NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS NOV 15 2018
MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK
U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
MAUREEN HAY, a Washington resident; et No. 17-35818
al.,
D.C. No. 3:17-cv-05077-RJB
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. MEMORANDUM*
AMERICAN SAFETY INDEMNITY
COMPANY, a foreign insurer,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court
For the Western District of Washington
Robert J. Bryan, District Judge, Presiding
Submitted November 8, 2018**
Seattle, Washington
Before: McKEOWN and FRIEDLAND, Circuit Judges, and BOLTON,*** District
Judge.
*
This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent
except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.
**
The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision
without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).
***
The Honorable Susan R. Bolton, United States District Judge for the
District of Arizona, sitting by designation.
Appellants appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
Appellee American Safety Indemnity Company (“ASIC”). Appellants, all of whom
purchased homes in the Valley Haven development located in Fife, Washington,
allege that ASIC had a duty to defend homebuilder Highmark Homes, LLC
(“Highmark”) against a state court action by homeowners (including Appellants)
for construction defects.1 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and for the
reasons that follow, we affirm.
We review de novo the district court’s grant of summary judgment, as well
as its interpretations of state contract law and of the underlying insurance policy.
Sierra Med. Servs. Alliance v. Kent, 883 F.3d 1216, 1222 (9th Cir. 2018); Los
Angeles Lakers, Inc. v. Fed. Ins. Co., 869 F.3d 795, 800 (9th Cir. 2017).
In Washington,2 “the duty to defend is different from and broader than the
duty to indemnify.” American Best Food, Inc. v. Alea London, Ltd., 229 P.3d 693,
696 (Wash. 2010). While the latter applies only to covered liabilities, the former
1
Appellants are suing ASIC under an assignment of rights from Highmark as part
of the parties’ resolution of the underlying state court matter.
2
The district court, sitting in diversity, applied state substantive law in this case.
Gasperini v. Ctr. for Humanities, 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996). We apply Washington
law as we believe the state’s high court would have applied it. Gravquick A/S v.
Trimble Navigation Int’l Ltd., 323 F.3d 1219, 1222 (9th Cir. 2003). Absent
controlling case law from that court, we ascertain how it would rule “using
intermediate appellate court decisions, statutes, and decisions from other
jurisdictions as interpretive aids.” Id.
2
extends to all conceivably covered liabilities. Id. “The duty to defend arises when a
complaint against the insured, construed liberally, alleges facts which could, if
proven, impose liability upon the insured within the policy’s coverage.” Id.
(quotation omitted). “Facts that are extrinsic to the pleadings, but readily available
to the insurer, may give rise to the duty.” National Sur. Corp. v. Immunex Corp.,
297 P.3d 688, 691 (Wash. 2013). But this duty is not triggered when it is clear that
a claim is not covered. Id. Such is the case here.
Highmark took out three ASIC policies during construction. Each includes
an exclusion for damage “however caused, arising, directly or indirectly, out of, or
related to” an insured or insured subcontractor’s operation or work that is
“incorporated into a tract housing project or development.” And “tract housing” or
“tract housing project or development” is defined as “any housing project or
development that includes the construction, repair or remodel of twenty-five (25)
or more residential buildings by our insured in any or all phases of the project or
development.”
Appellants argue that the district court erred in concluding ASIC had no
duty to defend Highmark. They claim that both the policy’s plain language and
ASIC’s alleged reliance upon extrinsic evidence in denying coverage evince a duty
to defend. ASIC maintains that the “tract housing” exclusion unambiguously
applies to the 29 Valley Haven homes that Highmark constructed. ASIC adds that
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although it did not need to do so before denying coverage, it requested information
to confirm that Highmark had in fact constructed more than 25 homes.
Irrespective of ASIC’s post-claim investigation, the language of the policy
exclusion is unassailable. It defines “tract housing” or “tract housing project or
development” as “any housing project or development that includes the
construction, repair or remodel of twenty-five (25) or more residential buildings by
our insured in any or all phases of the project or development.” The state court
complaint alleged, and Highmark confirmed, that Highmark had constructed and
sold “29 homes located within Valley Haven project development.” Neither is
susceptible to competing interpretations—at least none that are reasonable. Cf. Kut
Suen Lui v. Essex Ins. Co., 375 P.3d 596, 600 (Wash. 2016) (“Language in an
insurance contract is ambiguous if it is susceptible to two different but reasonable
interpretations.”). Highmark constructed more than 25 homes (29) within the same
project or development (Valley Haven). The exclusion contains no other pertinent
limitations. Nor does this interpretation render the entire policy illusory. See
Quadrant Corp. v. Am. States Ins. Co., 110 P.3d 733, 744 (Wash. 2005) (refusing
to find policy illusory where exclusions did not effectively nullify coverage).
Highmark presumably read, understood, and agreed to its terms. See Hein v.
Family Life Ins. Co., 371 P.2d 1001, 1004 (Wash. 1962). We consequently decline
to rewrite the exclusion, even if doing so would more nearly suit Appellant’s
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expectations. See Lui, 375 P.3d at 600 (“In Washington the expectations of the
insured cannot override the plain language of the contract.”) (quotation and
modification omitted); see also American States Ins., Co. v. Delean’s Tile &
Marble, LLC, 319 P.3d 38, 43 (Wash. Ct. App. 2013) (“Where the policy’s
language does not provide coverage, we may not rewrite the policy to do so.”).
ASIC’s investigation changes little. There is no question that “an insurer
may not rely on facts extrinsic to the complaint in order to deny its duty to defend
where . . . the complaint can be interpreted as triggering the duty to defend.” Truck
Ins. Exch. v. Vanport Homes, Inc., 58 P.3d 276, 282 (Wash. 2002). Appellants
offer no evidence suggesting that the information gleaned in ASIC’s investigation
actually caused the tender’s denial. Conversely, the plain language of the policy
and complaint alone suffice to support ASIC’s denial. We accordingly conclude
that the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of ASIC was proper.
AFFIRMED.
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