McCree v. Comm'r

T.C. Memo. 2017-145

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

MARIA SHENORAH MCCREE, Petitioner v.
COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket No. 10129-14L. Filed July 26, 2017.

Maria Shenorah McCree, pro se.

Moenika N. Coleman and Linda L. Wong, for respondent.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

PARIS, Judge: This case is before the Court on respondent’s motion for

summary judgment under Rule 1211 filed on March 24, 2016, and supplemented

1
Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal
Revenue Code in effect at all relevant times and all Rule references are to the Tax
Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.
 -2-

[*2] on June 1, 2016. Respondent contends that no genuine disputes exist as to

any material fact and that respondent is entitled to judgment as a matter of law on

the grounds that: (1) petitioner is not challenging the existence or amount of her

2010 income tax liability and she failed to properly raise the merits of the liability

during the supplemental collection due process (CDP) hearing; (2) the petition

raises no other valid claims for relief; (3) respondent is not precluded from

determining a deficiency because he accepted petitioner’s return and issued a

refund; and (4) Settlement Officer (SO) Taylor did not abuse his discretion in

sustaining the proposed levy action for petitioner’s 2010 unpaid Federal income

tax liability because he fully complied with section 6330(c)(3).

For the reasons stated infra, the Court will grant in part and deny in part

respondent’s motion for summary judgment, as supplemented.

Background

The following facts are derived from the parties’ pleadings and motion

papers, including exhibits and affidavits. See Rule 121(b). Petitioner resided in

Texas when she timely filed her petition.

I. Petitioner’s Form 1040 and Letter 4464C

Petitioner timely filed her 2010 Form 1040, U.S. Individual Income Tax

Return. On her 2010 tax return petitioner reported a distribution of $20,056.68
 -3-

[*3] from the Employees Retirement System of Texas as a rollover, reporting zero

taxable amount; but she failed to deposit the distribution in a qualified account.

Petitioner claimed a refund of $8,380.

On February 17, 2011, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Integrity &

Verification Operation (IVO) issued a Letter 4464C, Questionable Refund 3rd

Party Notification, to petitioner.2 The IVO’s Letter 4464C informed petitioner that

her 2010 refund was being held pending the IVO’s review and verification of one

or more of the following: (1) “[i]ncome you reported on your return”, (2)

“[i]ncome tax withholding amounts you reported on your return”, (3) “[c]laims for

tax credits you made on your return”, or (4) “[b]usiness income you reported on

your return”. Letter 4464C stated that petitioner was “not required to do anything

at this time” and that if she did not receive her refund within 45 days, she could

call the telephone number provided. On March 28, 2011, petitioner received the

$8,380 refund she had claimed on her 2010 tax return.

On August 6, 2012, respondent issued to petitioner a statutory notice of

deficiency determining a deficiency in her 2010 Federal income tax of $5,637 and

an accuracy-related penalty under section 6662(a) of $1,127.40. Respondent

2
The IVO verifies withholdings to protect taxpayers against claims for
fraudulent inflated refunds. See Internal Revenue Manual pt. 9.5.3.2.5 (Feb. 9,
2005) (questionable refund program).
 -4-

[*4] determined that petitioner improperly reported the $20,056.68 distribution as

a rollover because she deposited the distribution into a nonqualified bank account.

Petitioner did not receive the notice of deficiency and, therefore, did not timely

petition the Court in response to the notice of deficiency.3

II. Offer-in-Compromise, CDP Hearing, and Remand

Respondent assessed the deficiency and penalty and sent petitioner a notice

of balance due. In response petitioner submitted to respondent a Form 656-L,

Offer in Compromise (Doubt as to Liability), dated March 20, 2013, for her 2010

tax liability. Petitioner challenged the correctness of the tax liability by attaching

qualifying tuition payment documentation to Form 656-L. Petitioner’s offer-in-

compromise (OIC) was sent to IRS Appeals Office (Appeals) for consideration by

an Appeals officer--AO.4

3
Petitioner filed a petition 253 days after the notice of deficiency was mailed
to her. Even though petitioner checked the box to dispute a notice of deficiency,
she attached to the petition letters disputing other IRS notices and letters. That
petition was dismissed for lack of jurisdiction because the Court has no authority
to extend the period provided by law for filing a petition “whatever the equities of
a particular case may be and regardless of the cause for its not being filed within
the required period”. Axe v. Commissioner, 58 T.C. 256, 259 (1972); see also sec.
6213(a); Estate of Cerrito v. Commissioner, 73 T.C. 896 (1980).
4
Petitioner’s case was remanded to Appeals for a supplemental CDP hearing
before a new SO. For convenience, the Court will refer to the Appeals officer
from the OIC as AO, the settlement officer from the initial CDP hearing as SO,
(continued...)
 -5-

[*5] While AO was considering petitioner’s OIC, respondent issued to petitioner

a Letter 1058, Final Notice of Intent to Levy and Notice of Your Right to a

Hearing, dated July 31, 2013, for 2010 (levy notice). Upon receipt of the levy

notice, petitioner timely submitted Form 12153, Request for Collection Due

Process or Equivalent Hearing, and checked the box for “proposed levy or actual

levy”. On Form 12153 petitioner did not select a collection alternative but stated

that “[t]he intent to levy my property should be withdrawn. At the time the tax

was due I was a full time student.” Along with Form 12153 petitioner included

the same documentation for qualifying tuition payments she had sent with her

OIC.

On January 31, 2014, Appeals issued to petitioner a letter scheduling a

telephone CDP hearing for February 25, 2014. In the letter SO erroneously

informed petitioner that she would be unable to dispute the underlying liability at

the CDP hearing because she had a prior opportunity and that AO was considering

her OIC in a separate Appeals setting.

On February 25, 2014, SO called petitioner for the CDP hearing. SO

informed petitioner that on the basis of the documents she provided to support her

4
(...continued)
and the SO and the AO from the supplemental CDP hearing by name--SO Taylor
and AO Lam.
 -6-

[*6] OIC, AO abated part of her income tax liability and abated the accuracy-

related penalty in full. SO again erroneously informed petitioner that she would

be unable to contest the 2010 tax liability. Petitioner then stated that she did not

owe the tax and wanted to review AO’s determination on her OIC before

discussing her case further.

SO sent petitioner a letter, dated February 28, 2014, with AO’s OIC

determination attached. The letter scheduled a followup telephone call for March

5, 2014. During that call petitioner again challenged the correctness of the tax

liability and stated that she did not owe the tax and “wanted her day in court”. SO

then stopped the CDP hearing and closed petitioner’s case and, on March 26,

2014, issued a Notice of Determination Concerning Collection Action(s) Under

Section(s) 6320 and/or 6330 (notice of determination), sustaining the proposed

collection action for petitioner’s remaining 2010 Federal income tax liability.

III. Proceedings Before the Court

Petitioner timely petitioned the Court for review of the notice of

determination. Petitioner asserted that she was given a refund after the IRS

reviewed the distribution from her retirement account. She further asserted that

releasing the refund was “due to negligence on the IRS” and because the IRS was
 -7-

[*7] negligent it should deal with the consequences. Petitioner also attached

documents to her petition related to her OIC.

On September 22, 2015, respondent filed a motion to remand and stated that

the purpose would be to allow petitioner “an opportunity to raise any legitimate

arguments she may have regarding her 2010 underlying liability” and “to allow

respondent’s Office of Appeals an opportunity to consider those arguments.”

Respondent also stated that SO wrongly believed that petitioner could not

challenge her underlying liability at the CDP hearing because she had a prior

opportunity to challenge the liability. On September 29, 2015, the Court granted

respondent’s motion to remand and ordered that petitioner be provided a

supplemental CDP hearing.

A. Supplemental CDP Hearing

Petitioner’s case was assigned to AO Lam and SO Taylor, neither of whom

had previously played any substantive role in petitioner’s case. On October 28,

2015, AO Lam sent petitioner a letter scheduling a telephone supplemental CDP

hearing to discuss additional facts and information regarding her underlying

liability pursuant to the Court’s order.

At the supplemental CDP hearing held on November 9, 2015, petitioner did

not offer any additional documents or information challenging the underlying
 -8-

[*8] liability; she instead asserted that the IRS misallocated funds by issuing her a

refund.5 AO Lam informed petitioner that a determination of her underlying

liability would be made on the basis of review of the information she had

previously provided with her OIC and her CDP hearing request. AO Lam then

transferred the case to SO Taylor.

On December 21, 2015, SO Taylor issued to petitioner a letter scheduling a

followup supplemental CDP hearing for January 13, 2016, to discuss collection

alternatives to the proposed levy. In the letter SO Taylor informed petitioner that

she qualified for an installment agreement and that he would process the necessary

paperwork if she agreed to the proposed monthly payment. SO Taylor also stated

that if petitioner did not agree to the proposed amount, she would need to

complete a Form 433-A, Collection Information Statement for Wage Earners and

Self-Employed Individuals, before he could discuss other options.

Petitioner did not respond to SO Taylor’s letter or provide him with a Form

433-A or financial documents. SO Taylor called petitioner for the scheduled

supplemental CDP hearing on January 13, 2016, and left her a voicemail message

informing her that if she did not want a collection alternative then her case would

5
The record does not reflect whether petitioner had already provided all of
the documents related to her underlying liability to respondent.
 -9-

[*9] be closed. Petitioner did not return SO Taylor’s call or send him any other

correspondence. On February 10, 2016, SO Taylor issued to petitioner a

Supplemental Notice of Determination Concerning Collection Action(s) Under

Section 6320 and/or 6330 sustaining the proposed levy for 2010 (supplemental

notice of determination).

B. Summary Judgment and Parties’ Arguments

On March 24, 2016, respondent filed a motion for summary judgment under

Rule 121 and a declaration in support of the motion. On March 28, 2016,

petitioner filed a response objecting to respondent’s motion. Petitioner argued in

her response that respondent’s actions created unjust treatment, that respondent

has attempted “to change the definition” of Letter 4464C, and that she has

consistently challenged her underlying liability.

On May 23, 2016, the Court held a hearing on respondent’s motion. At the

hearing petitioner asserted that Letter 4464C was an audit letter and that it was the

IRS’ error for not properly verifying her tax return information before releasing

the $8,380 refund to her. Respondent argued that: (1) Letter 4464C is not an

audit letter and that the IVO screens tax returns to detect fraudulent claims for

refunds; (2) SO Taylor did not abuse his discretion sustaining the proposed levy

because petitioner did not properly raise the post-OIC reduced underlying liability
 - 10 -

[*10] in her supplemental CDP hearing; and (3) SO Taylor considered petitioner’s

audit argument but determined that the IRS did not err because the IVO merely

reviewed her reported withholding on her 2010 tax return.

On June 1, 2016, respondent filed a first supplement to his motion for

summary judgment and attached thereto a declaration of a senior technical advisor

in the IVO. The declaration stated that the IVO does not conduct audits of

taxpayers’ tax returns but does screen tax returns to detect false wages or

withholding. Petitioner’s tax return was screened for possible fraudulent inflated

withholdings, but the IVO determined that the withholdings reported on her tax

return were correct.

On June 17, 2016, petitioner filed a response to the first supplement to

respondent’s motion for summary judgment. In her response petitioner argues that

respondent’s negligence caused her to receive a refund for 2010. Petitioner’s

argument asserts a form of estoppel: Respondent should not be able to issue a

refund after reviewing a return and later audit that return and determine a

deficiency in Federal income tax.

Discussion

Summary judgment is intended to expedite litigation and avoid unnecessary

and expensive trials. Fla. Peach Corp. v. Commissioner, 90 T.C. 678, 681 (1988).
 - 11 -

[*11] The Court may grant summary judgment only if there is no genuine dispute

of material fact. Rule 121(b); Sundstrand Corp. v. Commissioner, 98 T.C. 518,

520 (1992), aff’d, 17 F.3d 965 (7th Cir. 1994). The moving party must prove that

no genuine dispute as to any material fact exists and that she is entitled to

judgment as a matter of law. FPL Grp., Inc. & Subs. v. Commissioner, 115 T.C.

554, 559 (2000).

In deciding whether to grant summary judgment, the Court considers the

facts and inferences drawn therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

party. Id. Where the moving party properly makes and supports a motion for

summary judgment, “an adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or

denials of such party’s pleading” but must set forth specific facts showing that

there is a genuine dispute for trial. See Rule 121(d); Sundstrand Corp. v.

Commissioner, 98 T.C. at 520. Partial summary adjudication may be made which

does not dispose of all the issues in the case. Naftel v. Commissioner, 85 T.C.

527, 529 (1985); see also Rule 121(b).

The issues to decide on summary judgment are whether: (1) petitioner

challenged the existence or amount of her 2010 income tax liability in her CDP

hearing; (2) the petition raises valid claims for relief; (3) respondent is precluded
 - 12 -

[*12] from determining a deficiency after issuing a refund; and (4) SO Taylor

abused his discretion when he sustained the proposed levy action.

I. Section 6330

Section 6331(d) requires the Secretary to send the taxpayer written notice of

the Secretary’s intent to levy, and section 6330(a) requires the Secretary to send

the taxpayer written notice of his right to a section 6330 hearing at least 30 days

before any levy. Murphy v. Commissioner, 125 T.C. 301, 307 (2005), aff’d, 469

F.3d 27 (1st Cir. 2006). Respondent sent petitioner the levy notice on July 31,

2013.

If a section 6330 hearing is requested, the hearing is to be conducted by

Appeals to determine whether to sustain the proposed collection action. In making

that determination, section 6330(c)(3) requires the Appeals officer to consider: (1)

whether the requirements of any applicable law or administrative procedure have

been met; (2) any issues appropriately raised by the taxpayer; and (3) whether the

proposed levy balances the need for the efficient collection of taxes and the

legitimate concern of the taxpayer that any collection action be no more intrusive

than necessary. Once an Appeals officer makes a determination, the taxpayer may

appeal the determination to the Tax Court. Sec. 6330(d)(1).
 - 13 -

[*13] II. Underlying Liability

A taxpayer may challenge the underlying liability in a CDP hearing if she

did not receive a notice of deficiency or otherwise have an opportunity to contest

the underlying liability. See sec. 6330(c)(2)(B); see also Sego v. Commissioner,

114 T.C. 604, 609 (2000). This Court considers a taxpayer’s challenge to her

underlying liability in a collection action case only if she properly raised that

challenge at her CDP hearing. See Giamelli v. Commissioner, 129 T.C. 107, 115-

116 (2007); sec. 301.6330-1(f)(2), Q&A-F3, Proced. & Admin. Regs. An issue is

not properly raised at the CDP hearing if the taxpayer fails to request

consideration of that issue by Appeals or if she requests consideration but fails to

present any evidence after being given a reasonable opportunity to do so. Giamelli

v. Commissioner, 129 T.C. at 115; sec. 301.6330-1(f)(2), Q&A-F3, Proced. &

Admin. Regs. The taxpayer must also raise the issue in her petition to this Court.

Rule 331(b)(4) (“Any issue not raised in the assignments of error shall be deemed

to be conceded.”).

Before the initial CDP hearing petitioner attached to her OIC documents

that supported reducing her underlying liability and eliminating the accuracy-

related penalty. During the review of petitioner’s OIC, AO abated some of the tax

liability and all of the accuracy-related penalty on the basis of the documentation
 - 14 -

[*14] she provided. Petitioner attached those same documents to her CDP hearing

request and contested her underlying liability during her initial CDP hearing.

Even though SO erroneously thought she could not consider petitioner’s

underlying liability and did not allow petitioner to contest it, petitioner properly

raised the issue and provided evidence that resulted in a reduction of her

underlying liability. See sec. 6330(c)(2)(B).

In the supplemental CDP hearing, AO Lam gave petitioner an opportunity

to contest the remainder of her underlying liability, but petitioner declined the

opportunity. Petitioner’s failure to substantively participate in the supplemental

CDP hearing does not negate her earlier proper challenge to her underlying

liability. See Kelby v. Commissioner, 130 T.C. 79, 86 (2008).6 Additionally,

respondent acknowledged that petitioner was entitled to challenge her underlying

liability when he requested a remand.

Because petitioner properly challenged her underlying liability, the proper

standard of review with respect to this issue is de novo. See Giamelli v.

6
It is well settled that a taxpayer is entitled to a single hearing under sec.
6330 with respect to the period to which the unpaid liability relates. Sec.
6330(b)(2); Freije v. Commissioner, 125 T.C. 14, 22 (2005). Therefore, when the
Court remands a case to Appeals, the further hearing is a supplement to the
taxpayer’s original sec. 6330 hearing, not a new hearing. Kelby v. Commissioner,
130 T.C. 79, 86 (2008).
 - 15 -

[*15] Commissioner, 129 T.C. at 111. Neither petitioner nor respondent provided

the Court with sufficient information to decide this issue on summary judgment;

petitioner has shown that this is a genuine issue of material fact for trial and will

be allowed to contest her underlying liability at a future trial setting.7 See

Montgomery v. Commissioner, 122 T.C. 1, 9 (2004). Therefore, respondent’s

motion for summary judgment, as supplemented, will be denied on this issue.

III. Valid Claim for Relief

Respondent next argues that petitioner is not challenging her underlying

liability in this case and that the petition raises no other valid claims for relief.

In her petition, petitioner raised issues related to her underlying liability,

including the amount Appeals determined she owed. Petitioner also attached to

her petition documents from Appeals’ review and determination on her OIC.

All claims in a petition should be broadly construed so as to do substantial

justice, and a petition filed by a pro se litigant should be liberally construed. See

Rule 31(d); Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972); Gray v. Commissioner,

138 T.C. 295, 298 (2012).

7
Generally, the Commissioner’s determinations are presumed correct, and
the taxpayer will bear the burden of showing those determinations are in error.
See Rule 142(a); Welch v. Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933).
 - 16 -

[*16] Viewing the statements in the petition and attached documents and the

inferences drawn from those statements and documents liberally, the Court finds

that petitioner challenged her underlying liability in the petition. Therefore,

respondent’s motion for summary judgment, as supplemented, will be denied on

this issue.

IV. Petitioner’s Refund and Deficiency

Respondent argues that he is not precluded from determining a deficiency in

petitioner’s 2010 Federal income tax after accepting her tax return, verifying her

withholding, and issuing her a refund. Respondent also argues that petitioner was

not subject to two audits because Letter 4464C is not an audit letter. Petitioner

asserts that Letter 4464C was an audit letter and she was improperly audited twice

and that respondent should be estopped from attempting to recoup any portion of

the amount that was erroneously refunded to her because the IRS was negligent in

issuing the refund.

A. Letter 4464C and IRS Audits

Petitioner argues that Letter 4464C is evidence of an audit or in other words

an inspection of her “books of account” for 2010. However, “[t]o inspect the

‘books of account’ would require, at a minimum, that the respondent have access

to and physically view a taxpayer’s books and records.” Benjamin v.
 - 17 -

[*17] Commissioner, 66 T.C. 1084, 1098 (1976), aff’d, 592 F.2d 1259 (5th Cir.

1979); see also Redstone v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2015-237, at *18-*19;

Miller v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2001-55, 2001 WL 233962, at *9. The IRS

has long taken the position that narrow, limited contacts between the IRS and

taxpayers, such as verifying discrepancies or “matching information on a tax

return with * * * other records or information items that are already in the

Service’s possession” do not constitute “examinations”. See Rev. Proc. 2005-32,

sec. 4.03, 2005-1 C.B. 1206, 1207; Internal Revenue Manual (IRM) pt. 4.71.4.1

(Oct. 15, 2010) (discrepancy adjustment program); id. pt. 25.12.1.3 (Sept. 25,

2008) (refund hold research) (setting forth internal IRS research tools that assist in

resolving refund hold cases); see also Redstone v. Commissioner, at *18-*19.

Section 7605(b) provides:

SEC. 7605(b). Restrictions on Examination of Taxpayer.--
No taxpayer shall be subjected to unnecessary examination or
investigations, and only one inspection of a taxpayer’s books of
account shall be made for each taxable year unless the taxpayer
requests otherwise or unless the Secretary, after investigation, notifies
the taxpayer in writing that an additional inspection is necessary.

Section 7605(b) is not to be read so broadly as to defeat the powers granted to the

Commissioner to examine the correctness of a taxpayer’s return. See De Masters
 - 18 -

[*18] v. Arend, 313 F.2d 79, 87 (9th Cir. 1963); Miller v. Commissioner, 2001

WL 233963, at *9.

Letter 4464C did not request that petitioner produce her “books of account”

or other records. Indeed, Letter 4464C stated that petitioner was “not required to

do anything at this time”, and she was issued her claimed refund without a request

for documents or information. In his declaration, the IVO’s senior technical

advisor stated that Letter 4464C was issued to petitioner because her tax return

was identified for possible inflated withholdings. The IVO then determined that

petitioner had reported her withholdings correctly, but it did not evaluate or

determine whether she had reported her income correctly.

Research of records in IRS possession to verify withholdings does not

constitute an examination in violation of section 7605(b). See Rev. Proc. 2005-32,

sec. 4.03; see also Grossman v. Commissioner, 74 T.C. 1147, 1156 (1980)

(holding that mere examination of a taxpayer’s income tax return and

accompanying schedules does not constitute a second inspection of that taxpayer’s

books within the meaning of section 7605(b)); Rice v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1994-204 (same). Therefore, with respect to petitioner, Letter 4464C was not an

indication of an audit or an examination, but one of the “narrow, limited contacts

or communications between the Service and a taxpayer that do not involve the
 - 19 -

[*19] Service inspecting the taxpayer’s books of account”. See Rev. Proc. 2005-

32, sec. 4.03.

Respondent’s motion for summary judgment, as supplemented, will be

granted on this issue.

B. Refund and Deficiency

The IRS is permitted by regulation to issue a refund of a claimed

overpayment based solely upon a taxpayer’s statement of tax owed. See sec.

301.6402-4, Proced. & Admin. Regs. The practice of issuing refunds before

examining a return does not estop the IRS from later determining a deficiency on

the return at issue and seeking to recover the funds previously allowed as a refund.

See Warner v. Commissioner, 526 F.2d 1, 2 (9th Cir. 1975) (“[T]he

Commissioner, confronted by millions of returns and an economy which

repeatedly must be nourished by quick refunds, must first pay and then look. This

necessity cannot serve as the basis of an ‘estoppel.’”), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1974-243.

Such a payment is neither implied nor express approval of the items reported on

the return at issue. See Gordon v. United States, 757 F.2d 1157 (11th Cir. 1985);

Warner v. Commissioner, 526 F.2d 1; Hacker v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

1993-285, aff’d, 29 F.3d 632 (9th Cir. 1994).
 - 20 -

[*20] Petitioner argues that the IRS was negligent in issuing her a refund and

therefore should not be allowed to assert a deficiency against her. This is

precisely the argument made and twice rejected in Warner v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 1974-243.

The Court will not reiterate its earlier reasoning. Respondent’s motion for

summary judgment, as supplemented, will be granted on this issue.

V. Proposed Levy

Finally, respondent seeks summary judgment on the ground that SO Taylor

did not abuse his discretion by sustaining the proposed levy action for petitioner’s

2010 Federal income tax liability. Because the Court will review petitioner’s

underlying liability de novo, it would be premature to determine whether SO

Taylor abused his discretion by sustaining the proposed levy action. Therefore,

respondent’s motion for summary judgment, as supplemented, will be denied on

this issue.

VI. Conclusion

The Court has considered all of the arguments made by the parties with

respect to respondent’s motion for summary judgment, and to the extent they are

not addressed herein, they are considered unnecessary, moot, irrelevant, or without

merit.
 - 21 -

[*21] To reflect the foregoing,

An appropriate order will be issued

denying in part and granting in part

respondent’s motion for summary judgment.