T.C. Memo. 2011-150
UNITED STATES TAX COURT
MINOR L. MCNEIL, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
MINOR LEE MCNEIL, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent
Docket Nos. 4176-10, 12004-10L.1 Filed June 28, 2011.
Minor Lee McNeil, pro se.
G. Chad Barton, for respondent.
MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION
LARO, Judge: By notices of deficiency dated February 3,
2010, respondent determined deficiencies and additions to tax in
petitioner’s 2006 and 2007 Federal income taxes as follows:
1
These cases were consolidated for purposes of trial,
briefing, and opinion.
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Additions to Tax
Year Deficiency Sec. 6651(a)(1) Sec. 6651(a)(2) Sec. 6654
2006 $16,479 $884 $648 $120
2007 15,007 1,842 860 338
Respondent also determined that petitioner was liable for
penalties under section 6702(a)2 for filing frivolous 2006 and
2007 Federal income tax returns; penalties which petitioner has
yet to pay. By notice of determination dated May 11, 2010,
respondent’s Office of Appeals (Appeals) sustained a proposed
levy upon petitioner’s property to collect the unpaid frivolous
return penalties. Petitioner filed with the Court two separate
petitions, one in response to the notices of deficiency and the
second in response to the notice of determination.
After concessions,3 we decide whether: (1) Petitioner had
unreported wages of $86,202 in 2006 and $59,145 in 2007; (2)
petitioner is liable for an addition to tax under section
6651(a)(1) for 2006 and 2007; (3) petitioner is liable for an
addition to tax under section 6651(a)(2) for 2006 and 2007; (4)
2
Section references are to the applicable version of the
Internal Revenue Code (Code), and Rule references are to the Tax
Court Rules of Practice and Procedure. Some dollar amounts are
rounded.
3
Respondent concedes that petitioner is not liable for an
addition to tax under sec. 6654 for 2006. As set forth in the
notice of deficiency at docket No. 4176-10, respondent also
determined that petitioner received $33 in dividends in 2006,
$16,829 from an individual retirement account in 2007, $25 in
interest in 2007, and $40 in qualified dividends in 2007. These
issues were not raised on brief or at trial and are deemed
conceded under Rule 34(b)(4).
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petitioner is liable for an addition to tax under section 6654
for 2007; (5) respondent properly assessed section 6702 frivolous
return penalties against petitioner for 2006 and 2007; and (6)
Appeals abused its discretion in determining to proceed with
collection by levy of the frivolous return penalties.
FINDINGS OF FACT
The parties did not file a written stipulation of facts. At
the time the petitions were filed, petitioner lived in Arkansas.
During 2006 petitioner was paid wages of $86,202 for
services he performed as a nurse with Carolinas Healthcare System
(CHS). Continuing his work as a nurse during 2007, petitioner
was paid wages of $11,416 by CHS and $47,729 by the University of
Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS). Petitioner received Forms
W-2, Wage and Tax Statement, from CHS and UAMS for the wages he
received in 2006 and 2007. He does not dispute having received
these payments.
On May 14, 2007, respondent received from petitioner a
purported income tax return for 2006. That purported return was
completed on a Form 1040EZ, Income Tax Return for Single and
Joint Filers With No Dependents, and reported zero income,
withholding of $12,553, and a $12,553 refund due to petitioner.
On June 10, 2008, respondent received from petitioner a purported
income tax return for 2007. That purported return was completed
on a Form 1040EZ, and reported zero income, withholding of
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$6,822, and a $6,822 refund due to petitioner. Attached to the
purported 2006 and 2007 returns were Forms 4852, Substitute for
Form W-2, Wage and Tax Statement, which petitioner had prepared.
Both Forms 4852 stated that petitioner had received no wages in
2006 and 2007 and that he made such a determination by reviewing
the Forms W-2 which he had received from CHS and UAMS.
On October 14, 2008, respondent mailed to petitioner
separate letters which stated that respondent had determined that
petitioner’s purported 2006 and 2007 tax returns were frivolous
submissions. Respondent warned that a $5,000 penalty for each
year would be assessed against petitioner under section 6702 if
petitioner did not file corrected returns with respondent within
30 days. Petitioner did not file a corrected return for 2006 or
2007, and respondent assessed a $5,000 penalty against petitioner
for each year.
Having not received corrected returns from petitioner for
2006 and 2007, respondent prepared a substitute for return on
petitioner’s behalf for each of those years. See sec. 6020(b).
Petitioner has yet to pay the taxes reported as due on those
substitutes for returns. On February 3, 2010, respondent issued
to petitioner separate notices of deficiency for 2006 and 2007.
Attached to the notices of deficiency were Forms 4549, Income Tax
Examination Changes, on which respondent calculated petitioner’s
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2006 and 2007 Federal taxable income using a filing status of
married filing separately.
Following assessment of petitioner’s frivolous return
penalties for 2006 and 2007, respondent demanded payment from
petitioner to satisfy those liabilities by a separate letter for
each year on August 17, 2009. Respondent subsequently issued to
petitioner a Notice of Intent to Levy and Notice of Your Right to
a Hearing, with regard to those frivolous return penalties.
Petitioner requested a collection due process (CDP) hearing with
Appeals by filing Form 12153, Request for a Collection Due
Process or Equivalent Hearing, in December 2009. On that Form
12153 petitioner stated that he disagreed with the proposed levy
because he “had no income”. He did not propose a collection
alternative to the proposed levy.
On April 28, 2010, a settlement officer in Appeals held a
telephone hearing with petitioner. The settlement officer
confirmed with petitioner that the sole issue to be resolved in
the CDP hearing was whether petitioner had earned income in 2006
and 2007. The settlement officer noted that petitioner’s
purported 2006 and 2007 returns contained all zeros with the
exception of the section on which withholding was reported. The
settlement officer also determined that the purported 2006 and
2007 returns were frivolous. Petitioner continued to raise
frivolous arguments despite a warning from the settlement officer
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not to do so, and the settlement officer ended the CDP hearing.
On May 11, 2010, respondent issued to petitioner a notice of
determination sustaining respondent’s proposed levy to collect
from petitioner the penalties under section 6702.
Petitioner petitioned the Court separately in response to
the notices of deficiency and notice of determination. A trial
was held on January 11, 2011, during which petitioner was the
only witness to testify.
OPINION
I. Petitioner’s Arguments
Petitioner advanced a number of frivolous claims in his
petition, at trial, and on brief. Similar arguments have been
considered and rejected by this Court and the U.S. Court of
Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, the court to which an appeal in
this case would normally lie. See, e.g., United States v.
Gerads, 999 F.2d 1255, 1256 (8th Cir. 1993); Funk v.
Commissioner, 687 F.2d 264, 265 (8th Cir. 1982), affg. per curiam
T.C. Memo. 1981-506; see also Avery v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.
2007-60, affd. 399 Fed. Appx. 195 (9th Cir. 2010). First,
petitioner argues that he is exempt from Federal income tax under
section 7806(b).4 He reads section 7806(b) to mean that tax laws
4
Sec. 7806(b) provides that “No inference, implication, or
presumption of legislative construction shall be drawn or made by
reason of the location or grouping of any particular section or
provision or portion of * * * [the Code]”.
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have no legal effect. We find this to be a patently incorrect
interpretation of section 7806 which garners no legal or logical
support. We hold without further comment that section 7806 does
not exempt petitioner from Federal income tax.
Second, petitioner argues the notices of deficiency which
respondent issued to him are invalid because subtitle A of the
Code, which prescribes rules regarding the imposition of income
taxes, ended in 1954. Petitioner reads section 7851(a)(1) to
mean that subtitle A of the Code ended on the date it was
enacted.5 In so doing, petitioner misinterprets the law.
Section 7851(a)(1)(C) provides that any provision of subtitle A
which is stated in terms of a specific date occurring after
December 31, 1953, “shall apply” to taxable years ending after
such date. See Holliday v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2005-240.
Thus, we disagree with petitioner that the individual income tax
was repealed in 1954.
Third, petitioner argues that he did not receive “wages” as
defined by applicable law. Courts have considered and repeatedly
rejected similar arguments as frivolous. See, e.g., United
States v. Gerads, supra at 1256; Funk v. Commissioner, supra at
265; Robert v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2010-40. As discussed
more fully below, we find that wages petitioner earned in 2006
5
Sec. 7851(a)(1)(A) provides that subtit. A of the Code
applies only to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1953, and
ending after Aug. 16, 1954.
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and 2007 are compensation for services contemplated by section 61
and taxable to him as income.
Fourth, petitioner argues that documents which we declined
to admit into evidence were required to be admitted under the
Apostille Treaty.6 We understand petitioner to refer to the
Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for
Foreign Public Documents, art. 1, Oct. 5, 1961, 33 U.S.T. 883,
colloquially referred to as the Apostille Treaty (treaty).
Article 1 of the treaty applies to public documents that were
executed in the territory of one contracting state and which must
be produced in the territory of another contracting state. Each
signatory country to a treaty is referred to as a contracting
state. See, e.g., Natl. Westminster Bank, PLC v. United States,
44 Fed. Cl. 120, 122 (1999). Contrary to petitioner’s assertion,
the United States is a contracting state to the treaty, but
Arkansas is not. Arkansas is a part of the United States and has
been since June 15, 1836, when it became the 25th State to join
the Union. Other than a brief secession during the Civil War,
Arkansas is and has remained a part of the United States. See
Little Rock, Ark., Arkansas Ordinance of Secession (May 6, 1861).
Petitioner’s documents are outside the scope of the treaty.
6
Among the documents petitioner attempted to have admitted
were his pretrial memorandum, a press release dated Nov. 7, 2002,
a sworn statement by him dated Dec. 10, 2010, and notices of
intervention filed by an individual in the U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Tenth Circuit unrelated to these cases.
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The balance of petitioner’s arguments are unintelligible
shopworn tax-protester rhetoric which we have considered and now
reject as baseless. We need not address these assertions with
somber reasoning and copious citation of precedent because to do
so might suggest that they have some colorable merit. Crain v.
Commissioner, 737 F.2d 1417, 1417-1418 (5th Cir. 1984); Williams
v. Commissioner, 114 T.C. 136, 139 (2000).
II. Unreported Wage Income
The Commissioner’s determinations in a notice of deficiency
are generally presumed correct. Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S.
111, 115 (1933); Jones v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1994-230,
affd. without published opinion 68 F.3d 430 (4th Cir. 1995).
Where, as here, the Commissioner determines that a taxpayer has
received unreported income, section 6201(d) requires the
Commissioner to supplement the information return with additional
reasonable and probative information in certain circumstances.
Section 6201(d) applies if the taxpayer (1) asserts a reasonable
dispute with regard to income reported on an information return,
and (2) has fully cooperated with the Commissioner. Petitioner
has not alleged that section 6201(d) applies to this case, nor do
we find that he has fully cooperated with respondent.7
Accordingly, petitioner bears the burden of proof.
7
Petitioner does not assert, nor would we conclude, that the
burden of proof as to factual matters should shift to respondent
under sec. 7491(a).
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Section 61(a) defines gross income as “all income from
whatever source derived, including (but not limited to) * * *
Compensation for services, including fees, commissions, fringe
benefits, and similar items”. Sec. 61(a)(1). Respondent relied
on third-party information returns to determine that petitioner
received wages of $86,202 and $59,415 in 2006 and 2007,
respectively. Respondent introduced at trial Forms W-2 provided
by CHS and UAMS and used by respondent to prepare the substitutes
for returns. Petitioner has not produced any credible evidence
to dispute his receipt of wages in 2006 or 2007. We therefore
sustain respondent’s determination that in 2006 and 2007
petitioner received wages of $86,202 and $59,415, respectively.
III. Section 6651(a)(1) Addition to Tax
Section 6011 generally requires any person liable for tax to
make a return when required, and to set forth fully and clearly
the information required to be included on the return. See sec.
301.6011-1(b), Proced. & Admin. Regs. Among other requirements,
a valid return must contain sufficient information to enable the
Commissioner to calculate the taxpayer’s tax liability. See
Beard v. Commissioner, 82 T.C. 766, 777 (1984), affd. 793 F.2d
139 (6th Cir. 1986). It is well settled that a return comprising
mostly zeros does not provide, or evince an honest and reasonable
intent to provide, the Commissioner with adequate information to
calculate a taxpayer’s tax liability. See Holmes v.
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Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2011-31; see also United States v.
Grabinski, 727 F.2d 681, 687 (8th Cir. 1984). We thus treat the
filing of an invalid return as the equivalent of not filing a
return for purposes of section 6651(a)(1). See Cabirac v.
Commissioner, 120 T.C. 163, 169 (2003); Oman v. Commissioner,
T.C. Memo. 2010-276.
Section 6651(a)(1) imposes an addition to tax for failure to
file a return by its due date, unless the taxpayer demonstrates
that the failure to file was due to reasonable cause and not due
to willful neglect. Reasonable cause may exist if a taxpayer
exercised ordinary business care and prudence and was nonetheless
unable to file the return within the time prescribed by law.
Sec. 301.6651-1(c)(1), Proced. & Admin. Regs. Willful neglect
connotes a taxpayer’s “conscious, intentional failure or reckless
indifference” to timely file a return. United States v. Boyle,
469 U.S. 241, 245 (1985). The addition to tax equals 5 percent
for each month that the return is late, but may not exceed 25
percent in total. Sec. 6651(a)(1).
Respondent bears the burden of production with respect to
the addition to tax under section 6651(a)(1). See sec. 7491(c);
Higbee v. Commissioner, 116 T.C. 438, 446-447 (2001). To meet
this burden, respondent must produce sufficient evidence that it
is appropriate to impose this addition to tax. Once respondent
has met his burden, the burden of proof as to reasonable cause or
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other mitigating factors shifts to petitioner. See Higbee v.
Commissioner, supra at 447.
Respondent introduced evidence at trial that petitioner
submitted purported returns for 2006 and 2007 comprising mostly
zeros. The Forms 4852 which petitioner attached to those
purported returns similarly lacked sufficient information which
would allow respondent to compute petitioner’s tax liabilities.
We find that petitioner’s purported returns were not valid for
purposes of section 6651(a)(1) because they did not include the
necessary information to calculate petitioner’s Federal income
tax liabilities. Respondent has therefore met his burden of
production as to the section 6651(a)(1) addition to tax.
Petitioner has not offered any credible reason for his failure to
file valid returns for 2006 and 2007, and he has not produced any
evidence to establish the existence of reasonable cause that
would otherwise excuse his failure to file valid returns for
those years. To the con6+trary, petitioner’s tax-protester
rhetoric leads us to conclude that his failure to file valid 2006
and 2007 returns was conscious, intentional, and recklessly
indifferent. We therefore hold petitioner liable for additions
to tax under section 6651(a)(1) for 2006 and 2007.
IV. Section 6651(a)(2) Addition to Tax
Section 6651(a)(2) generally imposes an addition to tax for
a failure to pay timely the amount of tax shown on a Federal
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income tax return. Because petitioner did not file a valid
Federal income tax return for 2006 or 2007, respondent prepared
substitutes for returns for those years. A return prepared by
the Commissioner in compliance with section 6020(b) is treated as
a return filed by the taxpayer for purposes of section
6651(a)(2). See sec. 6651(g)(2); Wheeler v. Commissioner, 127
T.C. 200, 208-209 (2006), affd. 521 F.3d 1289 (10th Cir. 2008);
see also Smith v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2000-290.
At trial respondent introduced copies of the substitutes for
returns which were prepared on petitioner’s behalf and certified
that those substitutes for returns were valid under section
6020(b). Respondent also included copies of the Forms 4549 on
which petitioner’s income tax liabilities were calculated and
account transcripts which proved that petitioner had made no
payments against his 2006 or 2007 tax liability other than
amounts withheld by CHS and UAMS. Accordingly, we find that
respondent produced sufficient evidence that petitioner is liable
for an addition to tax under section 6651(a)(2).
Petitioner does not allege that his failure to pay was due
to reasonable cause and not willful neglect. See sec.
6651(a)(2). Nor did he establish that he exercised ordinary
business care or that he would have suffered undue hardship if
made to pay his tax liability. See sec. 301.6651-1(c)(1),
Proced. & Admin. Regs. Moreover, we find that petitioner acted
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with reckless indifference by declining to pay his 2006 and 2007
taxes even though he earned more than $145,000 during those
years. Therefore, we hold that petitioner is liable for an
addition to tax under section 6651(a)(2) for 2006 and 2007.
V. Section 6654(a) Addition to Tax
Section 6654(a) imposes an addition to tax on an individual
taxpayer who underpays a required installment of estimated tax.
That addition to tax is determined by reference to four required
installment payments of the taxpayer’s estimated tax liability.
Sec. 6654(c)(1). For a taxpayer to avoid an addition to tax
under section 6654, each required installment of estimated tax
must equal 25 percent of the “required annual payment.” Sec.
6654(d)(1)(A). Where no return is filed in the preceding year,
the required annual payment is equal to 90 percent of the tax
shown on the taxpayer’s return for the current year (or, if no
return is filed, 90 percent of the tax due for such year). Sec.
6654(d)(1)(B). Respondent must prove that imposition of the
section 6654 addition to tax is appropriate. See sec. 7491(c).
Respondent introduced evidence at trial which proved that
petitioner was required to file a Federal income tax return for
2007, that he did not file a valid 2007 return, and that he did
not make any estimated tax payments for 2007. Included among
that evidence was a Form 4549 and an explanation of the estimated
tax penalty. Petitioner does not assert, and we do not find,
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that any of the statutory exceptions in section 6654(e) applies
to eliminate petitioner’s liability for an addition to tax under
section 6654(a). Accordingly, we hold that petitioner is liable
for an addition to tax under section 6654 for 2007.
VI. Section 6702 Penalties
Respondent determined that petitioner was liable for
penalties under section 6702 for filing frivolous Federal income
tax returns for 2006 and 2007. An Appeals settlement officer
later upheld respondent’s proposed levy to collect that
liability. We review the determination de novo where a taxpayer
did not receive a notice of deficiency or did not otherwise have
an opportunity to dispute the underlying liability. See Lunsford
v. Commissioner, 117 T.C. 183, 185 (2001). Where the underlying
tax liability is not at issue, we review the determination for
abuse of discretion. See Sego v. Commissioner, 114 T.C. 604, 610
(2000). Because petitioner did not receive a notice of
deficiency with regard to the section 6702 penalties or otherwise
have an opportunity to dispute that liability, we review
petitioner’s liability for those penalties de novo. See Callahan
v. Commissioner, 130 T.C. 44, 49 (2008); Blaga v. Commissioner,
T.C. Memo. 2010-170.
Section 6702 authorizes the Commissioner to impose a $5,000
penalty against a taxpayer where: (i) The taxpayer files a
purported income tax return; (ii) the purported return lacks the
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information needed for the Commissioner to judge the substantial
correctness of the self-assessment; and (iii) the taxpayer’s
position is frivolous or demonstrates a desire to delay or impede
the administration of Federal income tax laws. See sec.
6702(a)(1) and (2). The Commissioner, pursuant to his authority
under section 6702(c), has identified the following positions as
frivolous: Compliance with the internal revenue laws is
voluntary or optional and not required by law, and wages and
other compensation received for the performance of personal
services are not taxable income. See Notice 2007-30, 2007-14
I.R.B. 883; see also Thornberry v. Commissioner, 136 T.C. __, __
(2011) (slip op. at 20-21). Respondent bears the burden of
proving petitioner’s liability for a penalty imposed under
section 6702. See sec. 6703(a).
At trial respondent introduced evidence which showed that
petitioner’s submissions purport to be returns, do not contain
information on which the substantial correctness of the self-
assessments may be determined, and contain information that on
its face indicates that the self-assessments are substantially
incorrect. See sec. 6702(a). Petitioner’s purported returns
were based on positions which the Secretary has previously
identified as frivolous under section 6702(c). Respondent also
warned petitioner in letters that his returns were frivolous, but
petitioner ignored those warnings and declined to file corrected
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returns. Instead, petitioner continued to advance frivolous tax-
protester rhetoric. Therefore, we sustain respondent’s findings
set forth in the notice of determination that petitioner is
liable for frivolous return penalties under section 6702.
We now decide whether respondent abused his discretion in
determining to proceed with collection by levy of the frivolous
return penalties. Petitioner bears the burden of proving that
Appeals’ determination to sustain the proposed levy was
arbitrary, capricious, or without sound basis in fact or law.
See Rule 142(a); Blaga v. Commissioner, supra. Petitioner did
not meet his burden of proof because he merely recited the
frivolous arguments which he asserted at the CDP hearing. We
find that Appeals’ settlement officer fully complied with his
obligations to petitioner under section 6330. He verified that
all of the requirements of any applicable law or administrative
procedure were met and that the proposed levy action
appropriately balanced the need for efficient collection of taxes
with petitioner’s concerns that the levy be no more intrusive
than necessary. We therefore conclude that respondent did not
abuse his discretion in determining to collect frivolous return
penalties for 2006 and 2007 by levy upon petitioner’s property.
We have considered all arguments made by petitioner in
reaching our decision, and to the extent not discussed we
conclude they are irrelevant, moot, or without merit.
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To reflect the foregoing,
Appropriate decisions
will be entered.