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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN RE: ADOPTION OF B.X.D., A : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
MINOR : PENNSYLVANIA
:
:
APPEAL OF: D.T.M., NATURAL :
FATHER :
:
:
: No. 1014 WDA 2018
Appeal from the Order Dated June 7, 2018
in the Court of Common Pleas of Cambria County Orphans' Court at
No(s): No. 2017-1116 IVT
BEFORE: OTT, J., MURRAY, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E.*
MEMORANDUM BY STEVENS, P.J.E.: FILED NOVEMBER 20, 2018
Appellant, D.T.M. (“Father”), appeals from the Order dated June 7,
2018, and entered June 12, 2018,1 in the Cambria County Court of Common
Pleas Orphans’ Court, granting the petition of Cambria County Children and
Youth Services (“CYS”) and involuntarily terminating his parental rights to his
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* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.
1 The subject order was dated and filed June 7, 2018. However, the clerk did
not provide notice pursuant to Pa.R.C.P. 236(b), as docketed, until June 12,
2018. Our appellate rules designate the date of entry of an order as “the day
on which the clerk makes the notation in the docket that notice of entry of the
order has been given as required by Pa.R.C.P. 236(b).” Pa.R.A.P. 108(b).
Further, our Supreme Court has held that “an order is not appealable until it
is entered on the docket with the required notation that appropriate notice
has been given.” Frazier v. City of Philadelphia, 557 Pa. 618, 621, 735
A.2d 113, 115 (1999).
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minor, dependent son, B.X.D. (“Child”), born in February of 2017, pursuant
to the Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), and (b).2, 3, 4 We affirm.
Our review of the certified record reveals that CYS has been involved
with this family since October of 2015 due to ongoing mental health issues,
poor housing conditions, poor hygiene, lack of supervision and poor parenting,
issues of domestic violence, and concerns of constant diaper rash. Notes of
Testimony (“N.T.”), 5/17/18, at 17. Mother’s two older daughters, neither of
whom is Father’s biological child, were adjudicated dependent on May 26,
2016, and removed from Mother’s care on May 28, 2016. Father was to have
no contact with Mother’s daughters at that time, and a report revealing that
he had been seen with the girls led to their removal.5, 6 Id. at 15-17; see
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2By the same order, the trial court involuntarily terminated the parental rights
of Child’s mother, J.M.D., (“Mother”). Mother has not filed an appeal from this
order.
3The relevant proceedings also involved Mother’s two older daughters, B.M.D.
and L.R.C., who are not the subject of the instant appeal.
4 While the orphans’ court does not specifically reference Section 2511(b) the
court invokes Section 2511(b) by providing a bond analysis and speaking to
the Child’s needs and welfare, suggestive of Section 2511(b). Order, 6/12/18,
at 12-13, ¶¶25-26.
5Father testified that he received no order to this effect and that it was his
understanding, through third parties, that he was not to have contact with or
be around only Mother. N.T. at 160-61.
6 We observe that, while Mother’s daughters were not removed pursuant to
the adjudicatory order, they were thereafter removed and placed in care. See
Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Dispositional Order 6/13/16; Petitioner’s Exhibit 8,
Order of Adjudication and Disposition, 6/7/16; Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Order,
6/1/16; Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Shelter Care Application, 5/31/16.
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also Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Dispositional Order 6/13/16; Petitioner’s Exhibit 8,
Order of Adjudication and Disposition, 6/7/16; Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Order,
6/1/16; Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Shelter Care Application, 5/31/16. Specifically,
CYS caseworker Carol Crouse testified there were concerns related to issues
of domestic violence within the home between Mother and Father as well as
excessive alcohol abuse by Father. N.T. at 19.
Given this background, Child was removed from parental care following
his birth in February of 2017. Id. at 26. An order for the removal and
placement of Child pending a shelter care hearing was issued on February 17,
2017. Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Order, 2/20/17. Following a shelter care hearing
on February 20, 2017, Child was committed by Order dated March 3, 2017.
Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Shelter Care Order, 3/8/17. Thereafter, on March 6,
2017, after a hearing on February 27, 2017, the court adjudicated Child
dependent.7 Petitioner’s Exhibit 6, Case Record Summary, at 6.
Pursuant to an Order dated May 31, 2017, Father was directed to comply
with paternity testing. Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Permanency Review Order,
6/5/17. Father did not comply, and his paternity was not established through
genetic testing until April 19, 2018. N.T. at 53-54. Nonetheless, Father’s
paternity was established by the Domestic Relations Branch for purposes of
____________________________________________
7 We observe that a copy of the adjudication is not included as part of the
certified record.
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child support by order dated August 1, 2017, as Father was served personally
and failed to appear for genetic testing.8 Petitioner’s Exhibit 14; N.T. at 53-
54, 78-79. In an Order dated August 23, 2017, the trial court appointed
Father counsel. Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Order, 8/24/17.
Permanency review hearings concerning Child were conducted on May
24, 2017, and August 30, 2017. The trial court found Father had not complied
with necessary directives to alleviate the causes of placement. Petitioner’s
Exhibit 8, Permanency Review Order, 9/18/17; Petitioner’s Exhibit 8,
Permanency Review Order, 6/5/17. Child’s goal, which originally was to return
to a parent or guardian, was ultimately changed to adoption on September
13, 2017. Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Permanency Review Order, 9/18/17.
Subsequently, aggravated circumstances were found as to Father on February
19, 2018, due to Father’s knowing Child’s location and failing to have any
meaningful or ongoing contact with Child for a period of at least six months.
N.T. at 20; Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Aggravated Circumstances Order, 2/20/18;
Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Permanency Review Order, 2/20/18.
CYS filed a petition to terminate involuntarily Father’s and Mother’s
parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (2), (5), and (b)9 on
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8 This was reportedly accepted as Father’s acknowledgement of paternity.
N.T. 54, 79.
9 Although CYS does not specifically cite Section 2511(b), the agency
references Child’s developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare,
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December 21, 2017. The trial court held a hearing on CYS’ petition on May
17, 2018.10 In support thereof, CYS presented the testimony of Carol Crouse,
CYS caseworker. CYS also presented the testimony of psychologist Dennis
Kashurba who had performed evaluations of Mother and the father of her two
daughters; Kathy Sciafe, home management instructor, Independent Family
Services; Brittani Salat, in-home counseling program, Independent Family
Services; and Molly Humphrey, family support specialist, Professional Family
Care Services. Mother presented the testimony of a neighbor, M.V., and
Mother and Father,11 who were present and represented by counsel, each
testified on his or her own behalf. Child was represented by counsel during
this proceeding.12
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suggestive of Section 2511(b). Petition for Involuntary Termination of
Parental Rights, 12/21/17, at 3, ¶8.
10The hearing was originally scheduled for June 11, 2018. In its Order dated
February 28, 2018, the trial court granted counsel for Child’s request for a
continuance and the matter re-scheduled for April 23, 2018. Order, 3/12/18.
On April 23, 2018, due to scheduling conflicts and the appointment of new
counsel for Father, the matter was continued until May 17, 2018. Order,
4/23/18.
11 Although Father was present at the termination hearing, Father was
incarcerated at Cambria County Prison at the time on charges relating to
driving under the influence from 2016. N.T. at 158. He reported a guilty plea
hearing scheduled for the following week and hoped to be sentenced to the
Day Reporting Center. Id. at 158, 165. The outcome is not evident from the
record.
12Pursuant to the Order dated December 27, 2017, Suzann Lehmier, Esquire,
was named as court-appointed counsel for Child throughout the termination
proceedings. Order, 2/21/18. Attorney Lehmier participated in the
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In its Order dated June 7, 2018, the trial court involuntarily terminated
Father’s parental rights to Child pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1) and
(b). On June 27, 2018, Father, through appointed counsel, filed a timely
notice of appeal, as well as a concise statement of errors complained of on
appeal pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i) and (b). Thereafter, on July 16,
2018, the trial court filed an Order indicating it would be relying on its June 7,
2018, Order which contains its findings and determinations.
On appeal, Father raises the following issue for our review:
I. Whether the [c]ourt either abused its discretion or
committed an error of law when it granted the Petition for
Involuntary Termination of Parental Rights, thereby
terminating the parental rights of [Father] to [Child]?
Father’s Brief at 2.
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termination hearing and argued in support of termination. N.T. at 182. She
further submitted a brief in support of this position to this Court.
Given that Child was just fifteen months old at the time of the hearing,
Attorney Lehmier indicated that she was unable to ascertain Child’s preferred
outcome. Id. at 181. As such, Child had the benefit of legal counsel as
required by 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2313(a). See In re Adoption of L.B.M., 639 Pa.
428, 432, 441-42, 161 A.3d 172, 174-75, 180 (2017) (stating that, pursuant
to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2313(a), a child who is the subject of a contested involuntary
termination proceeding has a statutory right to counsel who discerns and
advocates for the child’s legal interests, defined as a child’s preferred
outcome); see also In re T.S., _ Pa. _, 192 A.3d 1080, 1089-1090, 1092-
93 (2018) (finding the preferred outcome of a child who is too young or non-
communicative unascertainable in holding a child’s statutory right to counsel
not waivable and reaffirming the ability of an attorney-guardian ad litem to
serve a dual role and represent a child’s non-conflicting best interests and
legal interests).
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In matters involving involuntary termination of parental rights, this
Court’s standard of review is as follows:
The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases
requires appellate courts “to accept the findings of fact and
credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported
by the record.” In re Adoption of S.P., [616 Pa. 309, 325, 47
A.3d 817, 826 (2012)]. “If the factual findings are supported,
appellate courts review to determine if the trial court made an
error of law or abused its discretion.” Id. “[A] decision may be
reversed for an abuse of discretion only upon demonstration of
manifest unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will.”
Id. The trial court’s decision, however, should not be reversed
merely because the record would support a different result. Id.
at 827. We have previously emphasized our deference to trial
courts that often have first-hand observations of the parties
spanning multiple hearings. See In re R.J.T., [608 Pa. 9, 26-27,
9 A.3d 1179, 1190 (2010)].
In re T.S.M., 620 Pa. 602, 628, 71 A.3d 251, 267 (2013). “The trial court is
free to believe all, part, or none of the evidence presented and is likewise free
to make all credibility determinations and resolve conflicts in the evidence.”
In re M.G. & J.G., 855 A.2d 68, 73-74 (Pa.Super. 2004) (citation omitted).
“[I]f competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings, we will affirm even
if the record could also support the opposite result.” In re Adoption of
T.B.B., 835 A.2d 387, 394 (Pa.Super. 2003) (citation omitted).
The termination of parental rights is governed by Section 2511 of the
Adoption Act, 23 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 2101-2938, and requires a bifurcated analysis
of the grounds for termination followed by the needs and welfare of the child.
Our case law has made clear that under Section 2511, the court
must engage in a bifurcated process prior to terminating parental
rights. Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The
party seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing
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evidence that the parent’s conduct satisfies the statutory grounds
for termination delineated in Section 2511(a). Only if the court
determines that the parent’s conduct warrants termination of his
or her parental rights does the court engage in the second part of
the analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b): determination of the
needs and welfare of the child under the standard of best interests
of the child. One major aspect of the needs and welfare analysis
concerns the nature and status of the emotional bond between
parent and child, with close attention paid to the effect on the child
of permanently severing any such bond.
In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa.Super. 2007) (citations omitted). We have
defined clear and convincing evidence as that which is so “clear, direct,
weighty and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear
conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.” In re
C.S., 761 A.2d 1197, 1201 (Pa.Super. 2000)(quoting Matter of Adoption of
Charles E.D.M., II, 550 Pa. 595, 601, 708 A.2d 88, 91 (1998)).
Herein, the trial court terminated Father’s parental rights pursuant to
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1) and (b), which provide as follows:
(a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child may
be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
grounds:
(1) The parent by conduct continuing for a period of at
least six months immediately preceding the filing of the
petition either has evidenced a settled purpose of
relinquishing parental claim to a child or has refused or
failed to perform parental duties.
* * *
(b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the rights
of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights
of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
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income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant
to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any
efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein
which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), (b).
We first examine the court’s termination of Father’s parental rights
under Section 2511(a)(1) and in doing so employ the following well-
established standard of review:
To satisfy the requirements of Section 2511(a)(1), the moving
party must produce clear and convincing evidence of conduct,
sustained for at least the six months prior to the filing of the
termination petition, which reveals a settled intent to relinquish
parental claim to a child or a refusal or failure to perform parental
duties. In addition,
Section 2511 does not require that the parent demonstrate
both a settled purpose of relinquishing parental claim to a
child and refusal or failure to perform parental duties.
Accordingly, parental rights may be terminated pursuant
to Section 2511(a)(1) if the parent either demonstrates a
settled purpose of relinquishing parental claim to a child or
fails to perform parental duties.
Once the evidence establishes a failure to perform parental
duties or a settled purpose of relinquishing parental rights,
the court must engage in three lines of inquiry: (1) the
parent’s explanation for his or her conduct; (2) the post-
abandonment contact between parent and child; and (3)
consideration of the effect of termination of parental rights
on the child pursuant to Section 2511(b).
In re Z.S.W., 946 A.2d 726, 730 (Pa.Super. 2008) (internal citations
omitted).
As it relates to the crucial six-month period prior to the filing of the
petition, this Court has instructed:
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[I]t is the six months immediately preceding the filing of the
petition that is most critical to our analysis. However, the trial
court must consider the whole history of a given case and not
mechanically apply the six-month statutory provisions, but
instead consider the individual circumstances of each case.
In re D.J.S., 737 A.2d 283, 286 (Pa.Super. 1999) (citations omitted). This
requires the Court to “examine the individual circumstances of each case and
consider all explanations offered by the parent facing termination of his or her
parental rights, to determine if the evidence, in light of the totality of the
circumstances, clearly warrants the involuntary termination.” In re B., N.M.,
856 A.2d 847, 855 (Pa.Super. 2004), appeal denied, 872 A.2d 1200 (Pa.
2005) (citation omitted).
Further, we have stated:
[T]o be legally significant, the [post-abandonment] contact must
be steady and consistent over a period of time, contribute to the
psychological health of the child, and must demonstrate a serious
intent on the part of the parent to recultivate a parent-child
relationship and must also demonstrate a willingness and capacity
to undertake the parental role. The parent wishing to reestablish
his parental responsibilities bears the burden of proof on this
question.
In re Z.P., 994 A.2d 1108, 1119 (Pa.Super. 2010) (citation omitted),
reargument denied, May 28, 2010; see also In re Adoption of C.L.G., 956
A.2d 999, 1006 (Pa.Super 2008) (en banc).
In analyzing the definition of “parental duties,” this Court has stated:
There is no simple or easy definition of parental duties. Parental
duty is best understood in relation to the needs of a child. A child
needs love, protection, guidance, and support. These needs,
physical and emotional, cannot be met by a merely passive
interest in the development of the child. Thus, this Court has held
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that the parental obligation is a positive duty which requires
affirmative performance.
This affirmative duty encompasses more than a financial
obligation; it requires continuing interest in the child and a
genuine effort to maintain communication and association with
the child.
Because a child needs more than a benefactor, parental duty
requires that a parent exert himself to take and maintain a place
of importance in the child’s life.
Parental duty requires that the parent act affirmatively with good
faith interest and effort, and not yield to every problem, in order
to maintain the parent-child relationship to the best of his or her
ability, even in difficult circumstances. A parent must utilize all
available resources to preserve the parental relationship, and
must exercise reasonable firmness in resisting obstacles placed in
the path of maintaining the parent-child relationship. Parental
rights are not preserved by waiting for a more suitable or
convenient time to perform one’s parental responsibilities while
others provide the child with . . . her physical and emotional
needs.
In re B., N.M., 856 A.2d at 855 (internal citations omitted). Critically,
incarceration does not relieve a parent of the obligation to perform parental
duties. An incarcerated parent must “utilize available resources to continue a
relationship” with his or her child. In re Adoption of S.P., 616 Pa. 309, 328,
47 A.3d 817, 828 (2012) (discussing In re Adoption of McCray, 460 Pa.
210, 331 A.2d 652 (1975)).
In finding grounds for termination of Father’s parental rights to Child
pursuant to subsection (a)(1), the trial court reasoned as follows:
In its September 13, 2017 order as to [Child], the juvenile
court found no compliance by either [Mother] or [Father] and that
neither had made any progress towards alleviating the
circumstances which necessitated the original placement. The
court ordered a new permanent placement goal to be adoption.
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[Child] had been in placement for six months since [his] birth. The
court further found [Mother] had failed to obtain and maintain
mental health treatment and drug and alcohol treatment.
[Father] had failed to cooperate with the DNA testing for the child.
He never contacted the agency in regards to [Child]. He had never
provided an address or telephone number to the agency. And
neither parent had been compliant with services.
Order, 6/12/18, at 6-7, ¶13.
Father, however, argues, “the [t]rial [c]ourt erred in its ruling to
terminate his rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1), as Father’s due
process rights were violated in the dependency proceedings upon which
Petitioner relied to terminate his rights. Since Father’s due process rights
were violated, the evidence presented was not competent . . . .” Father’s Brief
at 4. Father further asserts that, as a result of the violation of due process,
he was unable to choose to relinquish a parental claim to Child. Father
maintains,
Father, having never received proper notice of the dependency
actions until August of 2017, could not have made a deliberate
and intentional decision as of June 21, 2017, six months prior to
the filing of the Petition, to not be in his child’s life. The record
supports that Father did not receive notice, was unaware of what
was going on, and that, even as of July 7, 2017, Petitioner didn’t
take reasonable and simple steps to determine a good address for
Father. . . .
Id. at 6-7. We disagree.
It is well-settled that termination of parental rights implicates a natural
parent’s Fourteenth Amendment right to due process. See In the Interest
of A.P., 692 A.2d 240, 242 (Pa.Super. 1997) (stating that natural parents
have a “fundamental liberty interest . . . in the care, custody, and
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management of their children”) (citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745,
753, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 1394, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982)). An individual whose
parental rights are to be terminated must be given due process of law, as the
termination of parental rights is a constitutionally-protected action. See In
re Interest of K.B., 763 A.2d 436, 439 (Pa.Super. 2000) (citing Santosky,
supra). “Due process requires nothing more than adequate notice, an
opportunity to be heard, and the chance to defend oneself in an impartial
tribunal having jurisdiction over the matter.” In re J.N.F., 887 A.2d 775, 781
(Pa.Super. 2005). “Due process is flexible and calls for such procedural
protections as the situation demands.” In re Adoption of Dale A., II, 683
A.2d 297, 300 (Pa.Super. 1996) (citing Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319,
334, 96 S.Ct. 893, 902, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976)).
Instantly, Father received personal service of the termination petition
and notice of hearing on April 3, 2018.13 N.T. at 11, 161; Petitioner’s Exhibit
4. Further, Father was present and was represented by counsel who
presented Father’s testimony and cross-examined witnesses on Father’s
behalf. To the extent that Father’s argument pertains to the earlier
dependency proceedings, these are separate proceedings. However, Father
acknowledges that he was aware in May of 2017 that Child was in care. N.T.
at 162. Further, he requested and was appointed counsel in August of 2017
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13 As indicated, the hearing on April 23, 2018, did not proceed and was
continued until May 17, 2018. Notably, Father was present on April 23, 2018,
and notified of the new hearing date. N.T. at 11; Order, 4/23/18.
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to represent him in the dependency proceedings. Petitioner’s Exhibit 8, Order,
8/24/17; N.T. at 173. We therefore reject Father’s due process argument.
Moreover, a review of the record supports the trial court’s termination
of Father’s parental rights pursuant to Subsection (a)(1). The evidence
establishes that Father failed to make efforts toward parenting Child and failed
to establish a relationship with and maintain contact with Child. Father never
saw or visited Child after Child was removed from the hospital after his birth
and placed in care, and he has failed to maintain any contact with CYS. N.T.
at 22, 28-29, 34. This is despite the fact that Father admits he knew that
Child was in care as of May 2017, and CYS and Mother suggested the same.
Id. at 28-29, 149, 162-63.
It is noteworthy that the day Father allegedly learned that Child was in
foster care, he and Mother were across the street from the facility in which
Child’s review hearing was taking place.14 Id. at 162. Father admitted that
notwithstanding this knowledge, he did not make an effort to reach out to
Child. In response to an inquiry regarding his actions upon learning that Child
was in placement, Father stated, “Since he was in placement, I basically tried
to call my mom to see if she could help take custody and stuff. We had
discussed, I mean like I guess I could have made a lot more effort.” Id.
at 163-64 (emphasis added).
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14 Father acknowledged that in May of 2017 he had outstanding bench
warrants relating to the charges for which he was incarcerated at the time of
the termination hearing. Id. at 163.
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Significantly, the CYS caseworker, Carol Crouse, noted a “lack of
interest” and “lack of motivation to parent.” Id. at 42. Ms. Crouse testified
CYS saw nothing from Father that led it to believe that Father wanted to
perform parental duties. Id. She further stated that Father had not taken
any steps in the prior six months demonstrating any desire to parent Child.
Id. Additionally, Father failed to make any inquiry of CYS regarding Child
since the removal of a subsequent child born to Mother and him in April 2018
who also came into care. Id. at 43.
Father essentially suggests that Child’s stability and permanency should
be delayed. This is unacceptable. As this Court has stated, “[A] child’s life
cannot be held in abeyance while a parent attempts to attain the maturity
necessary to assume parenting responsibilities. The court cannot and will not
subordinate indefinitely a child’s need for permanence and stability to a
parent’s claims of progress and hope for the future.” In re Adoption of
R.J.S., 901 A.2d 502, 513 (Pa.Super. 2006). Child is in a stable and secure
environment where he has been placed his entire life. Thus, as the trial court’s
termination pursuant to Section 2511(a)(1) is supported by competent, clear
and convincing evidence in the record, we find no abuse of discretion. See
In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d at 267; In re Adoption of T.B.B., 835 A.2d at 394.
We next consider whether termination was proper under Section
2511(b) and in doing so observe Father failed to present any argument and/or
discussion related to that provision in his appellate brief. As such, Father
waived a challenge under Subsection (b). See In re W.H., 25 A.3d 330, 339
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n.3 (Pa.Super. 2011), appeal denied, 611 Pa. 643, 24 A.3d 364 (2011)
(quoting In re A.C., 991 A.2d 884, 897 (Pa.Super. 2010)) (“[W]here an
appellate brief fails to provide any discussion of a claim with citation to
relevant authority or fails to develop the issue in any other meaningful fashion
capable of review, that claim is waived.”); see also In re M.Z.T.M.W., 163
A.3d 462, 465-66 (Pa.Super. 2017). Nevertheless, had Father preserved a
claim related to Subsection (b), we would find such a claim lacked merit.
When discussing the applicability of Section 2511(b), our Supreme Court
has stated as follows:
[I]f the grounds for termination under subsection (a) are met, a
court “shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child.” 23
Pa.C.S.[A.] § 2511(b). The emotional needs and welfare of the
child have been properly interpreted to include “[i]ntangibles such
as love, comfort, security, and stability.” In re K.M., 53 A.3d
781, 791 (Pa.Super. 2012). In In re E.M., [a/k/a E.W.C. &
L.M. a/k/a L.C., Jr.], [533 Pa. 115, 123, 620 A.2d 481, 485
(1993)], this Court held that the determination of the child’s
“needs and welfare” requires consideration of the emotional bonds
between the parent and child. The “utmost attention” should be
paid to discerning the effect on the child of permanently severing
the parental bond. In re K.M., 53 A.3d at 791. However, as
discussed below, evaluation of a child’s bonds is not always an
easy task.
In re T.S.M., 620 Pa. at 628-29, 71 A.3d at 267. “In cases where there is no
evidence of any bond between the parent and child, it is reasonable to infer
that no bond exists. The extent of any bond analysis, therefore, necessarily
depends on the circumstances of the particular case.” In re K.Z.S., 946 A.2d
753, 762-63 (Pa.Super. 2008) (citation omitted).
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When evaluating a parental bond, “[t]he court is not required to use
expert testimony. Social workers and caseworkers can offer evaluations as
well. Additionally, Section 2511(b) does not require a formal bonding
evaluation.” In re Z.P., 994 A.2d at 1121 (internal citations omitted).
Moreover,
While a parent’s emotional bond with his or her child is a major
aspect of the subsection 2511(b) best-interest analysis, it is
nonetheless only one of many factors to be considered by the
court when determining what is in the best interest of the child.
[I]n addition to a bond examination, the trial court can
equally emphasize the safety needs of the child, and
should also consider the intangibles, such as the love,
comfort, security, and stability the child might have
with the foster parent. . . .
In re Adoption of C.D.R., 111 A.3d at 1219 (quoting In re N.A.M., 33 A.3d
95, 103 (Pa.Super. 2011) (quotation marks and citations omitted).
In the matter sub judice, the trial court found termination of Father’s
parental rights serves Child’s developmental, physical and emotional needs
and welfare. Order, 6/12/18, at 13, ¶26. In examining the bond between
Father and Child and finding that, in fact, none existed, the court stated, “As
to [Father], he was not cooperative and never saw [Child] nor made any effort
to contact [him], [his] mother, or the CYS agency. The court finds no bond
between [Father] and [Child].” Id. at 12-13, ¶25. In further examining
Child’s needs and welfare, the court continued,
The court has considered other factors such as comfort, security
and stability of the children in their foster care. As testified, the
children are doing well in foster care. The court considers the
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importance of continuing their relationship, and as to all
respondents, whether the parent/child bond, if any, can be
severed without detrimental effects on any of the children. Based
on how well each child is now doing in foster care, this court
believes it is in each child’s interest to have their parents’ rights
terminated.
Id. at 13, ¶25. Following a review of the record, we again discern no abuse
of discretion and find it supports the trial court’s determination that Child’s
developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare favor termination
of Father’s parental rights pursuant to Section 2511(b). There was sufficient
evidence to allow the trial court to find that a parental bond between Father
and Child was lacking and that Child’s needs and welfare would best be met
in terminating Father’s parental rights.
As set forth above, Father has never visited with and never seen or had
any contact with Child. N.T. at 22, 28-29, 34. Hence, there is no evidence of
any bond whatsoever with Father, and the court was within its discretion in
determining as such. Moreover, the evidence reveals that Child is doing well.
N.T. at 31-32.
When asked to describe Child, who was fifteen months old at the time
of the hearing, Ms. Crouse, stated, in part, “He is walking. He’s very pleasant.
He’s very comical at this age. He’s a beautiful little boy. There are no
concerns regarding his development. He doesn’t seem to have any cognitive
limitations. He seems very bright and inquisitive. I can’t say anything
negative regarding [Child.]” Id. at 31. In addition, Child is flourishing in his
foster care placement. Id. at 32. Notably, Child has been placed in the same
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foster home, which is a pre-adoptive resource, with his two older half-sisters
his entire life. Id. at 32, 73-74. Ms. Crouse explained, “He does extremely
well in the foster home. I transported him from the hospital to the foster
home following his release from the hospital after birth. That is the only home
he has ever known.” Id. at 32.
Ms. Crouse stressed that Child, therefore, shares a bond with his foster
family. Id. at 32, 74. She expressed, “[Child] is very attached to the foster
parents because he has been with them since he has been two days old.” Id.
at 34. This bond was confirmed by counsel for Child, Attorney Lehmier, who
met Child in his foster home and observed that he is “very attached to his
foster mother.” Id. at 181. Ms. Crouse further indicated that the foster
parents are a source of attention and affection for Child and meet Child’s
needs. Id. at 74. In support of termination supporting Child’s needs and
welfare, Ms. Crouse stated that Child “deserve[s] to have a stable home where
[he] go[es] to sleep knowing [his] needs are going to be met.” N.T. at 41.
As such, Ms. Crouse opined that termination was in Child’s best interests. See
Petitioner’s Exhibit 13.
Thus, as confirmed by the record, termination of Father’s parental rights
serves Child’s developmental, physical and emotional needs and welfare and
was proper pursuant to Section 2511(b). While Father may profess to love
Child, a parent’s own feelings of love and affection for a child, alone, will not
preclude termination of parental rights. In re Z.P., 994 A.2d at 1121. As we
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previously stated, a child’s life “simply cannot be put on hold in the hope that
[a parent] will summon the ability to handle the responsibilities of parenting.”
Id. at 1125. Rather, “a parent’s basic constitutional right to the custody and
rearing of his child is converted, upon the failure to fulfill his or her parental
duties, to the child’s right to have proper parenting and fulfillment of his or
her potential in a permanent, healthy, safe environment.” In re B., N.M.,
856 A.2d at 856 (citation omitted).
Accordingly, based upon our review of the record, we find no abuse of
discretion and conclude the trial court appropriately terminated Father’s
parental rights under 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(1) and (b).
Order affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 11/20/2018
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