TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-18-00297-CR
Ex parte Paul Vallejo
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 167TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-DC-16-100296, THE HONORABLE P. DAVID WAHLBERG, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
Appellant Paul Vallejo has been charged by indictment with three counts of
aggravated sexual assault of a child. See Tex. Penal Code § 22.021(a)(1)(B), (2)(B). Appellant filed
a pretrial application for writ of habeas corpus, asserting that the statue of limitations and the
constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws bar prosecution of the charged offenses.
See Tex. Const. art. I, § 12; Tex. Code Crim. Proc. arts. 11.01, 11.08. After conducting a hearing,
the trial court denied habeas relief.1 We affirm the trial court’s order denying appellant’s pretrial
application for writ of habeas corpus.
1
The record contains a record of a writ hearing that indicates that appellant previously filed
a pretrial application for writ of habeas corpus and that the trial court heard and denied that
application. No record of that previous hearing appears in the record before us. The writ-hearing
record further reflects that appellant re-filed his pretrial application for writ of habeas corpus because
there were “technical errors in the proceeding” before. The denial of this subsequent pretrial
application is the subject of this appeal.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In reviewing a trial court’s decision on a pretrial application for writ of habeas corpus,
we review the facts in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and, absent an abuse of
discretion, uphold the ruling. Ex parte Wheeler, 203 S.W.3d 317, 324 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006);
Ex parte Ali, 368 S.W.3d 827, 830 (Tex. App.—Austin 2012, pet. ref’d). An abuse of discretion
does not occur unless the trial court acts “arbitrarily or unreasonably” or “without reference to any
guiding rules and principles,” State v. Hill, 499 S.W.3d 853, 865 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016) (quoting
Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990)), or unless the trial court’s
decision “falls outside the zone of reasonable disagreement,” Johnson v. State, 490 S.W.3d 895, 908
(Tex. Crim. App. 2016).
DISCUSSION
In his habeas application, appellant first maintained that the prosecution was barred
by the statute of limitations in effect at the time the alleged offenses were committed. He next
contended that the prosecution for the charged offenses subjected him to an ex post facto violation.
He raises those arguments in two points of error on appeal.
Statute of Limitations
Pretrial habeas, followed by an interlocutory appeal, is an extraordinary remedy.
Ex parte Ingram, 533 S.W.3d 887, 891 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017); Ex parte Perry, 483 S.W.3d 884,
895 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016); Ex parte Doster, 303 S.W.3d 720, 724 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). Thus,
2
“[a] defendant may use a pretrial writ of habeas corpus only in very limited circumstances.” Ex parte
Smith, 178 S.W.3d 797, 801 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005).
Generally, a pretrial writ of habeas corpus may not be used to test the sufficiency
of the charging instrument. Id. at 801–02; accord Perry, 483 S.W.3d at 895; Ex parte Ellis,
309 S.W.3d 71, 79 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Doster, 303 S.W.3d at 724; see Ex parte Tamez,
38 S.W.3d 159, 160 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (“We have long held that when there is a valid statute
or ordinance under which a prosecution may be brought, habeas corpus is generally not available
prior to trial to test the sufficiency of the complaint, information, or indictment.”). An exception
against testing the sufficiency of the charging instrument applies when prosecution of the offense
is barred by the statute of limitations. Doster, 303 S.W.3d at 724; Smith, 178 S.W.3d at 802; see
Ex parte Weise, 55 S.W.3d 617, 620 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001) (noting that “when the pleading, on its
face, shows that the offense charged is barred by limitations . . . the applicant is challenging the trial
court’s power to proceed”). Limitations is an absolute bar to prosecution. See Smith, 178 S.W.3d
at 802 n.17 (“[T]here is no authority in law to prosecute any citizen of Texas for the violation of the
law after the period of limitation has intervened.” (quoting Ex parte Hoard, 140 S.W. 449, 451 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1911)). “There is no point in wasting scarce judicial and societal resources or putting
the defendant to great expense, inconvenience, and anxiety if the ultimate result is never in
question.” Smith, 178 S.W.3d at 802. Thus, when the face of the pleading shows that the offense
charged is barred by limitations, habeas relief should be granted. Id.; Tamez, 38 S.W.3d at 160.
The indictment in this case charges appellant with committing the offenses of
aggravated sexual assault of a child against V.G. on or about May 1, 1999 (Count I), July 1, 1999
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(Count II), and August 16, 1999 (Count III). Under the provisions in effect at the time of these
alleged offenses, the statute-of-limitations period for aggravated sexual assault of a child was ten
years from the 18th birthday of the victim. See Act of May 24, 1997, 75th Leg., R.S., ch. 740,
§ 1, art. 12.01, 1997 Tex. Gen. Laws 2403, 2403 (current version at Tex. Code Crim. Proc.
art. 12.01(1)(B)).
The record reflects that V.G. was born on October 19, 1985. Ten years from her 18th
birthday was October 19, 2013. Thus, under the provision in effect at the time of the charged
offenses, the limitation period was set to expire on October 19, 2013. The indictment in this case
was returned on January 30, 2017. Given that the indictment was returned after V.G.’s 28th
birthday, appellant contended that the statute of limitations bars prosecution of the alleged offenses
of aggravated sexual assault of a child because the limitation period had expired prior to the return
of the indictment.
However, the Legislature may extend the statute of limitations for prosecution of a
criminal offense after the offense has been committed but before the expiration of the original
limitation period. Lindsey v. State, 760 S.W.2d 649, 653 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988); Archer v. State,
577 S.W.2d 244 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). In 2007, before the statute of limitations had run on the
1999 offenses, the Legislature amended article 12.01 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure and
provided that, effective September 1, 2007, no statute of limitations bars the presentment of felony
indictments for the offenses of sexual assault of a child, aggravated sexual assault of a child, or
indecency with a child. See Act of May 18, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 593, § 1.03, art. 12.01,
2007 Tex. Gen. Laws 1120, 1120 (current version at Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 12.01(1)(B)).
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Unless the Legislature expressly provides otherwise, a statute extending the period
of limitation applies to all offenses not time-barred at the time of the passage of the act so that a
prosecution may be commenced at any time within the new duly established limitation period even
if the old period of limitation has expired.2 Lindsey, 760 S.W.2d at 653; Archer, 577 S.W.2d at 244.
Here, the former limitation period applicable to the charged 1999 offenses—V.G.’s 18th birthday
plus ten years—had not yet expired on September 1, 2007. Therefore, the trial court correctly
determined that the new limitation period for the offense of aggravated assault of a child applied so
that the instant prosecution is not barred by limitations.
Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying
appellant’s pretrial habeas application on this ground. See, e.g., Tamez, 38 S.W.3d at 161
(concluding that accused was not entitled to pretrial habeas corpus relief because pleading did not
show on its face that charged offense was barred by limitations). We overrule appellant’s first point
of error.
Ex Post Facto
Both the United States and Texas constitutions prohibit the State from applying an
ex post facto law. See U.S. Const. art. I, § 9, cl. 3 (prohibiting passage of ex post facto law);
Tex. Const. art. I, § 16 (same); see also U.S. Const. art. I, § 10, cl. 1 (prohibiting states from passing
ex post facto law). An ex post facto law is one that: (1) punishes as a crime an act previously
2
In the 2007 amendment, the Legislature expressly provided that the new limitation period
did not apply to an offense if the prosecution of the offense became barred by limitations before
September 1, 2007. See Act of May 18, 2007, 80th Leg., R.S., ch. 593, § 4.01(c), 2007 Tex. Gen.
Laws 1120, 1148.
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committed that was innocent when done; (2) aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it
was, when committed; (3) changes the punishment and inflicts greater punishment than the law
attached to the criminal offense when committed; or (4) deprives a person charged with a
crime of any defense available at the time the act was committed. See Peugh v. United States,
569 U.S. 530, 538–39 (2013); Collins v. Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 41–44 (1990); Rodriguez v. State,
93 S.W.3d 60, 66 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Ex parte Davis, 947 S.W.2d 216, 219–20 (Tex. Crim.
App. 1996); see also Grimes v. State, 807 S.W.2d 582, 583–84, 586–87 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)
(explaining that law is ex post facto if it is “passed ‘after the fact’ or commission of an act” and
retrospectively changes consequences pertaining to act and that Texas courts have adopted federal
definition of ex post facto when interpreting Texas constitutional provision by determining “whether
a statute assigns more disadvantageous criminal or penal consequences to an act than did the law in
place when the act occurred”).
In his habeas application, in addition to claiming that the instant prosecution is barred
by limitations, appellant further argued that the prosecution is barred under the Ex Post Facto clauses
of the United States and Texas constitutions, claiming that “[b]y changing the law the Legislature
has changed the legal consequences or relations in [appellant’s] case . . . and deprive[d] him of a
defense that was in effect at the time of the alleged commission of the offense.” Appellant asserts
that the elimination of the period of limitation altogether in the 2007 amendment, as opposed to
simply an extension of the limitation period, deprived him of a defense that was in effect at the time
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of the commission of the alleged offenses.3 However, while a statute of limitations is “in effect”
when a criminal offense is committed, no statute-of-limitations defense is available to a defendant
at the time of the criminal offense. Such a defense accrues only at some later point (if at all); it is
not available at the time the criminal act was committed. Thus, changing the statute of limitations
and removing the limitation period did not deprive appellant of a defense that was available at the
time he allegedly committed the charged offenses in 1999.
Moreover, statutes of limitations are measures of public policy “entirely subject to
the will of the Legislature.” Phillips v. State, 362 S.W.3d 606, 612 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011),
overruled on other grounds by Ex parte Heilman, 456 S.W.3d 159, 166–69 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015)
(quoting Vasquez v. State, 557 S.W.2d 779, 781 n.2 (Tex. Crim. App. 1977)); see Ex parte
Matthews, 933 S.W.2d 134, 136 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996), overruled on other grounds by Proctor
v. State, 967 S.W.2d 840, 844–45 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (“Statutes of limitation are acts of grace
in that the sovereign surrenders its right to prosecute (or its right to prosecute at its discretion); thus
they are considered to be equivalent to acts of amnesty.” (quoting Vasquez, 557 S.W.2d at 781));
Martinez v. State, No. 03-12-00273-CR, 2014 WL 1208774, at *2 (Tex. App.—Austin
Mar. 20, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“[T]he statute of limitations is
a procedural rule [ ] in the nature of a defense” that operates as an “act of grace for the benefit of
potential defendants, a voluntary surrendering by the people of their right to prosecute.” (quoting
3
Specifically, appellant asserts in his brief, “There is no period of time which will trigger
the statute of limitations for this offense[;] a potential defense that did exist at the time of the alleged
commission of this indicted offense[ ] was removed by the State to make the prosecution of said
crime easier for the sovereign.”
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Proctor v. State, 967 S.W.2d 840, 843 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998)). Consequently, statutes of
limitations “may be changed or repealed without violating constitutional prohibitions against ex post
facto laws in any case where a right to acquittal has not been absolutely acquired by the completion
of the period of limitations.” Phillips, 362 S.W.3d at 612 (quoting Vasquez, 557 S.W.2d at 781 n.2).
Thus, the limitation period may be extended or removed by the Legislature, and a prosecution within
the new time period will be permitted if the limitation period had not already expired before the law
was changed. See id. at 613; Matthews, 933 S.W.2d at 136.
The 2007 amendment to article 12.01 at issue here does not violate the constitutional
prohibition against ex post facto laws. Further, because the limitation period for the charged
aggravated sexual assaults in this case had not expired before the limitation period was amended by
the Legislature, the instant prosecution does not violate the constitutional prohibition against ex post
facto laws. See, e.g., Latham v. State, No. 02-04-230-CR, 2006 WL 20398, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort
Worth Jan. 5, 2006, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication).
For the above reasons, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by
denying appellant’s pretrial habeas application on this ground. Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s
second point of error.
CONCLUSION
Having concluded that the prosecution for the charged offenses is not barred by the
applicable statute of limitations and that the 2007 amendment to article 12.01 does not violate the
constitutional prohibition against ex post facto laws, we further conclude that the trial court did not
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abuse its discretion by denying appellant’s pretrial application for writ of habeas corpus.
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s order denying habeas relief.
__________________________________________
Cindy Olson Bourland, Justice
Before Justices Puryear, Goodwin, and Bourland
Affirmed
Filed: November 14, 2018
Do Not Publish
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