Carl M. Archer Trust No. Three, Mary Frances G. Archer Trust No. Three, and Mary Archer Dixon and Carla Archer Johnson, Trustees v. Ronald Ralph Tregellas and Donnita Tregellas

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TEXAS
══════════
No. 17-0093
══════════

CARL M. ARCHER TRUST NO. THREE, MARY FRANCES G. ARCHER TRUST NO.
THREE, AND MARY ARCHER DIXON AND CARLA ARCHER JOHNSON, TRUSTEES,
PETITIONERS,

v.

RONALD RALPH TREGELLAS AND DONNITA TREGELLAS, RESPONDENTS

══════════════════════════════════════════
ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
══════════════════════════════════════════

~ consolidated for oral argument with ~

══════════
No. 17-0094
══════════

CARL M. ARCHER TRUST NO. THREE, MARY FRANCES G. ARCHER TRUST NO.
THREE, AND MARY ARCHER DIXON AND CARLA ARCHER JOHNSON, TRUSTEES,
PETITIONERS,

v.

RONALD RALPH TREGELLAS AND DONNITA TREGELLAS, RESPONDENTS

══════════════════════════════════════════
ON PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM THE
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
══════════════════════════════════════════

Argued September 13, 2018
 JUSTICE LEHRMANN delivered the opinion of the Court.

This case concerns whether the statute of limitations bars a claim for breach of a recorded

right of first refusal to purchase a mineral interest. The grantors of the right conveyed the mineral

interest to a third party without notifying the holders. More than four years later, the rightholders

learned of the conveyance and sued the third party for breach, seeking specific performance. The

trial court rendered judgment for the holders, but the court of appeals reversed, holding that the

statute of limitations bars the claim. Specifically, the court of appeals held that the rightholders’

cause of action accrued when the grantors conveyed the property without notice and that the

discovery rule does not apply to defer accrual. We agree with the court of appeals’ first conclusion

but disagree with the second. Accordingly, we reverse the court of appeals’ judgment in part and

reinstate the trial court’s judgment.

I. Background

On June 12, 2003, members of the Cook family executed a warranty deed conveying the

surface estate of a tract of land in Hansford County, Texas,1 to the trustees of the Carl M. Archer

Trust No. Three and the Mary Frances G. Archer Trust No. 3 (Trustees).2 The sellers retained

ownership of the mineral estate but separately granted Trustees a right of first refusal (ROFR) to

purchase the minerals. The ROFR stated in relevant part:

[The Cooks] . . . have sold and granted, and by these presence do hereby SELL and
GRANT unto [Trustees] the Right of First Refusal to purchase the following land
described as follows, to-wit:

1
The sellers include Robert Lynn Cook, Sharon Sue Cook Farber, Brenda Jean Cook Smith, and Lacie Anne
Baker Tidwell, individually and as co-trustees of the A.F. Cook Children’s Trust, as well as those individuals’
respective spouses, Sharon Kaye Cook, Rodney Farber, Ed Smith, and Trent Tidwell.
2
Trustees are Mary Archer Dixon and Carla Archer Johnson.

2
 ....

Tract 4: All of the oil, gas, and other minerals in, on or under W/2 of
Section 85, Block 4-T, T&NO Ry. Co. Survey, Ochiltree
County, Texas.

....

This right of first refusal shall be construed to mean that in the event that [the
grantors], or their successors and/or assigns, desire to sell any or all of the above
described property, [Trustees], their heirs or assigns, shall have the right to purchase
the property, at the same price and on the same terms and conditions as offered by
any other bona fide buyer.

[Trustees] shall have sixty (60) days after receipt of said offer to either accept or
reject said offer. In the event that [Trustees] do[] not elect to accept said offer, and
the property is purchased by the bona fide buyer, set forth above, at the offered
price, then this agreement shall be null and void and of no further force and effect,
only as to the property so purchased . . . .

The warranty deed and ROFR were filed in the Hansford County property records on June 16,

2003.

Trustees’ attorney subsequently discovered that the ROFR erroneously described the

property as being in Ochiltree County rather than Hansford County. The attorney drafted a Right

of First Refusal Correction accurately describing the county. That document was signed by some

of the original ROFR grantors and filed in the Hansford County property records in September

2004.

On March 28, 2007, Sharon Sue Cook Farber and Rodney Farber—two of the ROFR

grantors—executed a mineral deed conveying their interest in the Tract 4 minerals to Ronald Ralph

Tregellas and Donnita Tregellas. The deed was recorded on March 30, 2007. Before conveying

the interest, the Farbers did not notify Trustees of the Farbers’ intent to sell or of the price, terms,

and conditions of the Tregellases’ offer. Nor were Trustees notified about the sale after the fact.

3
 Trustees learned of the conveyance over four years later, on May 4, 2011, when they were

advised of it by a prospective oil and gas lessee. The next day, Trustees sued the Farbers and the

Tregellases for breach of the ROFR and tortious interference, alleging that Trustees had the right

to purchase the conveyed interest, that they had not been given notice of the sale, and that they

“desire to exercise their right to purchase the [conveyed] interest.”3 Trustees sought damages as

well as specific performance, asking the trial court to order the “transfer of the property” from the

Tregellases to Trustees. They also requested attorney’s fees.

The defendants raised several affirmative defenses, including that the four-year statute of

limitations barred the contract claims. Trustees ultimately amended their pleadings to nonsuit their

claims against the Farbers and pursue relief against only the Tregellases.4 In their amended

pleadings, Trustees alleged that upon their receipt of notice in 2011 of the Farbers’ conveyance to

the Tregellases, Trustees’ right of first refusal “ripened into” an option to purchase the conveyed

interest at the same price and on the same terms and conditions, and that Trustees timely exercised

that option by filing suit. They further alleged that the Tregellases purchased the interest with

actual or constructive notice of the ROFR and thus “st[oo]d in the shoes of the Farber[s].” Trustees

sought “specific performance of the contract created by their exercise of the option to purchase.”

They also pled that the statute of limitations did not bar their contract claims because (1) the

3
Trustees initially named the Tidwells—two other ROFR grantors—as additional defendants, alleging they
similarly breached the ROFR by selling their undivided interest in the Tract 4 minerals to the Tregellases without
notifying Trustees. The Tidwells answered that their conveyance to the Tregellases was “an oversight and unilateral
mistake” and that the conveyance had been rescinded, leaving the parties “in the same position they were before the
controversy was created.” Trustees eventually nonsuited their claims involving the Tidwell interest.
4
After filing suit, Trustees learned that the Tregellases had also acquired the mineral interest of the two
remaining ROFR grantors—the Smiths—and Trustees amended their petition to seek specific performance as to that
interest as well. The trial court rendered judgment for Trustees as to the Smith interest, and the court of appeals
affirmed. 507 S.W.3d 423, 437 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2016). The Tregellases do not seek relief here from that portion
of the court of appeals’ judgment, which is therefore final.

4
contract at issue was created when Trustees exercised their option to purchase the mineral interest,

which occurred less than four years before suit was filed, and alternatively (2) the discovery rule

and the doctrine of fraudulent concealment tolled the limitations period.

After a bench trial, the trial court rendered judgment for Trustees and granted specific

performance, ordering the Tregellases to convey the pertinent mineral interest to Trustees upon

their deposit of the purchase price—set at $9,000, the amount the Tregellases had paid—into the

court’s registry.5 The court also awarded Trustees their attorney’s fees. In its findings of fact, the

trial court concluded that by filing their original petition, Trustees “exercised their right of first

refusal under the ROFR to purchase the Farber interest from the [Tregellases].” The trial court

further found that the Farbers and the Tregellases did not disclose to Trustees that the Farbers were

willing to sell their mineral interest, and that Trustees “did not know, nor in the exercise of

reasonable care and diligence, should they have known that the Farbers were willing to sell their

mineral interests . . . until they were notified of same by a third party on May 4, 2011.” Finally,

the court found that, had Trustees been notified earlier of that fact, “they would have immediately

filed suit to enforce their rights under the ROFR.” In its conclusions of law, the court held that the

Tregellases took the Farbers’ mineral interest with notice of the ROFR and were not bona fide

purchasers for value, that the statute of limitations did not bar Trustees’ causes of action, and that

Trustees were “entitled to specific performance of the ROFR.”

5
The trial court also found that Trustees were entitled to recover $25,666.00 from the Tregellases “as the
equitable adjustment required to put [Trustees] in the same position they would have been had the[y] been allowed to
timely exercise their rights under the ROFR.” Aside from their argument that Trustees’ claims are time-barred, the
Tregellases have not complained on appeal about this portion of the trial court’s judgment.

5
 The Tregellases appealed, arguing that the trial court erred in finding that the statute of

limitations did not bar Trustees’ claim.6 The court of appeals agreed and reversed, holding that

Trustees’ cause of action for breach of contract accrued when the minerals were conveyed without

notice. 507 S.W.3d 423, 430 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2016). The court of appeals also held that the

discovery rule does not apply to delay accrual because Trustees’ injury is “of the type that generally

is discoverable by the exercise of reasonable diligence.” Id. at 433. Finally, because the court’s

reversal on the merits impacted the propriety of the award of attorney’s fees, the court severed the

issue of entitlement to attorney’s fees into a new cause, reversed the fee award, and remanded the

severed cause to the trial court to redetermine that issue. Id. at 437.

Trustees filed petitions for review of both judgments. The petitions were consolidated for

oral argument.

II. Analysis

A. Rights of First Refusal

Because Trustees’ right of first refusal is central to this dispute, we begin with a discussion

of the legal principles governing this interest. “A right of first refusal, also known as a preemptive

or preferential right, empowers its holder with a preferential right to purchase the subject property

on the same terms offered by or to a bona fide purchaser.” Tenneco Inc. v. Enter. Prods. Co., 925

S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex. 1996). Generally, a right of first refusal requires the grantor to notify the

holder of his intent to sell and to first offer the property to the holder on the same terms and

conditions offered by a third party. See id.; Navasota Res., L.P. v. First Source Tex., Inc., 249

6
The Tregellases also argued that the ROFR’s incorrect description of the county rendered the ROFR
“ineffective” under the statute of frauds. Both the trial court and the court of appeals rejected this argument, 507
S.W.3d at 428–29, and the Tregellases do not reurge it here.

6
S.W.3d 526, 532 (Tex. App.—Waco 2008, pet. denied). When the grantor communicates those

terms to the holder, the right “ripens into an enforceable option.” FWT, Inc. v. Haskin Wallace

Mason Prop. Mgmt., LLP, 301 S.W.3d 787, 793 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied)

(quotation omitted); Durrett Dev., Inc. v. Gulf Coast Concrete, LLC, No. 14-07-01062-CV, 2009

WL 2620506, at *4 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Aug. 27, 2009, no. pet.) (mem. op.). The

holder may then elect to purchase the property according to the terms of the instrument granting

the first-refusal right and the third party’s offer, or decline to purchase it and allow the owner to

sell to the third party. See Jarvis v. Peltier, 400 S.W.3d 644, 652 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2013, pet.

denied).7

A grantor’s sale of the burdened property to a third party without first offering it to the

rightholder on the same terms constitutes a breach of contract. Riley v. Campeau Homes (Tex.),

Inc., 808 S.W.2d 184, 188 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1991, writ dism’d). When a right of

first refusal relating to real property is breached, rightholders most frequently seek the remedy of

specific performance.8 Robert K. Wise, et al., First Refusal Rights Under Texas Law, 62 BAYLOR

L. REV. 433, 502 (2010). If the property has already been conveyed to a third party, however, the

only remedy available from the grantor is money damages. See, e.g., Koch Indus., Inc. v. Sun Co.,

918 F.2d 1203, 1214 (5th Cir. 1990). Nevertheless, as discussed below, specific performance may

still be available as a remedy against the third-party purchaser.

7
Disputes often arise over whether a rightholder properly exercises the ripened option to purchase. We need
not discuss the related legal principles because no such dispute is before us here.
8
To be entitled to specific performance, the party seeking such relief must plead and prove he was ready,
willing, and able to timely perform his obligations under the contract. DiGiuseppe v. Lawler, 269 S.W.3d 588, 593
(Tex. 2008).

7
 To that end, a person who purchases property with actual or constructive notice of a right

of first refusal takes the property subject to that right. See Jarvis, 400 S.W.3d at 652–53. And

courts are in agreement that such a purchaser “stands in the shoes of the original seller when

specific performance is sought and may be compelled to convey title to the [holder of the right of

first refusal].” Id. at 653; see also A.G.E., Inc. v. Buford, 105 S.W.3d 667, 673 (Tex. App.—Austin

2003, pet. denied) (“When a sale is made in breach of the right of first refusal, it therefore creates

in the rightholder an enforceable option to acquire the property according to the terms of the

sale.”); Riley, 808 S.W.2d at 188 (“A sale or transfer of property burdened by a right of first refusal

without making an offer to the holder of the right is a breach of contract for which the remedy of

specific performance is available.”). This accords with our longstanding jurisprudence regarding

executory contracts for the sale of real property, which may be enforced by specific performance

when a third party purchases the property with notice of the contract. Scarborough v. Arrant, 25

Tex. 129, 130 (Tex. 1860); see also Langley v. Norris, 173 S.W.2d 454, 457 (Tex. 1943) (“One

who, with knowledge, actual or constructive, of the executory contract acquires the legal title

[from] the vendor subsequently to an executory contract for the sale of land . . . , may be compelled,

at the suit of the vendee under the executory contract, to perform the contract by conveying the

legal title, if the conditions are such that such relief could have been granted against the vendor if

he had not transferred the legal title.”).

Here, the Farbers sold their mineral interest to the Tregellases without notifying Trustees,

despite the Farbers’ obligation to first offer the interest to Trustees on the same terms. Pursuant

to the trial court’s unchallenged findings, the Tregellases purchased the interest with notice of the

ROFR and thus stand in the Farbers’ shoes with respect to Trustees’ request for specific

8
performance. In this Court, the Tregellases’ sole challenge to the trial court’s judgment granting

specific performance is that Trustees’ claim is barred by the statute of limitations as a matter of

law. Accordingly, we address only that issue.

B. Statute of Limitations

1. Accrual of Cause of Action

The statute of limitations is an affirmative defense that serves to “establish a point of repose

and to terminate stale claims.” Murray v. San Jacinto Agency, Inc., 800 S.W.2d 826, 828 (Tex.

1990). The parties do not dispute that Trustees’ contract claim is governed by the four-year statute

of limitations, meaning they were required to assert it within four years after the cause of action

accrued. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 16.004(a)(1) (requiring a suit seeking specific

performance of a contract for the conveyance of real property to be brought “not later than four

years after the day the cause of action accrues”); see also Stine v. Stewart, 80 S.W.3d 586, 592

(Tex. 2002) (four-year limitations period applies to contract claims). At issue is the accrual date.

As a general matter, “a cause of action accrues and the statute of limitations begins to run

when facts come into existence that authorize a party to seek a judicial remedy.” Provident Life

& Accident Ins. Co. v. Knott, 128 S.W.3d 211, 221 (Tex. 2003). Put differently, a cause of action

accrues “when a wrongful act causes some legal injury, even if the fact of injury is not discovered

until later, and even if all resulting damages have not yet occurred.” S.V. v. R.V., 933 S.W.2d 1, 4

(Tex. 1996). Under this rule, a cause of action for breach of contract accrues at the moment the

contract is breached. Cosgrove v. Cade, 468 S.W.3d 32, 39 (Tex. 2015). As noted, Texas courts

consistently hold, and we agree, that a right of first refusal is breached when property is conveyed

to a third party without notice to the rightholder. See, e.g., McMillan v. Dooley, 144 S.W.3d 159,

9
172 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2004, pet. denied); Carrico v. Kondos, 111 S.W.3d 582, 588 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. denied); Riley, 808 S.W.2d at 188; see also 3 TIMOTHY MURRAY,

CORBIN ON CONTRACTS § 11.4 (rev. ed. 2018) (“This right [of first refusal] contemplates that the

grantor of the right will communicate to the holder the offer that the grantor is contemplating

accepting.”).

Applying these principles, the court of appeals in this case held that Trustees’ cause of

action accrued “when [their] bargained-for right of first refusal had been dishonored and the

agreement breached.” 507 S.W.3d at 430–31. This happened no later than March 28, 2007, when

the Farbers deeded the mineral interest to the Tregellases. Id. at 430. In this Court, the Tregellases

similarly argue that Trustees’ cause of action accrued when the Farbers conveyed the mineral

interest without notifying Trustees, more than four years before suit was filed.

Trustees disagree with this reasoning and contend that their cause of action accrued not in

2007, when the Farbers sold the property without notifying Trustees, but in 2011, when Trustees

attempted to exercise their option to purchase (by seeking specific performance), which only

“ripened” once they learned of the earlier conveyance. See A.G.E., 105 S.W.3d at 673 (“When the

rightholder learns of a sale in violation of her right [of first refusal], she again has the opportunity

to either accept or reject within the specified time frame, just as if the offer to buy had been

properly noticed . . . .”). More specifically, Trustees argue that the ROFR was not impaired or lost

via the conveyance because the Tregellases took the property subject to that right, and Trustees

retained the ability to exercise their option once they received notice. In addition, they argue that

no legal injury could occur until they attempted to exercise their right because the ROFR did not

bind Trustees; it merely provided them an opportunity to purchase upon notice.

10
 We agree with the court of appeals that the rules governing the accrual of causes of action

point to the date of conveyance as the accrual date for limitations purposes. Again, the ROFR was

breached when the Farbers conveyed their mineral interest without notifying Trustees of the

Tregellases’ offer. At that point, Trustees’ preemptive right was impaired despite the fact that the

Tregellases took the property subject to that right. This is because even if Trustees retained the

right to purchase the mineral interest (albeit from the Tregellases rather than the Farbers) once they

learned of the conveyance, they lost their right to purchase the interest at the time contemplated

by the ROFR: before the property was sold to a third party. See id. (noting that a first-refusal right

“requires the owner, before selling the property to another, to offer it to the rightholder on the

terms and conditions specified in the contract granting the right”); cf. Koch Indus., 918 F.2d at

1214 (explaining that a rightholder who would not have exercised his option at the time of the

grantor’s breach has suffered no legal damage).9

Further, a closer examination of Trustees’ theory reveals its circular reasoning. As

explained, Trustees argue that they were injured only when they attempted to exercise their option

by seeking specific performance. Thus, according to Trustees, by suing for specific performance,

they suffered an injury entitling them to sue for specific performance. At bottom, Trustees fail in

their attempt to materially distinguish between an action to enforce the ROFR—which was

breached by the Farbers in 2007—and an action to enforce a contract to purchase the mineral

9
We note that Trustees appear to have controverted their own accrual theory by seeking (and obtaining) relief
from the trial court in the form of an “equitable adjustment” of over $25,000, which, according to the court’s findings,
represents the total amount the Tregellases have received in lease bonuses and extension fees on the purchased mineral
interest since the Farbers conveyed it to them in March 2007. If Trustees were not injured until they sued for specific
performance on May 5, 2011, surely they would not be entitled to any lease benefits the Tregellases received before
that date.

11
interest from the Tregellases, who acquired the interest subject to the ROFR. The genesis of both

claims is a breach of the ROFR.

In sum, when the Farbers sold the burdened mineral interest to the Tregellases in March

2007 without first giving Trustees the opportunity to purchase it pursuant to the ROFR, “a

wrongful act cause[d] a legal injury,” authorizing Trustees to “seek a judicial remedy.” Knott, 128

S.W.3d at 221; S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 4. Because Trustees sued more than four years after they were

injured, the claim is time-barred unless the accrual date is otherwise deferred.

2. Discovery Rule

The discovery rule is a “limited exception” to the general rule that a cause of action accrues

when a legal injury is incurred. BP Am. Prod. Co. v. Marshall, 342 S.W.3d 59, 66 (Tex. 2011).

When applicable, the rule defers accrual until the plaintiff knew or should have known of the facts

giving rise to the cause of action. S.V., 933 S.W.2d at 4. We apply the discovery rule when the

nature of the injury is inherently undiscoverable and the evidence of injury is objectively verifiable.

Id. at 6. These two elements attempt to strike a balance between the policy underlying statutes of

limitations (barring stale claims) and the objective of avoiding an unjust result (barring claims that

could not be brought within the limitations period). Id. at 3, 6. The parties do not dispute that the

injury here is objectively verifiable; in contention is discoverability.

An injury is inherently undiscoverable when it is “unlikely to be discovered within the

prescribed limitations period despite due diligence.” Via Net v. TIG Ins. Co., 211 S.W.3d 310,

313–14 (Tex. 2006) (quoting Wagner & Brown, Ltd. v. Horwood, 58 S.W.3d 732, 734–35 (Tex.

2001)). The determination of whether an injury is inherently undiscoverable is made on a

categorical basis rather than on the facts of the individual case. HECI Expl. Co. v. Neel, 982

12
S.W.2d 881, 886 (Tex. 1998). Here, therefore, we look not to whether Trustees in particular could

have discovered their injury with diligence, but whether Trustees’ injury was “the type of injury

that could be discovered through the exercise of reasonable diligence.” BP Am. Prod. Co., 342

S.W.3d at 66.

The court of appeals held that Trustees’ injury was not inherently undiscoverable. 507

S.W.3d at 433. It noted that a conveyance of real property, including one made in violation of a

right of first refusal, is likely to be reflected in a publicly recorded instrument and that knowledge

of the conveyance may also be gleaned from “other public sources like tax rolls and from

commercial sources like abstractors.” Id. The court thus concluded that the holder of a first-

refusal right exercising reasonable diligence to protect its interest (as contracting parties must do)

would have discovered the conveyance. See id. And the court of appeals rejected Trustees’

argument that ROFR holders are akin to property owners who have no duty to routinely search

public records for documents impugning their title; instead, it concluded that an ROFR holder has

a mere contractual right to purchase property on the occurrence of certain events. Id. at 433–34.

We have held that the discovery rule applies in certain circumstances even though the

injury could have been gleaned from reviewing publicly available information. For example, in

Kelley v. Rinkle, we held that the rule delayed accrual of a libel action based on the submission of

a false credit report to a reporting agency. 532 S.W.2d 947, 949 (Tex. 1976). We explained that

a “person will not ordinarily have any reason to suspect that he has been defamed by the

publication of a false credit report to a credit agency until he makes application for credit to a

concern which avails itself of the information furnished by the credit agency.” Id. In turn, we

concluded that applying the general accrual-at-injury rule would enhance the potential for abuse

13
by wrongdoers and that the policy considerations weighed in favor of deferring accrual until the

person defamed learns of, or by reasonable diligence should have learned of, the existence of the

credit report. Id.

Using similar reasoning, courts have applied the discovery rule to a property owner’s

fraudulent-lien claims despite the lien’s filing in the property records. E.g., Vanderbilt Mortg. &

Fin., Inc. v. Flores, 692 F.3d 358, 369–70 (5th Cir. 2012) (applying Texas law). Such an injury is

nevertheless inherently undiscoverable where the property owner has “no reason . . . to believe

that any adverse claim has been made on his property, and no reason to be checking regularly to

see whether such a filing has been made.” Id. at 368. This is consistent with the well-settled

principle that one who “already owns the land . . . is not required to search the records every

morning in order to ascertain if something has happened that affects his interests or deprives him

of his title.” Cox v. Clay, 237 S.W.2d 798, 804 (Tex. Civ. App.—Amarillo 1950, writ ref’d n.r.e.);

cf. Leonard v. Benford Lumber Co., 216 S.W. 382, 384 (Tex. 1919) (noting that “registration of

an instrument carries notice of its contents only to those bound to search for it, among whom are

subsequent purchasers”) (emphasis added).

On the other hand, we have held that the discovery rule does not apply to royalty owners’

claims of underpayment of royalties where “[r]eadily accessible and publicly available

information” would have revealed the underpayments. Shell Oil Co. v. Ross, 356 S.W.3d 924,

929–30 (Tex. 2011); BP Am. Prod. Co., 342 S.W.3d at 66–67. We have rejected royalty owners’

arguments that “due diligence did not require that they verify information or payments received

from their lessees,” confirming that they must “exercise due diligence in enforcing their

contractual rights . . . within the statutory limitations period.” Via Net, 211 S.W.3d at 314

14
(discussing HECI Expl. Co., 982 S.W.2d at 887, and Wagner & Brown, 58 S.W.3d at 737) (internal

quotations omitted). And in Via Net, we recognized that application of the discovery rule to

contract claims “should be rare, as diligent contracting parties should generally discover any

breach” during the limitations period. Id. at 315.

The Tregellases argue that holders of first-refusal rights resemble royalty owners with a

duty to verify a lessee’s contractual compliance, while Trustees compare such rightholders to

property owners with no duty to continually confirm that their title is not being unlawfully

impugned. As the Tregellases note, a right of first refusal does not itself convey title to its holder.

But we have described the right as a property interest that “runs with the land itself and thus . . . is

not a collateral or personal contract between the parties.” Stone v. Tigner, 165 S.W.2d 124, 127

(Tex. App.—Galveston 1942, writ ref’d). Further, as discussed, one who purchases property with

actual or constructive notice of a first-refusal right does so subject to that right. Jarvis, 400 S.W.3d

at 652–53. Considering the nature of the first-refusal right, and balancing the appropriate policy

considerations, we conclude that the discovery rule applies.

A right of first refusal has been described as “essentially a dormant option.” A.G.E., 105

S.W.3d at 673. The rightholder has no right to compel or prevent a sale per se; rather, as explained,

he has the “right to be offered the property at a fixed price or at a price offered by a bona fide

purchaser if and when the owner decides to sell.” Abraham Inv. Co., 968 S.W.2d at 525 (emphasis

added). Only when the grantor communicates her intention to sell and discloses the offer does the

holder have a duty to act by electing to accept or reject the offer. A.G.E., 105 S.W.3d at 673. In

accordance with this principle, the ROFR in this case required Trustees to accept or reject a bona

15
fide offer to purchase the Farbers’ mineral interest no later than “sixty (60) days after receipt of

said offer.”

In light of the grantor’s duty to provide notice of an offer, the corresponding absence of

the rightholder’s duty to act before receipt of said notice, and the fact that a purchaser takes

property subject to a recorded first-refusal right, we agree with Trustees that a rightholder who has

been given no notice of the grantor’s intent to sell or the existence of a third-party offer generally

has no reason to believe that his interest may have been impaired. In turn, we cannot conclude

that such a rightholder in the exercise of reasonable diligence would continually monitor public

records for evidence of such an impairment. This is in stark contrast to a rightholder who, for

example, learns of the existence of a third-party offer but is unable, despite a reasonable

investigation, to clarify the offer’s specific terms. See Comeaux v. Suderman, 93 S.W.3d 215, 221

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (noting that a grantor must make reasonable

disclosure of an offer’s terms, while a holder must undertake a reasonable investigation of any

terms that are unclear). Under those circumstances, the holder is given some indication the grantor

intends to convey the property and thus has reason to monitor whether that has occurred.

We therefore hold that a grantor’s conveyance of property in breach of a right of first

refusal, where the rightholder is given no notice of the grantor’s intent to sell or the purchase offer,

is inherently undiscoverable and that the discovery rule applies to defer accrual of the holder’s

cause of action until he knew or should have known of the injury.10 In this instance, the opposing

policies at play—on the one hand, preventing stale claims and on the other, discouraging deceptive

10
We limit our holding to this particular breach—conveyance with no notice of the intent to sell or the
existence of an offer—of this particular type of right.

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conduct and ensuring claims are not barred before a party even knows he is injured—weigh in

favor of applying the discovery rule.

Here, the trial court found that Trustees did not know of their injury, nor in the exercise of

reasonable diligence should they have known, until May 4, 2011. Other than their general

arguments regarding the nature of Trustees’ injury, which we have rejected, the Tregellases do not

challenge this finding. That is, the Tregellases point to no evidence that purportedly would or

should have put Trustees on notice before May 2011 that the Farbers had (or even may have)

conveyed the burdened mineral interest. Therefore, Trustees sued well within four years of the

date the cause of action accrued, and the statute of limitations does not bar their claim.

C. Attorney’s Fees

Because the court of appeals partially reversed the trial court’s judgment on the merits, it

also reversed the award of attorney’s fees, severing and remanding that issue for reconsideration.

In light of our reversal of the court of appeals’ judgment on Trustees’ underlying claims, the court’s

judgment as to attorney’s fees similarly cannot stand. Accordingly, we reverse that judgment as

well.

III. Conclusion

The court of appeals erred in reversing the portion of the trial court’s judgment granting

Trustees specific performance of the ROFR with respect to the Farbers’ conveyed mineral interest.

Consequently, the court of appeals also erred in reversing the trial court’s award of attorney’s fees.

We therefore reverse the court of appeals’ judgment in part in Cause No. 17-0993, reverse the

court’s judgment in Cause No. 17-0994, and reinstate the trial court’s judgment.

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 ________________________________
Debra H. Lehrmann
Justice

OPINION DELIVERED: November 16, 2018

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