MEMORANDUM DECISION
Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D),
FILED
this Memorandum Decision shall not be Nov 14 2018, 5:43 am
regarded as precedent or cited before any CLERK
Indiana Supreme Court
court except for the purpose of establishing Court of Appeals
and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral
estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE
Cara Schaefer Wieneke Curtis T. Hill, Jr.
Wieneke Law Office, LLC Attorney General of Indiana
Brooklyn, Indiana
Ian McLean
Supervising Deputy Attorney
General
Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE
COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Charisse E. Taylor, November 14, 2018
Appellant-Defendant, Court of Appeals Case No.
18A-CR-543
v. Appeal from the Rush Superior
Court
State of Indiana, The Honorable Brian D. Hill,
Appellee-Plaintiff. Judge
Trial Court Cause No.
70D01-1701-F4-64
Shepard, Senior Judge.
[1] Charisse Taylor drove Kenneth Lewis to Rushville, Indiana, where she and
Lewis were involved in a drug deal with an undercover police officer. She
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appeals her convictions of dealing in a narcotic drug (heroin) in an amount
1
greater than one gram but less than five grams, a Level 4 felony; and dealing in
2
cocaine, a Level 5 felony. We affirm.
Issues
[2] Taylor raises three issues, which we restate as:
I. Whether the trial court’s jury instruction on accomplice
liability was fundamentally erroneous;
II. Whether the prosecutor engaged in misconduct amounting
to fundamental error; and
III. Whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain her
convictions.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] Detective Alex Shaver of the Rushville Police Department was investigating
Kenneth Lewis for dealing in controlled substances. On January 17 and
January 20, 2017, he purchased controlled substances from Lewis while
working undercover. On both occasions, the transaction occurred while the
two men sat in a tan Saturn automobile at a CVS store in Rushville. Lewis,
1
Ind. Code § 35-48-4-1 (2016).
2
Ind. Code § 35-48-4-1.
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who lacked an Indiana driver’s license, was driven to the CVS store on both
days by another person who is not otherwise involved in the case.
[4] Shaver and Lewis later arranged for another transaction, to occur at the
Rushville CVS on January 25, 2017. Lewis promised to sell Shaver three grams
of heroin for $300 and one gram of cocaine for $100. Lewis told Shaver he
would need an additional $40 to compensate his driver for expenses and for
taking “time off work.” Tr. Vol. II, p. 16.
[5] Taylor and Lewis had known each other for about ten years and had met
through motorcycle clubs. They purportedly agreed she would drive him to a
casino in Shelbyville, Indiana on January 25, 2017. Taylor drove Lewis’ car, a
tan Saturn. They drove east on Interstate Highway 74 from Indianapolis,
passing the exit for the casino and a second exit before taking an exit at
Rushville and driving into town. It was a twenty-minute drive from the
interstate exit to Rushville.
[6] Taylor and Lewis arrived at the CVS at 2:59 p.m. Shaver was wearing street
clothes and had been watching for them from a nearby gas station. Other
officers were watching nearby. Taylor pulled into the parking lot and turned
“very abruptly” before coming to a stop across two parking spaces. Id. at 17.
Shaver activated recording and transmitting equipment on his person and rode
over to the car on a bicycle. He then got into the back seat of the car.
[7] Taylor was in the driver’s seat, and Lewis was in the front passenger’s seat.
They both appeared “very anxious.” Id. at 18. Shaver asked them to park the
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car more neatly. Lewis refused and asked Shaver to hurry up with the
transaction. He said there was a police officer parked on the other side of the
store. By coincidence, a state trooper was in fact parked on the other side of the
CVS. Taylor “look[ed] around in a manner which made it appear she was
looking around for the law enforcement officer or any other law enforcement
officer.” Id. She also looked at Shaver.
[8] Shaver counted out $440 in cash. He had previously photocopied the bills for
tracking purposes. Shaver handed the money to Lewis as he said, “One hard.
Three-forty.” Id. at 27. “Hard” is a slang term for crack cocaine, and Shaver
was communicating that $100 of the money was for that substance. “Three-
forty” was a reference to the heroin and the driver’s expenses. Lewis gave him
a cigar package in return. Shaver felt the package and discovered “two round
objects that appeared to be consistent with packaged narcotics.” Id. at 20.
Lewis counted the money, agreed the amount was correct, and told Shaver to
“Hurry up.” Id.
[9] Shaver exited the vehicle and spoke into his microphone, advising his fellow
officers the buy had been completed and Lewis had a new driver. Taylor drove
away, but other officers stopped the car and arrested her and Lewis.
[10] The officers took Taylor to the county jail. During the drive, Taylor told one of
the officers she was in Rushville because she had gotten lost. A jail matron
searched Taylor and discovered money in her bra. It was later determined the
money was the $440 that Shaver had given Lewis. Subsequent testing also
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revealed Lewis had handed Shaver .169 grams of cocaine and 1.18 grams of
heroin mixed with fentanyl.
[11] Two officers interviewed Taylor at the jail. She initially explained she was
driving Lewis to the casino but arrived in Rushville by accident, having missed
the correct exit. She also told the officers she drove to the CVS as they looked
for a gas station to use the bathroom, but she instead turned around and was
heading back to the interstate when the officers stopped her. Taylor denied
talking with anyone else at the CVS and claimed not to have noticed the gas
station across the street from the CVS.
[12] One of the officers pointed out Taylor had passed two interstate exits before
leaving the highway at the Rushville exit. The officer further said he knew she
had stopped at the CVS and had “met with one of our local dopers.” Id. at 59.
Taylor then conceded Lewis had directed her to pass the exit for the casino and
drive to the CVS in Rushville. She further stated someone got in the car at the
CVS and spoke with Lewis. Taylor claimed she did not look at the person and
did not hear his discussion with Lewis because she was looking at her phone.
She swore “on [her] children” she never looked at the person who got into the
car. Id. at 62.
[13] Taylor further stated Lewis did not hand her any money or drugs after the other
person left the car. She next claimed she had $400 in cash from “[o]ther
sources.” Id. at 66. Upon further questioning, Taylor admitted Lewis had
given her the cash as they were leaving the CVS lot.
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[14] The State charged Taylor with dealing in a narcotic drug in an amount greater
than one gram but less than five grams, dealing in cocaine, and maintaining a
common nuisance, a Level 6 felony. The State dismissed the count of
maintaining a common nuisance prior to trial. The jury deadlocked during
deliberations. After discussions with the parties, the trial court allowed the
parties to present additional arguments to the jury and then reread the
instructions. The jury determined Taylor was guilty of the two dealing offenses,
and this appeal followed.
Discussion and Decision
I. Jury Instruction – Accomplice Liability
[15] Taylor claims the trial court’s jury instruction on accomplice liability “was
inadequate to properly inform the jury on the law.” Appellant’s Br. p. 15. She
concedes she did not object to the instruction at trial and must establish on
appeal that the instructional error, if any, was fundamental.
[16] A claim that has been waived by a failure to raise a contemporaneous objection
can be reviewed on appeal if the reviewing court determines fundamental error
occurred. Brown v. State, 929 N.E.2d 204 (Ind. 2010). The “fundamental error”
exception is extremely narrow and applies only when the error constitutes a
blatant violation of basic principles, the harm or potential for harm is
substantial, and the resulting error denies the defendant fundamental due
process. Mathews v. State, 849 N.E.2d 578 (Ind. 2006).
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[17] In reviewing a trial court’s decision to give or refuse tendered jury instructions,
this Court considers: (1) whether the instruction correctly states the law; (2)
whether there is evidence in the record to support the giving of the instruction;
and (3) whether the substance of the tendered instruction is covered by other
instructions that are given. Chambers v. State, 734 N.E.2d 578 (Ind. 2000). In
determining whether fundamental error occurred in the giving of instructions,
we consider all the relevant information provided to the jury, including closing
arguments and other instructions. Davis v. State, 835 N.E.2d 1102 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2005), trans. denied.
[18] The trial court instructed the jury on accomplice liability as follows:
A person who knowingly or intentionally aids, induces, or causes
another person to commit an offense commits that offense. A
person may be convicted of aiding, inducing, or causing an
offense even if the other person has not been prosecuted for the
offense, has not been convicted of the offense, or has been
acquitted of the offense.
Appellant’s App. Vol. 2, p. 88; Tr. Vol. II, p. 138.
[19] The instruction closely tracks the language of the statute that governs
accomplice liability. See Indiana Code § 35-41-2-4 (1977). As a general matter,
it is not error to instruct the jury consistent with applicable statutes. Wooley v.
State, 716 N.E.2d 919 (Ind. 1999).
[20] Taylor argues the instruction was defective because it failed to inform the jury
that presence at the scene of a crime and failure to oppose the commission of a
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crime are insufficient to establish accomplice liability. Taylor’s issue was
addressed by other instructions. Specifically, the trial court read the charging
information to the jury in the final instructions, clarifying the State was
obligated to prove Taylor “delivered” the heroin and cocaine. Tr. Vol. II, p.
160. The jury was thus informed Taylor had to take an affirmative act to assist
in commission of the offenses. Under these circumstances, we cannot conclude
the accomplice liability instruction blatantly violated basic principles, and we
decline to address her waived claim of instructional error. See Davis, 835
N.E.2d at 1110 (any error in failing to give instruction to jury was not
fundamental, considering jury instructions as a whole).
II. Prosecutorial Misconduct
[21] Taylor argues the prosecutor engaged in misconduct during the arguments the
parties presented after the jury deadlocked. She concedes she did not object to
the prosecutor’s argument and must demonstrate the misconduct, if any,
resulted in fundamental error.
[22] In reviewing a claim of prosecutorial misconduct, we must determine (1)
whether misconduct occurred, and if so, (2) whether the misconduct, under all
of the circumstances, placed the defendant in a position of grave peril to which
he or she would not have been otherwise subjected. Ryan v. State, 9 N.E.3d 663
(Ind. 2014). A prosecutor has the duty to present a persuasive final argument
and thus placing a defendant in grave peril, by itself, is not misconduct. Id.
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[23] When a claim of prosecutorial misconduct has been waived for failure to
properly raise the claim in the trial court, the defendant must establish not only
the grounds for prosecutorial misconduct but also that the misconduct
constituted fundamental error. Id.
[24] After the jury retired to deliberate, the jurors sent a note to the trial court
stating: “Clarify, um, if the charge is knowingly delivered cocaine, does that
mean she, the Defendant, has to know the package was cocaine?” Tr. Vol. II,
p. 149. After discussing the note with the parties, the court sent the jury a note
stating, “The Court’s instructions are your best source in determining the law.”
Id. at 150. Later, the jury reported to the trial court it was deadlocked on both
counts, and the judge brought the jury into the courtroom. The foreperson
reported the jury needed more information on a question of law:
Specifically, our, our concern is that in both counts the, the idea
of knowingly or intentionally, it is concerning to several members
of the Jury that that means that the statute means the, the
delivery must also include knowing the content of the package.
If the statute is to be read that there does not need to be
knowledge of the content. Knowledge that it was cocaine or
knowledge that it was heroin, simply the act of delivery, if the
Indiana State has that as the application we would be able to
have a completely different finding. But as it states certain Jurors
are concerned that there has not been proof established that there
was knowledge of the content.
Id. at 152.
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[25] The trial court and the parties agreed the parties would provide additional
argument, five minutes each, followed by the court rereading the instructions to
the jury. The prosecutor told the jury the following:
It’s been a long day for everybody. I’m hoping this will help you
out. I know you have your instructions and the Judge is gonna
read that to you again and I understand why there might be some
confusion when you’re looking at the charge of dealing on both
of these counts. And, saying to convict the Defendant, saying it
has to prove each of the following elements beyond reasonable
doubt. The Defendant, Charisse Taylor, we got that taken care
of. Knowingly or intentionally, delivered. Delivery of heroin.
We proved that it was heroin. The State Lab says it was. The
State Police, forensic scientist. And the amount delivered
weighing at least 1 gram but less than 5 grams. Then not, there’s
no way, I’m never going to be able to prove, in most cases, that a
defendant knew how much the actual weight was. The State
Police Lab’s gonna do that. That’s not a specific intent element.
And I don’t see anywhere in here that would require knowing or
intentional on the heroin itself, the cocaine itself, the weights or
anything else. Knowingly or intentionally delivered. And I
based that on reading the actual statute that she is charged with.
Dealing in Cocaine or a Narcotic Drug. It’s the same statute.
One part of it deals with cocaine, one part of it deals with heroin
or any other narcotic drug. Uh, and it starts off saying subsection
a, a person who, and then under that there’s a subsection says,
“knowingly or intentionally:” under that there are four
subsections under that subsection (a)(1). “Knowingly or
intentionally manufactures, finances the manufacture of, delivers,
or finances the delivery of.” Those are the elements that fall
under “knowingly or intentionally.” The next line is, “cocaine or
a narcotic drug, pure or adulterated, classified in schedule 1 or 2”
And then as you go down it says if it’s more than 1 gram and less
than 5, it says Level Felony [sic] if it’s more than 5 grams it’s a
different level felony, it’s below that, falls under original one. So
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knowing that that’s how the statutes written, I think that will help
you out. The other thing I want to point out, maybe I didn’t
make this clear when I was arguing it before. But the aiding and
abetting statute that you have, I keep calling it that, it’s, uh, a
person who, knowingly or intentionally, aids, induces, or causes
another person to commit an offense, commits that offense. If
you determine that Mr. Lewis had the intent to deliver cocaine
and heroin to Alex Shaver, then you determine that Charisse
Taylor aided him, then she’s guilty of that crime. Same thing
with cocaine, heroin. And as I said before in my prior closing, I
don’t know if that helps at all either, but you can infer intent and
knowledge from somebody’s behavior, the conduct, and all the
circumstances. All the lies she told, the information she gave the
police that was wrong, the actions she took. There’s no doubt
that cocaine and heroin was delivered in this case. There’s no
doubt that she drove that [sic] to Rushville. There’s no doubt
that she sat there while it was going on. I’m asking you to find
her guilty of both counts. Thank you.
Id. at 156-57. Next, Taylor presented her additional argument, and the trial
court reread the instructions before the jury retired to continue deliberating.
[26] Taylor contends the prosecutor misstated the law by arguing “to the jury that
Taylor’s presence at the transaction and mere acquiescence while the
transaction occurred were sufficient to support her conviction.” Appellant’s Br.
p. 22. We disagree. The prosecutor clarified the jury had to determine she
“aided” Lewis in delivering the drugs and further identified several “actions”
she took that proved she actively assisted Lewis in committing the offenses. Tr.
Vol. II, p. 157. Further, the prosecutor never claimed Taylor’s mere presence
or failure to oppose the transaction would be sufficient to hold her criminally
liable.
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[27] Next, Taylor claims the prosecutor “engaged in misconduct when he argued to
the jury he did not have to prove Taylor knew the items being dealt were
cocaine and heroin.” Appellant’s Br. p. 22. If the prosecutor misstated the law,
the misstatement did not rise to the level of fundamental error. During closing
arguments, the prosecutor acknowledged jurors might ask themselves, “These
drugs were in a Swisher Sweet package, so, if she didn’t seem [sic] them, how
could she know it was cocaine and heroin?” Tr. Vol. II, p. 126. The prosecutor
further told the jurors they had to determine “whether Miss Taylor had
knowledge or intent to participate in this drug deal, to aid or assist Mr. Lewis in
this drug deal.” Id. The prosecutor then discussed Taylor’s conduct in detail,
including her repeated lies during the police investigation, and concluded,
“[s]he knowingly and intentionally delivered drugs to Alex Shaver, cocaine and
heroin.” Id. at 129. Finally, in its final instructions the court instructed jurors
they could not find Taylor guilty of the dealing charge unless they concluded
she “knowingly or intentionally” delivered heroin and cocaine. Id. at 137-38.
There was no fundamental error on this point.
III. Sufficiency of the Evidence
[28] Taylor claims the State failed to present sufficient evidence to convict her. In
addressing the sufficiency of the evidence, we will affirm the conviction if,
considering only the probative evidence and reasonable inferences supporting
the verdict, without weighing or assessing witness credibility, a reasonable trier
of fact could conclude the defendant was guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
Enamorado v. State, 534 N.E.2d 740 (Ind. 1989).
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[29] To convict Taylor of dealing in a narcotic drug (heroin) in an amount greater
than one gram but less than five grams, the State was required to prove beyond
a reasonable doubt that Taylor (1) knowingly or intentionally (2) delivered (3)
heroin (4) in the specified amount. Ind. Code § 35-48-4-1. Similarly, to convict
Taylor of dealing in cocaine, the State was required to prove beyond a
reasonable doubt that Taylor (1) knowingly or intentionally (2) delivered (3)
cocaine. Id. Taylor does not dispute Lewis sold heroin and cocaine to an
undercover officer, but she claims she did not assist Lewis in the transaction.
[30] “A person who knowingly or intentionally aids, induces, or causes another
person to commit an offense commits that offense . . . .” Ind. Code § 35-41-2-4.
Under this statute, an individual who aids another person in committing a
crime is as guilty as the actual perpetrator. Schaaf v. State, 54 N.E.3d 1041 (Ind.
Ct. App. 2016). A person can be convicted as an accomplice even if the person
did not participate in each and every element of the crime. Id. We consider the
following factors in determining whether a defendant aided another in the
commission of a crime: (1) presence at the scene of the crime; (2)
companionship with another engaged in a crime; (3) failure to oppose the
commission of the crime; and (4) the course of conduct before, during, and after
the occurrence of the crime. Id.
[31] Taylor was present during the drug deal with her companion, Lewis. We
further conclude there is ample evidence from which the jury could have
determined beyond a reasonable doubt that she assisted Lewis in the deal.
During the transaction at CVS, Taylor looked around for police officers and
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also looked at Shaver. Shaver counted the buy money in her presence and used
a slang term for crack cocaine during the transaction. As she drove away,
Taylor received the money from Lewis and hid it in her bra. After her arrest
she repeatedly lied to the officers, initially claiming she got lost while driving
Lewis to the casino, then further claiming she and Lewis had not met anyone at
CVS and that Lewis had not given her the money that was later found in her
bra. Taylor’s claim that she did not look at Shaver and was merely nervous
while being questioned are requests to reweigh the evidence. See id. at 1044
(evidence sufficient to convict Schaaf as an accomplice in dealing heroin;
Schaaf drove a friend to gas station, allowed a confidential informant to enter
his car, and witnessed the deal).
Conclusion
[32] For the reasons stated above, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
[33] Affirmed.
Baker, J., and Mathias, J., concur.
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