvard Oman, pro se.
Fred E. Green, Jr., for respondent.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
MARVEL, Judge: These cases were consolidated for purposes
of trial, briefing, and opinion. On April 25, 2008, respondent
issued a notice of deficiency in which he determined a deficiency
of $5,024 in petitioner’s Federal income tax for 2005 and
additions to tax of (1) $1,130 for failure to file a return
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timely under section 6651(a)(1),1 (2) $578 for failure to pay tax
timely under section 6651(a)(2), and (3) $202 for failure to pay
estimated tax under section 6654(a). After concessions,2 the
issue for decision in docket No. 18413-08 is whether petitioner
is liable for the income tax deficiency and additions to tax
respondent determined for 2005. In reaching our decision we must
also decide whether respondent properly treated petitioner’s 2005
Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax Return, as unprocessable
and invalid.
On June 24, 2008, respondent issued a Notice of
Determination Concerning Collection Action(s) Under Section 6320
and/or 6330 for 2004 (notice of determination). Pursuant to
section 6330(d), petitioner seeks review of respondent’s
determination to proceed with the collection of petitioner’s 2004
Federal income tax liability. The issue for decision in docket
No. 18421-08L is whether respondent abused his discretion in
sustaining the collection action with respect to petitioner’s
2004 Federal income tax liability.
1
Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to
the Internal Revenue Code (Code), as amended, and all Rule
references are to the Tax Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
Monetary amounts are rounded to the nearest dollar.
2
Respondent concedes that petitioner’s distribution from
pensions was $1,480 rather than $14,800 as he had determined in
the notice of deficiency.
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Background
Some of the facts have been stipulated. We incorporate the
stipulated facts into our findings by this reference. Petitioner
resided in Nevada when he filed his petitions.
We find facts with respect to each year at issue as follows.
I. 2004
Petitioner and his wife, Johnette R. Oman (Mrs. Oman),
timely filed their 2004 Form 1040A, U.S. Individual Income Tax
Return. They claimed the filing status of “Married filing
jointly”. Petitioner and Mrs. Oman reported wages of $52,431,
withholding of Federal income tax of $5,177, and an overpayment
of Federal income tax of $413. Attached to the 2004 Form 1040A
was a “Notice” in which petitioner and Mrs. Oman stated that they
signed the 2004 return under duress.3 Respondent issued a refund
but later determined an $837 deficiency in petitioner and Mrs.
Oman’s 2004 Federal income tax. On October 10, 2006, respondent
mailed petitioner and Mrs. Oman a notice of deficiency.
Petitioner and Mrs. Oman did not file a petition in response
to the notice of deficiency. Instead, on October 19, 2006, they
mailed respondent a letter demanding that respondent define
income, explain his “Delegated Constitutional and Legislated
Lawful authority”, and identify Code sections imposing Federal
3
Petitioner and Mrs. Oman attached a similar notice to their
2005 return. The notice accompanying their 2005 return is
reproduced infra p. 10.
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income tax on certain income. On November 28, 2006, respondent
replied by a letter informing petitioner and Mrs. Oman that he
“will contact you again within 60 days to let you know what
action we are taking. You don’t need to send us anything further
or take any other action now on this matter.” On December 29,
2006, petitioner mailed respondent another letter that was
similar to the October 19, 2006, letter. On January 30, 2007,
respondent replied again advising petitioner and Mrs. Oman that
he would contact them within 60 days to inform them of the action
taken. Respondent’s January 30, 2007, letter again stated that
petitioner and Mrs. Oman did not need to do anything regarding
the matter.4 On February 5 and March 12, 2007, respondent sent
petitioner notices of balance due.
On October 22, 2007, respondent sent petitioner a Final
Notice of Intent To Levy and Notice of Your Right to a Hearing
(final notice) for 2004.5 On or about November 18, 2007,
petitioner sent respondent a 22-page letter containing rhetoric
similar to that used in the October 19, 2006, letter. Petitioner
asserted that respondent had repeatedly refused to provide him
4
The parties subsequently exchanged similar correspondence.
On Mar. 3, 2007, petitioner and Mrs. Oman sent respondent another
letter similar to the Oct. 19, 2006, letter. On May 16, 2007,
respondent wrote that he would contact petitioner and Mrs. Oman
within 60 days.
5
Respondent sent a separate final notice for 2004 to Mrs.
Oman.
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with various information that petitioner had demanded, for
example, the Code sections establishing respondent’s “Delegated
Constitutional and Legislated Lawful authority” to make
assessments.
On November 19, 2007, petitioner timely submitted a Form
12153, Request for a Collection Due Process or Equivalent
Hearing. In response to the question on the Form 12153 about
petitioner’s daytime telephone number and the best time to call,
petitioner wrote: “Please contact me in writing”. Petitioner
did not provide his phone number or the best time to call.
On March 26, 2008, Valerie Chavez (Ms. Chavez), a settlement
officer assigned to petitioner’s case, sent petitioner a letter
acknowledging his Form 12153. Ms. Chavez stated that petitioner
had requested to be contacted in writing and that she scheduled
petitioner’s hearing by correspondence for May 6, 2008. Ms.
Chavez requested that by May 6, 2008, petitioner submit
information that he would like considered in the hearing, such as
a collection alternative and a completed Form 433-A, Collection
Information Statement for Wage Earners and Self-Employed
Individuals. Ms. Chavez also stated that if petitioner wished to
propose any alternative collection methods, he would need to
complete a Form 433-A within 14 days and submit signed Forms 1040
for 2002, 2005, and 2006. Ms. Chavez informed petitioner that he
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would not be able to dispute the underlying liability because he
had received a notice of deficiency.
By letter dated April 4, 2008, petitioner replied to Ms.
Chavez’ March 26, 2008, letter. Petitioner stated that he did
not recall requesting to be contacted in writing and asked Ms.
Chavez to provide him a copy of his correspondence. He also
requested a face-to-face hearing at the Internal Revenue Service
(IRS) Appeals Office closest to Reno, Nevada, and stated that he
would record such hearing. Petitioner stated that the Form 433-A
did not pertain to him because he was neither a wage earner nor a
taxpayer and “IRS has provided no information saying otherwise”.
However, he stated that he would complete and sign the Form 433-A
if Ms. Chavez attested in writing that petitioner’s signature
would not validate or create the underlying liability or “grant
any jurisdiction” over petitioner. Petitioner did not submit his
Federal income tax returns for 2002, 2005, and 2006.
On April 11, 2008, Ms. Chavez acknowledged receipt of
petitioner’s April 4, 2008, letter. She enclosed a copy of
petitioner’s Form 12153 in which he requested to be contacted in
writing. Ms. Chavez explained that generally the Appeals Office
did not provide face-to-face conferences to taxpayers making only
groundless or frivolous arguments. Ms. Chavez also stated that
petitioner was not eligible for a face-to-face conference because
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he had not filed his 2005 and 2006 returns6 and, for that reason,
could not submit a collection alternative, such as an installment
agreement or offer-in-compromise. Ms. Chavez explained that
because petitioner had previously had an opportunity to challenge
his liability, he could not raise it in the section 6330 hearing.
Ms. Chavez suggested that he might be able to do so through the
audit reconsideration process.
On April 30, 2008, petitioner sent Ms. Chavez another
letter, containing mostly statements similar to those in his
previous correspondence. Petitioner also stated that the box on
the Form 12153 that asked for his phone number and the best time
to call did not indicate that it would be used to determine the
hearing format. Petitioner again requested a face-to-face
hearing. Petitioner enclosed with the letter copies of his 2005
and 2006 Forms 1040. The 2005 Form 1040 reported an IRA
distribution of $1,419 and zero income on all other lines.7 On
the 2006 Form 1040 petitioner and Mrs. Oman reported zero income,
but because of the standard deductions, exemptions, and Federal
income tax withheld that they reported on the return, they
claimed an overpayment of tax.
6
Ms. Chavez stated: “It is not necessary to provide a copy
of your 2002 tax return.”
7
It appears that petitioner did not include in his Apr. 30,
2008, letter to Ms. Chavez the notice that accompanied the
originally filed 2005 return.
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On June 24, 2008, respondent’s Appeals Office issued a
notice of determination sustaining the proposed levy. In the
attached memorandum the Appeals Office stated that petitioner
failed to provide requested financial information and delinquent
tax returns, that the issues he raised were frivolous, and that
petitioner did not propose a collection alternative. The Appeals
Office also explained that petitioner was not able to raise the
underlying liability at the hearing because he had received a
notice of deficiency. The Appeals Office also stated that the
2005 and 2006 Forms 1040 were zero returns and that claiming a
refund of any tax withheld by filing a zero return was frivolous.
The Appeals Office concluded that the notice of levy was issued
in accordance with all statutory and procedural requirements and
appropriately balanced the need for efficient collection of taxes
with petitioner’s concern that the collection action be no more
intrusive than necessary.
II. 2005
During 2005 petitioner worked for two companies as a
machinist. He worked for and received wages from Dillen
Products, Inc., which was a part of Myers Industries, Inc. From
time to time during 2005 petitioner also worked for Paramount
Custom Cycles, L.L.C. (Paramount). Petitioner also received
unemployment compensation from the State of Nevada. At some
point before 2005 petitioner worked for B&J Machine and Tool,
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Inc., and participated in the company’s section 401(k) employee
stock ownership plan. In 2005 petitioner received a distribution
from the plan.
On April 14, 2006, petitioner and Mrs. Oman filed their Form
1040 for 2005. They filled in their names, address, and Social
Security numbers in the relevant boxes on the Form 1040. They
checked “Married filing jointly” as their filing status and
claimed two exemptions. Petitioner and Mrs. Oman reported a
$1,419 IRA distribution on line 15b but wrote zeros in all other
lines of the income portion of the Form 1040. Because petitioner
and Mrs. Oman claimed a $10,000 standard deduction and dependency
exemption deductions of $6,400, they reported zero tax liability
and sought a $6,055 refund. Petitioner and Mrs. Oman signed the
Form 1040 leaving no marks on the return or the jurat.8 They
attached a Form 4852, Substitute for Form W-2, Wage and Tax
Statement, or Form 1099-R, Distributions From Pensions,
Annuities, Retirement or Profit-Sharing Plans, IRAs, Insurance
Contracts, Etc., on which they reported zero wages from Paramount
and Social Security and Medicare taxes withheld. Petitioner
explained on the Form 4852 that he had requested that Paramount
correct its records but it “refuses to do so out of fear of IRS
8
The jurat portion of the Form 1040 reads: “Under penalties
of perjury, I declare that I have examined this return and
accompanying schedules and statements, and to the best of my
knowledge and belief, they are true, correct, and complete.”
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retaliation.” Petitioner and Mrs. Oman also attached another
Form 4852 showing zero wages from Dillen Products, Inc., and
Social Security and Medicare taxes withheld. Petitioner wrote
that he had been unable to address the issue of incorrect
statements out of fear of losing his job.
Transmitted with the Form 1040 was a cover letter (notice)
that read as follows:
NOTICE
Certified Mail # 7005 1820 0001 7990 3789
We the undersign [sic] do hereby affirm that the 1040
tax return for year 2005 included in this letter is not
being filed and signed voluntarily. We are compelled
to file and sign out of fear of unlawful retaliation
from IRS and/or DOJ. The 1040 tax return for year 2005
was signed Under Duress.
Any 1040 tax returns from previous years that we have
filed were not filed voluntarily and were signed Under
Duress.
The reason for this notice to our 1040 tax return for
year 2005 is the fact that IRS and/or DOJ use 1040 tax
returns as evidence in tax and non-tax litigation, see
attachment A.
The only way these return(s) can be used as evidence
lawfully against the person(s) who filed and signed
said return(s) is if the return(s) was filed
voluntarily and sign [sic] voluntarily.
An American can not be compelled to be a witness
against him/her self, see the Constitutions [sic] 5th
amendment below.
The notice concluded with the recitation of the Fifth Amendment
to the Constitution. Above the signature line the notice read:
“With reservation of all our rights, immunities and privileges we
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remain.” Attachment A referenced and included with the notice
was an excerpt from a 1998 article from United States Attorneys’
Bulletin titled “Follow That Lead! Obtaining and Using Tax
Information in a Non-Tax Case”.
Respondent did not treat the 2005 Form 1040 as a valid and
processable return. Using information return data from third-
party payors, respondent prepared a substitute for return under
section 6020(b). Respondent included in petitioner’s income the
following items: (1) Distributions from pensions of $1,480
(erroneously shown in the notice of deficiency as $14,800), (2)
nonemployee compensation of $826, (3) unemployment compensation
of $2,748, and (4) wages of $22,237.9 Respondent also issued a
notice of deficiency in which he determined that petitioner had
income as set forth above and that petitioner was liable for an
income tax deficiency of $5,024 and additions to tax under
sections 6651(a)(1) and (2) and 6654.
Petitioner timely filed a petition to contest the notice of
deficiency. Petitioner contends that he filed a valid 2005
return. Petitioner also argues that because his return is valid,
respondent’s notice of deficiency is invalid. Petitioner
9
On the Form 1040 petitioner and Mrs. Oman claimed a filing
status of “Married filing jointly”. In preparing the substitute
for return, respondent used a filing status of “single”. The
parties have not indicated whether they agree that petitioner may
use the filing status “Married filing jointly” in Rule 155
computations.
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enclosed with his petition a 26-page attachment citing numerous
authorities, including cases and Code sections, out of context.
Discussion
I. Deficiency Proceeding With Respect to 2005
A. Burden of Proof and Unreported Income Issues
Generally, the Commissioner’s determination of a taxpayer’s
liability for an income tax deficiency is presumed correct, and
the taxpayer bears the burden of proving it incorrect. See Rule
142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). The U.S.
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, to which an appeal would
lie absent a stipulation to the contrary, see sec. 7482(b)(1)(A),
has held that for the presumption of correctness to attach to the
notice of deficiency in unreported income cases, the Commissioner
must establish “some evidentiary foundation” connecting the
taxpayer with the income-producing activity, see Weimerskirch v.
Commissioner, 596 F.2d 358, 361-362 (9th Cir. 1979), revg. 67
T.C. 672 (1977), or demonstrating that the taxpayer actually
received unreported income, Edwards v. Commissioner, 680 F.2d
1268, 1270-1271 (9th Cir. 1982). If the Commissioner introduces
some evidence that the taxpayer received unreported income, the
burden of production shifts to the taxpayer, who must establish
by a preponderance of the evidence that the deficiency was
arbitrary or erroneous. See Hardy v. Commissioner, 181 F.3d
1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 1999), affg. T.C. Memo. 1997-97.
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Respondent introduced into evidence a Form W-2, Wage and Tax
Statement, for 2005 showing that petitioner received wages from
Myers Industries, Inc. Respondent also introduced into evidence
a certified print of the Information Returns Processing
Transcript for 2005 showing, on the basis of third-party
information returns, that petitioner received wages from Myers
Industries, Inc., and Paramount; unemployment compensation; and a
distribution from a section 401(k) plan. Petitioner testified
that in 2005 he worked for a company that was part of Myers
Industries, Inc., and acknowledged that he possibly worked for
Paramount. He also testified that it was possible that he
received unemployment compensation from the State of Nevada and a
distribution from an employee stock ownership plan. Because
respondent connected petitioner with income-producing activities,
the burden of production shifted to petitioner and the
presumption of correctness attached to respondent’s income
adjustments. See Weimerskirch v. Commissioner, supra at 361-362.
Petitioner does not argue that section 7491(a), which
shifts the burden of proof to the Commissioner in certain
circumstances, applies, nor does the record permit us to conclude
that the requirements of section 7491(a)(2) are met.
Consequently, petitioner bears the burden of proof with respect
to all adjustments. See Rule 142(a).
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Petitioner denies that he received wages from Paramount and
Myers Industries, Inc. Petitioner contends that he attached the
Forms 4852 to his 2005 return because the payors, Paramount and
Dillen Products, Inc., erroneously withheld the Social Security
and Medicare taxes. Petitioner presented no credible evidence to
show that Paramount and Dillen Products, Inc., incorrectly
reported wages they paid petitioner on the third-party
information returns. To the contrary, petitioner testified that
in 2005 he worked for Dillen Products, Inc., and it was “very
possible” that he worked for Paramount. At trial petitioner
recalled receiving the Forms W-2 but testified that he did not
report the amounts because in his opinion they did not meet the
definition of wages and instead he engaged in an exchange of
property for property. This meritless argument is reminiscent of
the equal exchange theory, which we have previously rejected as
frivolous. See Beard v. Commissioner, 82 T.C. 766, 767, 773
(1984), affd. 793 F.2d 139 (6th Cir. 1986). Accordingly, we
sustain respondent’s determination with respect to petitioner’s
income.
B. The Validity of the 2005 Form 1040
We now turn to the issue whether petitioner’s 2005 Form 1040
was a valid return. We must first decide whether petitioner had
an obligation to file a 2005 return, and then we must decide
whether he did so.
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1. Obligation To File a Return
Under section 6012(a)(1)(A)(iv), an individual who is
entitled to make a joint return and whose gross income, when
combined with the gross income of his spouse, exceeds the sum of
twice the exemption amount and the basic standard deduction
applicable to a joint return, must file a Federal income tax
return. As discussed above, we sustain respondent’s
determination regarding petitioner’s income for 2005 as modified
by respondent’s concession. Petitioner’s income for 2005
exceeded the described threshold, and consequently, petitioner
had an obligation to file a return for 2005.
Petitioner contends that he had no obligation to file a
return because respondent’s records show no such obligation.
Petitioner relies on respondent’s letter dated July 2, 2008.
Respondent’s July 2, 2008, letter is a response to petitioner’s
request for release of records under the Freedom of Information
Act. Petitioner contends that the records produced in response
to his request show code “01” as petitioner’s filing requirement
code, which petitioner asserts means “Return not required to be
mailed or filed”. We reject petitioner’s argument. It is the
Internal Revenue Code that establishes a taxpayer’s filing
requirement. See sec. 6012. Moreover, petitioner has failed to
show that the Individual Master File records on which he relies
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are related to his 2005 taxable year.10 Accordingly, we conclude
petitioner has failed to prove that he was not required to file a
return for 2005.
2. Validity of a Return in General
Generally, pursuant to section 6011(a) taxpayers must file
returns that conform to the forms and regulations prescribed by
the Secretary. See sec. 1.6011-1(a), Income Tax Regs. The Form
1040 is the form prescribed by the Secretary for use by
individual taxpayers in filing returns. Williams v.
Commissioner, 114 T.C. 136, 139 (2000). Section 6065 requires a
return to be verified by a written declaration that it is made
under the penalties of perjury. See id. The preprinted jurat on
the Form 1040 satisfies the verification requirement of section
6065. See id.
The Code does not define the word “return”. See Mendes v.
Commissioner, 121 T.C. 308, 329 (2003) (Vasquez, J., concurring);
Swanson v. Commissioner, 121 T.C. 111, 122-123 (2003). On the
basis of the Supreme Court’s opinions in Zellerbach Paper Co. v.
Helvering, 293 U.S. 172, 180 (1934), and Florsheim Bros. Drygoods
Co. v. United States, 280 U.S. 453, 464 (1930), in Beard v.
Commissioner, supra at 777, we applied a four-part test (Beard
10
Petitioner contends the “01” code means that the taxpayer
has no filing obligation. However, one printout in Exhibit 37-P
appears to refer to Mrs. Oman’s 2005 year, and the other printout
appears to relate to petitioner’s 2003 taxable year.
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test) for determining whether a taxpayer’s document constitutes a
valid return. To be a valid return, we said the document must
meet the following requirements:
First, there must be sufficient data to calculate [the]
tax liability; second, the document must purport to be
a return; third, there must be an honest and reasonable
attempt to satisfy the requirements of the tax law; and
fourth, the taxpayer must execute the return under
penalties of perjury. [Id.]
We have applied the Beard test in various contexts, including for
purposes of sections 6651(a)(1), 6662(a), and 6011, among others.
Mendes v. Commissioner, supra at 329-330 (Vasquez, J.,
concurring).
Applying the Beard test, this Court has generally held that
a Form 1040 with zeros on every income line is devoid of
financial data and is not a valid return. See, e.g., Turner v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2004-251; Halcott v. Commissioner, T.C.
Memo. 2004-214. We also applied the Beard test when the taxpayer
reported income on one line of the Form 1040 but wrote zeros on
all other lines of income under circumstances that indicated no
intent to file a valid return. See, e.g., Watson v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2007-146 (concluding that a return that
reported income on one line and zeros on other lines and that was
accompanied by an attachment negating the jurat was invalid as it
did not constitute a reasonable attempt to comply with the
requirements of the tax law), affd. 277 Fed. Appx. 450 (5th Cir.
2008). The Beard test has been adopted and used by several U.S.
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Courts of Appeals, often in the context of a bankruptcy case
appeal, to decide whether a particular document is a return filed
by a taxpayer. See, e.g., Colsen v. United States, 446 F.3d 836
(8th Cir. 2006) (whether purported returns filed by a debtor-
taxpayer after the IRS had prepared substitutes for returns and
assessed tax liabilities were returns within the meaning of 11
U.S.C. sec. 523(a)(1)(B)(i)); Moroney v. United States, 352 F.3d
902 (4th Cir. 2003); United States v. Hindenlang, 164 F.3d 1029
(6th Cir. 1999) (whether a substitute for return was a return for
purposes of 11 U.S.C. sec. 523(a)(1)(B)(i)); Bergstrom v. United
States, 949 F.2d 341 (10th Cir. 1991) (same).
Under Golsen v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 742, 757 (1970), affd.
445 F.2d 985 (10th Cir. 1971), we follow any decisions of the
Court of Appeals to which appeal lies that are squarely on point.
In United States v. Long, 618 F.2d 74, 75-76 (9th Cir. 1980),11
the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that in the
context of a criminal prosecution under section 7203,12 a
11
The position of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
that a return containing all zeros constitutes a valid return for
purposes of a sec. 7203 prosecution is contrary to the positions
of several other Courts of Appeals that have considered the
issue. See United States v. Mosel, 738 F.2d 157 (6th Cir. 1984)
(zero income return); United States v. Rickman, 638 F.2d 182
(10th Cir. 1980) (zero income return); United States v. Smith,
618 F.2d 280 (5th Cir. 1980) (zero on every line of the return).
12
Sec. 7203 establishes criminal liability for willful
failure to file returns.
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Form 1040 that contained only zeros in every space for entering
exemptions, income, tax, and tax withheld was a valid return.
In Long, the Court of Appeals reversed the taxpayer’s
conviction for willful failure to file a return on a record that
showed the following: (1) The Government had no record of the
taxpayer’s having filed any returns for the years at issue; (2)
during the years at issue the IRS did not keep copies of
documents that it considered to be invalid returns, including
forms showing only zeros, nor did the IRS keep records of
receiving such documents; (3) the taxpayer, defending against the
prosecution’s position of no return, introduced facsimile copies
of the documents he purportedly filed as returns; (4) the trial
court, sitting as the trier of fact in a nonjury trial, accepted
as a fact that the taxpayer had filed the documents; and (5) the
taxpayer “had inserted zeros in the spaces reserved for entering
exemptions, income, tax, and tax withheld” on the Forms 1040 he
had filed and had attached to the Forms 1040 copies of “a tax
protest tract”. See id. at 75. The Court of Appeals started
with the trial court’s factual finding that the taxpayer “filed
tax forms resembling the facsimiles introduced at trial”, which
the court concluded was not clearly erroneous, and then turned to
the issue of whether, by filing the Forms 1040, the taxpayer
“made a return” for purposes of section 7203. See id. It
decided the issue by applying the principle articulated in United
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States v. Porth, 426 F.2d 519, 523 (10th Cir. 1970), and adopted
by the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in United States v.
Klee, 494 F.2d 394, 397 (9th Cir. 1974)--a tax form that does not
contain any information relating to the taxpayer’s income from
which the tax may be computed is not a valid return under section
7203. See United States v. Long, supra at 75. The Court of
Appeals held that the prosecution did not prove that the taxpayer
was guilty of willfully failing to file a return within the
meaning of section 7203, and it explained its reasoning13 as
follows:
The zeros entered on Long’s tax forms constitute
“information relating to the taxpayer’s income from
which the tax can be computed.” The I.R.S. could
calculate assessments from Long’s strings of zeros,
just as it could if Long had entered other numbers.
The resulting assessments might not reflect Long’s
actual tax liability, but some computation was
possible. In this respect, the circumstances here
differ from those in Porth and similar cases in which
defendants failed to complete tax forms or left them
13
In a footnote, the court distinguished cases in which a
court has held that a purported return stating only a name,
address, occupation, and signature and asserting that the tax law
is unconstitutional, e.g., United States v. Daly, 481 F.2d 28
(8th Cir. 1973), or stating a name, address, an entry claiming a
refund, and a constitutional objection, e.g., United States v.
Irwin, 561 F.2d 198, 201 (10th Cir. 1977), was not a tax return
under the Code. See United States v. Long, 618 F.2d 74, 76 n.3
(9th Cir. 1980). In another footnote, the Court acknowledged
that applying the principle from United States v. Porth, 426 F.2d
519, 523 (10th Cir. 1970), may “leave open the possibility that
certain papers, although conveying information, might
nevertheless not constitute tax returns.” United States v. Long,
supra at 76 n.4.
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blank. Nothing can be calculated from a blank, but a
zero, like other figures, has significance. A return
containing false or misleading figures is still a
return. False figures convey false information, but
they convey information. [Id. at 75-76; fn. refs.
omitted.]
In Conforte v. Commissioner, 692 F.2d 587 (9th Cir. 1982),
affg. in part, revg. in part and remanding 74 T.C. 1160 (1980),
the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit again addressed what
constitutes a “return”, but this time the issue arose under
section 6211, which defines a deficiency, former section 6653(b),
which imposed a 50-percent fraud penalty on any part of an
underpayment due to fraud, and former section 6653(c), which
defined “underpayment” to mean “deficiency” as defined in section
6211. One of the taxpayers argued that she was entitled to a
reduction in the fraud penalties determined by the Commissioner
for amounts that she and her husband had reported on filed Forms
1040. See id. at 590. The Forms 1040 reflected only the
taxpayers’ names, addresses, Social Security numbers, filing
status, exemptions, amounts designated as taxable income, and
computations of income and self-employment tax. Id. at 588. The
taxpayers did not include specific amounts or descriptions for
gross income or deductions on the Forms 1040. Id. at 588-589.
Instead they attached to each form a statement that they were
under investigation by the Government and that they were
asserting their Fifth Amendment privilege against self-
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incrimination with respect to the details of their income and
expenses. See id. at 589.
Before this Court, the taxpayer in Conforte had argued that
the tax shown on the Forms 1040 qualified as an “‘amount shown as
the tax by the taxpayer upon his return’” within the meaning of
section 6211(a)(1)(A). Id. at 590 (quoting section
6211(a)(1)(A)). Alternatively she had argued that the amount of
tax shown on her Forms 1040 represented an amount previously
assessed or collected without assessment within the meaning of
section 6211(a)(1)(B). Conforte v. Commissioner, supra at 590-
591. Relying on Sanders v. Commissioner, 21 T.C. 1012, 1018
(1954), affd. 225 F.2d 629 (10th Cir. 1955), this Court rejected
both arguments, concluding that none of the Forms 1040 qualified
as returns because the documents did not state specifically the
amounts of gross income or the deductions and credits taken into
account in computing taxable income. See Conforte v.
Commissioner, supra at 591. The Commissioner, relying on United
States v. Long, 618 F.2d 74 (9th Cir. 1980), argued that for a
Form 1040 to be recognized as a return for tax purposes, it must
set forth sufficient information relating to the taxpayer’s
income from which the tax can be computed. See Conforte v.
Commissioner, supra at 591.
The Court of Appeals in Conforte distinguished Long because
Long decided whether the taxpayer had made a return for purposes
- 23 -
of section 7203. See id. It rejected the idea that the term
“return” has the same meaning under all sections of the Code,
acknowledging instead “the possibility that the same word could
have a different meaning in different parts of the code.” Id.
It concluded that “where, as here, a word could well have a
different meaning in different statutory contexts, a purpose-
oriented approach should be used when interpreting the meaning of
the word as it is used in different sections of the Code.” Id.
Applying the described approach, the Court of Appeals held that
the Forms 1040 were returns for purposes of the calculations
required by section 6211 and former section 6653(b) and (c). See
id. at 592.
The approach of the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
regarding what constitutes a “return”, as reflected in United
States v. Long, supra, and clarified in Conforte v. Commissioner,
supra, requires us to examine the purpose behind the relevant
Code section under which the issue arises. In this case, the
issue arises under section 6651(a)(1), which authorizes an
addition to tax when a taxpayer fails to file a timely return.
We can discern from a simple reading of section 6651(a)(1) that
Congress clearly intended to impose the addition to tax whenever
a taxpayer fails to satisfy the taxpayer’s obligation to file a
proper return by its due date. We can also discern that a
provision like section 6651(a)(1) was designed to facilitate the
- 24 -
orderly administration of Federal tax law by the Commissioner. A
Form 1040 on which a taxpayer fails to make an honest and
reasonable attempt to comply with the tax law, such as the
claiming of withholding without any reported wages or taxable
distributions, is not a document that is worthy of being
processed as a return, and the IRS routinely takes the position
that such a Form 1040 is not a return for purposes of section
6651(a)(1). It is this scenario that respondent contends is
presented here. In a case like this one, we apply the Beard test
in deciding whether a document qualifies as a return for purposes
of section 6651(a)(1). See, e.g., Cabirac v. Commissioner, 120
T.C. 163, 168-170 (2003); Janpol v. Commissioner, 102 T.C. 499,
503, 505 (1994).
We note that the Court of Appeals has applied the Beard test
under different circumstances to decide whether a document
qualified as a return and has described the Beard test as
providing “a sound approach under both the Bankruptcy Code and
the [Code].” United States v. Hatton, 220 F.3d 1057, 1060-1061
(9th Cir. 2000). Consequently, we conclude that the Beard test
is not inconsistent with the purpose-oriented approach of
Conforte, and we shall apply it here.14
14
In Coulton v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2005-199, a
deficiency case in which the taxpayer filed a return containing
zeros on each line regarding income and tax, we distinguished
United States v. Long, 618 F.2d 74 (9th Cir. 1980), on the ground
(continued...)
- 25 -
3. The Application of the Beard Test
Respondent contends that the Form 1040 fails the first and
third parts of the Beard test because it does not contain
sufficient information to calculate tax liability and it is not
an honest and reasonable attempt to satisfy the requirements of
the tax law. We agree and explain our reasoning below.
Part one of the Beard test considers whether the purported
return contains sufficient data to calculate the tax liability.
See Beard v. Commissioner, 82 T.C. at 777. Although an incorrect
return is not necessarily an invalid return, see Zellerbach Paper
Co. v. Helvering, 293 U.S. at 180 (“Perfect accuracy or
completeness is not necessary to rescue a return from nullity, if
it purports to be a return, is sworn to as such * * *, and
evinces an honest and genuine endeavor to satisfy the law.”), we
have held that returns containing zero entries on every line
regarding income are devoid of financial data and therefore are
14
(...continued)
that it involved a criminal statute, sec. 7203. We concluded
that Long was not squarely on point, and we applied the Beard
test to decide whether the taxpayer’s purported return was a
valid return. See Coulton v. Commissioner, supra; see also
Golsen v. Commissioner, 54 T.C. 742, 757 (1970), affd. 445 F.2d
985 (10th Cir. 1971). As in Coulton, we are not faced with a
prosecution under sec. 7203. Instead we are considering the
validity of a purported return in the context of a civil tax
deficiency proceeding in which one of the issues is whether
petitioner is liable for the sec. 6651(a)(1) addition to tax for
failing to file a timely return.
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invalid, see, e.g., Turner v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2004-251;
Halcott v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2004-214.
At first glance, it appears that petitioner’s purported
return is not a zero income return because petitioner reported a
$1,419 IRA distribution. In addition, petitioner and Mrs. Oman
claimed joint return filing status, dependency exemption
deductions, and the standard deduction, and they inserted their
Social Security numbers. Nevertheless, petitioner’s return on
its face lacks information sufficient to apprise respondent of
his and Mrs. Oman’s Federal income tax liability because it shows
$6,055 tax withheld but contains no information as to income from
which such tax was purportedly withheld. Specifically, the
return shows zeros for wages, pension distributions, or dividends
from which the $6,055 tax could have been withheld and reports no
Federal income tax liability despite the one income entry.
Accordingly, we conclude petitioner’s 2005 Form 1040, on its
face, does not contain sufficient data to calculate petitioner’s
tax liability and fails part one of the Beard test.
Part three of the Beard test considers whether the taxpayer
made an honest and reasonable attempt to satisfy the requirements
of the tax law. See Beard v. Commissioner, supra at 777.
Respondent contends that the Form 1040 fails part three of the
Beard test because of the “assertion of the Fifth Amendment as
protecting him from having the government use the forms he
- 27 -
submitted as evidence against him”. For reasons set forth below,
we do not limit our analysis to petitioner’s asserted Fifth
Amendment position.
This Court and the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
have examined the taxpayer’s intent and the facts and
circumstances surrounding the filing of the document purporting
to be the taxpayer’s return in deciding whether a taxpayer has
satisfied part three of the Beard test. See United States v.
Hatton, supra at 1060-1061 (considering as part of the third part
of the Beard test the fact that the taxpayer filed the return
only after the Commissioner contacted him); Dunham v.
Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1998-52 (considering the taxpayer’s
background and intent under the third part of the Beard test).
In applying part three of the Beard test, we consider that
petitioner received wages during 2005, he failed to report those
wages, and he claimed he had no obligation to report his earned
income on a return.15 As discussed above, we have previously
rejected similar arguments as frivolous. See Beard v.
Commissioner, supra at 767, 773; see also Rowlee v. Commissioner,
80 T.C. 1111, 1120-1121 (1983).
Our conclusion regarding petitioner’s intent with respect to
his purported 2005 return is also supported by petitioner’s
15
At trial petitioner argued the amounts he received in
exchange for services did not meet the definition of “wages”
because he received property in exchange for property.
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behavior after he filed the purported return. On July 31, 2006,
less than 4 months after filing the 2005 return, petitioner
mailed to respondent a letter requesting an explanation of
respondent’s authority to issue notices and to make assessments
and legal determinations against petitioner and giving respondent
30 days to reply.16 Petitioner also asked respondent what Code
section requires him to enclose documentation to support the
entries on the return and what Code section defines income.
Petitioner then instructed respondent to mail the answer to his
address in “Nevada Republic [no ZIP Code]”. The letter
concluded: “If [the response] is addressed any other way than
exactly as above I will know that the letter is intended for a
fiction and you are trying to trick Me into abandoning my common
law jurisdiction to enter your commercial, admirality [sic],
color of law jurisdiction.”
The rhetoric of petitioner’s July 31, 2006, letter, which
was nearly contemporaneous with the time of filing the 2005
return, raises serious doubts that the notice, while not a
blanket Fifth Amendment claim, was drafted and attached to the
2005 return in good faith. The July 31, 2006, letter is one of
11 similar letters in the record that petitioner mailed to
respondent from July 31, 2006, through October 12, 2008. We find
that the notice and the purported return to which it was attached
16
Petitioner continues this line of argument on brief.
- 29 -
were part of a pattern of communications of meritless content
that petitioner mailed to respondent evincing an intent on
petitioner’s part not to comply with his tax obligations. We
further find that petitioner’s purported 2005 return was not an
honest and reasonable attempt to satisfy the requirements of the
tax law, and we conclude that it fails part three of the Beard
test. Because petitioner’s purported 2005 return fails the first
and third parts of the Beard test, we conclude it was not a valid
return, and we sustain respondent’s determination to disregard
it.
C. Additions to Tax
1. Burden of Production
Section 7491(c) provides that the Commissioner bears the
burden of production in any court proceeding with respect to the
liability of any individual for any penalty, addition to tax, or
additional amount. The Commissioner’s burden of production under
section 7491(c) is to produce evidence that imposing the relevant
penalty or addition to tax is appropriate. Swain v.
Commissioner, 118 T.C. 358, 363 (2002). The taxpayer bears the
burden of introducing evidence regarding reasonable cause or a
similar defense. Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 446
(2001).
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2. Section 6651(a)(1)
Section 6651(a)(1) imposes an addition to tax for failure to
file a return timely in the amount of 5 percent of the tax
required to be shown on the return for each month during which
such failure continues, not to exceed 25 percent in the
aggregate, unless it is shown that such failure is due to
reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect.
Respondent satisfied his burden of production under section
7491(c) by introducing an excerpt from petitioner’s transcript
that contained third-party information returns data relating to
petitioner’s income and a copy of the 2005 return that respondent
determined was unprocessable. Accordingly, petitioner was
required to introduce evidence to prove that his failure to file
a valid return was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful
neglect. See sec. 6651(a)(1); Rule 142(a). Petitioner did not
argue that his failure to file a valid return was due to
reasonable cause, and he presented no credible evidence on the
issue. Accordingly, we hold that petitioner is liable for the
addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1).
3. Section 6651(a)(2)
Section 6651(a)(2) imposes an addition to tax for failure to
pay timely the amount of tax shown on a return. The section
6651(a)(2) addition to tax applies only when an amount of tax is
shown on a return. Cabirac v. Commissioner, 120 T.C. at 170.
- 31 -
Petitioner did not file a valid 2005 return. However, respondent
prepared a substitute for return under section 6020(b) for 2005.
A return made by the Secretary under section 6020(b) is treated
as the return filed by the taxpayer for purposes of determining
whether the section 6651(a)(2) addition to tax applies. Sec.
6651(g)(2); Wheeler v. Commissioner, 127 T.C. 200, 208-209
(2006), affd. 521 F.3d 1289 (10th Cir. 2008).
Where the taxpayer did not file a valid return, to satisfy
his burden of production for the section 6651(a)(2) addition to
tax the Commissioner must introduce evidence that he prepared a
substitute for return satisfying the requirements under section
6020(b). Wheeler v. Commissioner, supra at 209. Respondent
satisfied this burden by introducing into evidence an IRC Section
6020(b) Certification. Consequently, petitioner had the burden
of introducing evidence to show that his failure to pay was due
to reasonable cause. He did not do so. Petitioner did not
advance any argument regarding the section 6651(a)(2) addition to
tax and introduced no credible evidence to show reasonable cause
for his failure to pay tax shown on the return. Accordingly, we
sustain respondent’s determination with respect to the addition
to tax under section 6651(a)(2).
4. Section 6654
Section 6654 imposes an addition to tax for underpayment of
a required installment of estimated tax. Each required
- 32 -
installment of estimated tax is equal to 25 percent of the
“required annual payment”, which in turn is equal to the lesser
of (1) 90 percent of the tax shown on the taxpayer’s return for
that year (or, if no return is filed, 90 percent of his or her
tax for such year), or (2) if the taxpayer filed a return for the
immediately preceding taxable year, 100 percent of the tax shown
on that return. Sec. 6654(d)(1)(A) and (B).
Respondent introduced evidence that petitioner was required
to file a Federal income tax return for 2005 and that the return
he filed was invalid. Despite petitioner’s claim on the 2005
return that tax of $6,055 was withheld, respondent’s records show
no such withholding. Petitioner made no other payments for 2005.
Respondent also introduced into evidence petitioner’s return for
2004 showing a $4,764 tax liability. This satisfies respondent’s
burden of production under section 7491(c) by showing that
petitioner had a required annual payment of estimated tax for
2005. We also find that petitioner does not qualify for any of
the exceptions of section 6654(e). Petitioner presented no
argument with respect to section 6654. Therefore, we sustain
respondent’s determination that petitioner is liable for the
addition to tax under section 6654(a).
II. Collection Proceeding Regarding Petitioner’s 2004 Tax
Liability
Section 6330(a) provides that no levy may be made on any
property or right to property of any person unless the Secretary
- 33 -
has notified such person in writing of the right to a hearing
before the levy is made. If the person requests a hearing, a
hearing shall be held before an impartial officer or employee of
the IRS Appeals Office. Sec. 6330(b)(1), (3). At the hearing a
taxpayer may raise any relevant issue, including appropriate
spousal defenses, challenges to the appropriateness of the
collection action, and collection alternatives. Sec.
6330(c)(2)(A). A taxpayer may contest the existence or amount of
the underlying tax liability at the hearing if the taxpayer did
not receive a notice of deficiency for the tax liability or did
not otherwise have an earlier opportunity to dispute the tax
liability. Sec. 6330(c)(2)(B); see also Sego v. Commissioner,
114 T.C. 604, 609 (2000).
Following a hearing, the Appeals Office must determine
whether the proposed levy may proceed. The Appeals Office is
required to take into consideration: (1) Verification presented
by the Secretary that the requirements of applicable law and
administrative procedure have been met, (2) relevant issues
raised by the taxpayer, and (3) whether the proposed levy action
appropriately balances the need for efficient collection of taxes
with a taxpayer’s concerns regarding the intrusiveness of the
proposed levy action. Sec. 6330(c)(3).
Section 6330(d)(1) grants this Court jurisdiction to review
the determination made by the Appeals Office in connection with
- 34 -
the section 6330 hearing. Where the validity of the underlying
liability is properly at issue, the Court reviews the matter on a
de novo basis. Sego v. Commissioner, supra at 610; Goza v.
Commissioner, 114 T.C. 176, 181-182 (2000). Where the underlying
tax liability is not in dispute, the Court reviews the Appeals
Office’s determination for abuse of discretion. Sego v.
Commissioner, supra at 610; Goza v. Commissioner, supra at 182.
An abuse of discretion occurs if the Appeals Office exercises its
discretion “arbitrarily, capriciously, or without sound basis in
fact or law.” Woodral v. Commissioner, 112 T.C. 19, 23 (1999).
Petitioner contends that respondent misled him by
instructing him not to take further action when he contacted
respondent after receiving the notice of deficiency for 2005.
However, petitioner stipulated the notice of deficiency and does
not deny that he received it. The notice of deficiency states:
“The time in which you must file a petition with the court (90
days or 150 days as the case may be) is fixed by law and the
Court cannot consider your case if the petition is filed late.”
Petitioner testified that he read the notice of deficiency upon
receipt and remembered the language regarding the time for filing
a petition. Petitioner may not now hide behind respondent’s form
letters because the notice of deficiency contained clear
instructions on what petitioner had to do to contest the 2004
liability. Because petitioner failed to dispute the underlying
- 35 -
liability by filing a timely petition, section 6330(c)(2)(B)
precludes him from contesting the validity of the underlying tax
liability during the section 6330 hearing and in this proceeding.
Accordingly, we review respondent’s determination for abuse of
discretion.
In his petition petitioner does not raise any meritorious
arguments. During trial petitioner contended that although he
requested a face-to-face hearing, he did not receive any hearing.
Petitioner contends that respondent improperly interpreted the
phrase “Please contact me in writing” on the Form 12153 as
petitioner’s request for a hearing by correspondence.
Petitioner’s claimed misunderstanding of the Form 12153 is
understandable. Line 3 of the Form 12153 asks for a taxpayer’s
phone number and the best time to call. It does not indicate
that it is intended to be the means by which a taxpayer selects a
hearing format, nor does it indicate that by providing a phone
number the taxpayer is requesting a telephone hearing or that, in
petitioner’s case, by requesting a contact in writing, he selects
a hearing by correspondence. The Form 12153 in fact has no box
to check or area to write in to indicate the preferred format of
a requested hearing. Nevertheless, even if petitioner
unknowingly requested a hearing by correspondence and later
clarified he wanted a face-to-face hearing, we conclude that
respondent did not abuse his discretion in denying petitioner a
- 36 -
face-to-face hearing and that petitioner received a proper
section 6330 hearing.
Generally, because a hearing under section 6330 is an
informal proceeding, a face-to-face hearing is not mandatory.
See Katz v. Commissioner, 115 T.C. 329, 337 (2000); Davis v.
Commissioner, 115 T.C. 35, 41 (2000); Clough v. Commissioner,
T.C. Memo. 2007-106. While a section 6330 hearing may be held
face-to-face, a proper hearing may be conducted by telephone or
correspondence in certain circumstances. Katz v. Commissioner,
supra at 337-338; see also Clough v. Commissioner, supra. A
hearing by correspondence consists of one or more written or oral
communications between an Appeals officer or employee and the
taxpayer. Sec. 301.6330-1(d)(2), Q&A-D6, Proced. & Admin. Regs.
All communications between the taxpayer and the Appeals officer
from the time of the hearing request up to the time of the
issuance of the notice of determination constitute part of the
section 6330 hearing. See Turner v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.
2010-44; Middleton v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2007-120.
The record establishes that petitioner submitted his Form
12153 on November 19, 2007. Petitioner did not request a face-
to-face hearing on his Form 12153 but did so by letter dated
April 4, 2008. In the April 4, 2008, letter petitioner stated
that respondent had repeatedly refused to answer his questions
regarding Code sections that define income and property received
- 37 -
as income and establish respondent’s “Delegated Constitutional
and Legislated Lawful authority”. The letter contained
meaningless language, for example: “I do hereby give you notice
that you, and all you are, are Fired from any and all
representation of my private affairs without recourse”. Other
than stating that his inability to discuss the underlying
liability at the hearing is unfair, petitioner did not describe
in his request for a face-to-face hearing what he intended to
discuss at the hearing, nor did he offer collection alternatives.
Ms. Chavez informed petitioner by letter dated April 11, 2008,
that his request for a face-to-face hearing was denied.
On April 30, 2008, petitioner sent another letter to Ms.
Chavez that was similar to the April 4, 2008, letter. Petitioner
pointed out that the Form 12153 was confusing because it did not
state that by selecting the method of contact, he was actually
selecting the format of the section 6330 hearing. Petitioner
included the 2005 and 2006 Forms 1040. As discussed above, the
2005 Form 1040 was an invalid return and the 2006 Form 1040 was a
zero income return. Again, petitioner did not identify any
issues he would discuss at the hearing, nor did he propose
collection alternatives or submit a completed Form 433-A, as Ms.
Chavez had requested. We conclude that respondent did not err in
refusing to grant petitioner a face-to-face hearing and that the
- 38 -
correspondence between petitioner and Ms. Chavez constituted a
proper section 6330 hearing.
In his petition and at trial petitioner did not pursue any
meritorious argument, nor did he introduce any credible evidence
that would allow us to conclude that the determination to sustain
the levy was arbitrary, capricious, without foundation in fact or
law, or otherwise an abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Giamelli v.
Commissioner, 129 T.C. 107, 112, 115-116 (2007). The Appeals
Office verified that all requirements of applicable law or
administrative procedure were met. It balanced the need for
efficient collection of taxes with petitioner’s concerns that the
collection action be no more intrusive than necessary.
Accordingly, we conclude that respondent did not abuse his
discretion in sustaining the collection action.
We have considered all of the arguments raised by either
party, and to the extent not discussed above, we find them to be
irrelevant or without merit.17
17
Sec. 6673(a)(1) provides that this Court may require the
taxpayer to pay a penalty not in excess of $25,000 whenever it
appears to this Court that: (a) The proceedings were instituted
or maintained by the taxpayer primarily for delay, (b) the
taxpayer’s position is frivolous or groundless, or (c) the
taxpayer unreasonably failed to pursue available administrative
remedies. Respondent did not request that we impose a penalty
pursuant to sec. 6673, and in the exercise of our discretion we
will not impose a sec. 6673 penalty on petitioner. However, we
warn petitioner that if in the future he maintains groundless
positions in this Court, he runs the risk that he will be
sanctioned in accordance with sec. 6673(a)(1).
- 39 -
To reflect the foregoing,
Decision will be entered under
Rule 155 in docket No. 18413-08.
Decision will be entered for
respondent in docket No. 18421-08L.