In re C.B. and A.P.

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
FILED
In re C.B. and A.P. November 21, 2018 
EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK
SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS
No. 18-0324 (Kanawha County 16-JA-634 and 636) OF WEST VIRGINIA 

MEMORANDUM DECISION
Petitioner Mother J.B., by counsel Jennifer N. Taylor, appeals the Circuit Court of
Kanawha County’s March 8, 2018, order terminating her parental rights to C.B. and A.P.1 The
West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (“DHHR”), by counsel S.L. Evans,
filed a response in support of the circuit court’s order. The guardian ad litem, Jennifer R. Victor,
filed a response on behalf of the children in support of the circuit court’s order. On appeal,
petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in terminating her parental rights rather than
imposing a less-restrictive dispositional alternative.

This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal
arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided
by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record
presented, the Court affirms the circuit court’s termination of petitioner’s parental rights to C.B.,
but vacates and remands the circuit court’s order terminating petitioner’s parental rights to A.P.2
This case satisfies the “limited circumstances” requirement of Rule 21(d) of the West Virginia
Rules of Appellate Procedure, and a memorandum decision is appropriate to resolve the issues
presented.

In December of 2016, the DHHR filed a petition alleging that petitioner exposed her
newborn child, C.B., to controlled substances in utero. According to the DHHR, the child spent
six weeks in the neonatal intensive care unit as a result of this exposure. Additionally, the DHHR
alleged that petitioner and the father became physically confrontational with each other at the
hospital and that petitioner later obtained a domestic violence protective order against the father.
At the time the petition was filed, the DHHR indicated that A.P. resided with his father in
Virginia. Later in December of 2016, petitioner waived her preliminary hearing.

1
Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials
where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W.Va.
254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); Melinda H. v. William R. II, 230 W.Va. 731, 742 S.E.2d 419 (2013);
State v. Brandon B., 218 W.Va. 324, 624 S.E.2d 761 (2005); State v. Edward Charles L., 183
W.Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990).
2
The effect of this decision applies to petitioner and her parental rights to C.B. and A.P.
only. The rights of any other parties named in the circuit court’s March 8, 2018, order are
unaffected by this decision.
1 

 The circuit court held an adjudicatory hearing in February of 2017 and petitioner
stipulated to drug use while pregnant. She also stipulated that her drug use impaired her ability to
parent. The circuit court accepted petitioner’s stipulation and adjudicated her as an abusing
parent. The circuit court ordered petitioner to participate in remedial and reunification services
provided by the DHHR, including a psychological evaluation, parenting education, adult life
skills education, random drug screens, domestic violence counseling, substance abuse treatment,
and supervised visitation. Additionally, the circuit court required that petitioner maintain
appropriate housing and verifiable employment.

In August of 2017, the circuit court reviewed petitioner’s improvement period. The court
report indicated that petitioner missed twenty-two drug screens, visited inconsistently with C.B.,
and inconsistently attended parenting classes and therapy. The court report noted that petitioner
and the father frequently left the state which created difficulties in scheduling their services. The
circuit court set the case for a dispositional hearing, which was later continued to give petitioner
more time to participate in services.

The circuit court held the final dispositional hearing in January of 2018 and the DHHR
moved to terminate petitioner’s rights. In support of its position, the DHHR called a case worker
and two service providers as witnesses. The guardian for the children recommended that
petitioner’s parental rights to C.B. be terminated. However, the guardian recommended that
petitioner’s parental rights to A.P. should not be terminated and that she believed termination
was against A.P.’s wishes. Petitioner did not testify or call witnesses on her behalf. The evidence
presented showed that petitioner was inconsistent in her participation and made little
improvement after nearly a year of DHHR intervention. Petitioner continued to miss drug
screens and visitation with the child. Additionally, petitioner and the father engaged in domestic
violence as late as December of 2017. On cross-examination, the witnesses agreed that petitioner
was more compliant with services and visitation when she was not in a relationship with the
father. However, the witnesses all noted that petitioner ended and renewed her relationship with
the father multiple times over the year-long improvement period. Ultimately, the circuit court
found that petitioner failed to successfully complete her post-adjudicatory improvement period.
Further, the circuit court found that petitioner had not responded to a reasonable family case plan
and that she was habitually addicted to controlled substances to the extent that proper parenting
skills had been seriously impaired. Finally, the circuit court found there was no reasonable
likelihood that the conditions of abuse and neglect could be substantially corrected. Accordingly,
the circuit court terminated petitioner’s parental rights to C.B. and A.P. in its March 8, 2018,
order. Petitioner now appeals that order.3

The Court has previously established the following standard of review:

“Although conclusions of law reached by a circuit court are subject to de
novo review, when an action, such as an abuse and neglect case, is tried upon the

3
C.B.’s father’s parental rights were also terminated below. According to the parties,
C.B.’s permanency plan is adoption in his current foster home. A.P.’s permanency plan is
continuation in his nonabusing father’s custody.

2 

 facts without a jury, the circuit court shall make a determination based upon the
evidence and shall make findings of fact and conclusions of law as to whether
such child is abused or neglected. These findings shall not be set aside by a
reviewing court unless clearly erroneous. A finding is clearly erroneous when,
although there is evidence to support the finding, the reviewing court on the entire
evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
committed. However, a reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply
because it would have decided the case differently, and it must affirm a finding if
the circuit court’s account of the evidence is plausible in light of the record
viewed in its entirety.” Syl. Pt. 1, In Interest of Tiffany Marie S., 196 W.Va. 223,
470 S.E.2d 177 (1996).

Syl. Pt. 1, In re Cecil T., 228 W.Va. 89, 717 S.E.2d 873 (2011).

On appeal, petitioner argues that the circuit court erred in terminating her parental rights
rather than imposing a less-restrictive dispositional alternative. Petitioner asserts that at the
dispositional hearing she was substance free and had removed herself from the violent
relationship with the father. Therefore, petitioner insists that the circuit court’s finding that there
was no reasonable likelihood that she could correct the conditions of abuse and neglect in the
near future was unfounded. Upon our review of the record, we disagree with petitioner’s
argument.
West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(b)(6) provides that a circuit court may terminate parental
rights upon findings that “there is no reasonable likelihood that the conditions of neglect or abuse
can be substantially corrected in the near future” and that termination is necessary for the welfare
of the children. West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(c)(3) provides that there is no reasonable
likelihood that the conditions of abuse and neglect can be substantially corrected when “the
abusing parent . . . [has] not responded to or followed through with a reasonable family case plan
or other rehabilitative efforts of social, medical, mental health or other rehabilitative agencies
designed to reduce or prevent the abuse or neglect of the child.”

The circuit court correctly found that there was no reasonable likelihood that the
conditions of abuse and neglect could be substantially corrected because petitioner did not
respond to or follow through with a reasonable family case plan. Petitioner did not fully comply
with her improvement period and it did not appear as though she remedied any of the conditions
of abuse and neglect. The record clearly reflects that petitioner continued to engage in domestic
violence with the father of C.B. late into her improvement period and made little improvement in
parenting after a year of services. Also, petitioner continued to miss drug screens, despite her
assertions that she was drug free. Although petitioner asserts that she had ended the relationship
with the abusive father, the evidence shows that petitioner reunited with the father multiple times
during the improvement period. This Court has previously held that

“courts are not required to exhaust every speculative possibility of parental
improvement . . . where it appears that the welfare of the child will be seriously
threatened, and this is particularly applicable to children under the age of three
years who are more susceptible to illness, need consistent close interaction with
fully committed adults, and are likely to have their emotional and physical

3 

 development retarded by numerous placements.” Syl. Pt. 1, in part, In re R.J.M.,
164 W.Va. 496, 266 S.E.2d 114 (1980).

Cecil T., 228 W.Va. at 91, 717 S.E.2d at 875, Syl. Pt. 4. The evidence showed that petitioner
would likely reunite with the abusive father of C.B. as she established a pattern of ending and
rekindling that relationship over the course of the proceedings. Accordingly, we find no error in
the circuit court’s finding that there was no reasonable likelihood for the conditions of abuse and
neglect to be substantially corrected in the near future.

Additionally, we find termination of petitioner’s parental rights to be in the best interests
of C.B. As petitioner could not prove that she resolved her issues of substance abuse and
domestic violence, there is a serious risk that C.B. would be exposed to those conditions of abuse
and neglect. Further, we have also held as follows:

“Termination of parental rights, the most drastic remedy under the
statutory provision covering the disposition of neglected children, W. Va.Code [§]
49-6-5 [now West Virginia Code § 49-4-604] . . . may be employed without the
use of intervening less restrictive alternatives when it is found that there is no
reasonable likelihood under W. Va.Code [§] 49-6-5(b) [now West Virginia Code
§ 49-4-604(c)] . . . that conditions of neglect or abuse can be substantially
corrected.” Syllabus point 2, In re R.J.M., 164 W.Va. 496, 266 S.E.2d 114 (1980).

Syl. Pt. 5, In re Kristin Y., 227 W.Va. 558, 712 S.E.2d 55 (2011). Accordingly, the circuit court’s
termination of petitioner’s parental rights to C.B. is appropriate and affirmed on appeal.

However, we find error in the circuit court’s termination of petitioner’s parental rights to
A.P. Specifically, the circuit court did not consider the wishes of A.P. as required by West
Virginia Code § 49-4-604(b)(6)(C). This code section provides, in part: “Notwithstanding any
other provision of this article, the court shall give consideration to the wishes of a child fourteen
years of age or older or otherwise of an age of discretion as determined by the court regarding
the permanent termination of parental rights.” (Emphasis added.) The guardian’s dispositional
report does not mention the wishes of A.P, who was fourteen years old at the time of the hearing.
However, the guardian provided the following statement during the dispositional hearing:

I have had an opportunity to talk to [J.P.] (father of A.P.). I didn’t even try [A.P.],
because this is not a conversation you would have with a stranger over the phone
(referring to a discussion about A.P.’s preference in terminating petitioner’s
parental rights). . . . I don’t think [J.P.] and [A.P.] really want [petitioner’s]
parental rights terminated, and I’m not recommending that.

We direct the guardian to the “Guidelines for Guardians Ad Litem in Abuse and Neglect
Proceedings” which were adopted into the Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect
Proceedings in Appendix A. These guidelines require that guardians for children over three years
in the care of respondents “request from the respondent(s)’ attorney interviews with the child out
of the presence of the respondent(s) in a manner and environment appropriate to the child’s age
and maturity.” Additionally, guardians are required to “[e]xplain to the child, in terms the child

4 

can understand, the disposition” and “[a]pprise the court of the child’s wishes.” Although we
understand that A.P. resides in a different state, guardians ad litem have a duty to confer with
their clients, the children in abuse and neglect cases, and provide their opinions to the circuit
court when applicable. Certainly, considering the age of A.P., the guardian should have sought
and provided the child’s expressed opinion to the circuit court so that the circuit court could
correctly determine which disposition was in the best interests of the child.

Further, we have previously held that
“[w]here it appears from the record that the process established by the
Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings and related statutes
for the disposition of cases involving children [alleged] to be abused or neglected
has been substantially disregarded or frustrated, the resulting order . . . will be
vacated and the case remanded for compliance with that process and entry of an
appropriate . . . order.” Syllabus point 5, in part, In re Edward B., 210 W.Va. 621,
558 S.E.2d 620 (2001).
Syl. Pt. 3, In re Emily G., 224 W.Va. 390, 686 S.E.2d 41 (2009). The circuit court’s failure to
consider the wishes of A.P. substantially disregards or frustrates the Rules of Procedure for Child
Abuse and Neglect Proceedings and related statutes. See In re Jessica G., 226 W.Va. 17, 697
S.E.2d 53 (2010)(holding that the circuit court’s failure to consider a child’s wishes, when that
child is an age of discretion, is reversible error.) Therefore, the circuit court’s order terminating
petitioner’s parental rights to A.P. is vacated, insomuch as it relates to this child only, and is
remanded for further dispositional hearings in which A.P.’s wishes are fully investigated and
provided to the circuit court and considered following the fulfillment of the guardian’s duties.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the circuit court’s termination of petitioner’s
parental rights to C.B., but vacate and remand the circuit court’s order terminating petitioner’s
parental rights to A.P. for further proceedings consistent with the West Virginia Rules of
Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect Proceedings and Chapter 49 of the West Virginia Code.4
The circuit court is hereby ordered to hold the appropriate hearings and issue a final order in this
case within sixty days. The Clerk is hereby directed to issue the mandate contemporaneously
herewith.

Affirmed, in part, vacated, in part, and remanded.

ISSUED: November 21, 2018

4
Based on respondents’ representations and the record on appeal, the Court finds that
A.P.’s current placement is appropriate and in his best interest at this time. Accordingly, we
instruct the circuit court to maintain this placement until such time as the circuit court is tasked
with determining an appropriate permanent placement for the child pursuant to West Virginia
Code § 49-4-604(b) and the applicable Rules of Procedure for Child Abuse and Neglect
Proceedings.
5 

CONCURRED IN BY:

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker
Justice Tim Armstead
Justice Evan H. Jenkins
Justice Paul T. Farrell sitting by temporary assignment

CONCURRING AND WRITING SEPARATELY:

Chief Justice Margaret L. Workman

WORKMAN, Chief Justice, concurring:

I concur with the majority’s decision and write separately to emphasize the significance
of the requirements of West Virginia Code § 49-4-604(b)(6)(C) and the vital importance of
guardians ad litem for children who are abused and/or neglected living up to their legal
responsibilities in that role.

The statute provides, in pertinent part, “Notwithstanding any other provision of this
article, the court shall give consideration to the wishes of a child fourteen years of age or older or
otherwise of an age of discretion as determined by the court regarding the permanent termination
of parental rights.” Pursuant to that statute, as well as applicable case law, a court must consider
the wishes of a child fourteen years of age or older in making a determination of termination of
parental rights. The guardian ad litem’s decision to forego direct communication with the child
in this case constituted a substantial oversight, detrimentally impacting the rights of the child.
This Court has repeatedly outlined the duties of guardians. See In re Jeffrey R.L., 190 W.Va. 24,
435 S.E.2d 162 (1993) (providing explicit direction for guardians ad litem regarding
representation of children). Guardians ad litem must establish direct contact with the children
they represent, either directly if the child is of a sufficient age to express himself and to explain
facts and feelings, or indirectly through foster parents or other temporary care-takers if the child
is not of such an age.

Upon remand, the wishes of the child must be identified, and the best interests of the
child must be determined. As this Court recognized in In re Jessica G., 226 W.Va. 17, 697
S.E.2d 53 (2010), the child’s wishes must be “factored into whether termination of the . . .
parental rights, and the concomitant bond between [child] and [parent], might be contrary to
[child’s] best interests and emotional well-being.” Id. at 22, 697 S.E.2d at 58.

In appropriate cases, parental legal rights may continue even if the child must be removed
from the parent’s physical custody for his safety and best interests. In addition, even where legal
rights are terminated, if the lower court ascertains that there is a parent-child emotional bond, the
preservation of which is important to the child’s well-being, post-termination visitation is an
alternative. In Jessica G., this Court held that a request may be made for a continued relationship
6 

between parent and child even where termination is required, if such contact is in the best
interests of the child. Id. This concept was specifically explained in syllabus point five of In re
Christina L., 194 W.Va. 446, 460 S.E.2d 692 (1995), as follows:

When parental rights are terminated due to neglect or abuse, the circuit
court may nevertheless in appropriate cases consider whether continued visitation
or other contact with the abusing parent is in the best interest of the child. Among
other things, the circuit court should consider whether a close emotional bond has
been established between parent and child and the child’s wishes, if he or she is of
appropriate maturity to make such request. The evidence must indicate that such
visitation or continued contact would not be detrimental to the child's well being
and would be in the child’s best interest.

See also In re T.W., 230 W.Va. 172, 182, 737 S.E.2d 69, 79 (2012) (“[T]he trial court should
have provided a meaningful opportunity for these children to express their concerns with regard
to the conditions of abuse and neglect allegedly existing within their home, as well as their
wishes regarding the termination of their father’s parental rights. On remand, the trial court is
directed to determine the most appropriate manner in which these two children may make their
wishes known to the court.”).

The guardian ad litem on remand must communicate with this child, and gain an
understanding of his thoughts, feelings, and wishes. However, the reviewing court retains the
ultimate discretion to determine the best interests of the child. Although a child of fourteen or
older may have a strong opinion on the issue of termination of custodial rights, the best interests
of that child may dictate otherwise. See In re Ashton M., 228 W.Va. 584, 594, 723 S.E.2d 409,
419 (2012) (“Moreover, nothing in In re Jessica G., 226 W.Va. 17, 697 S.E.2d 53 (2010), or in
West Virginia Code § 49-6-5(a)(6) . . . can be construed ‘to imply that the wishes of a child who
is fourteen years or older, or who is an age of discretion as determined by the court, must control
a court’s decision on whether to terminate parental rights.’ In re Jessica G., 226 W.Va. at 23,
697 S.E.2d at 59 (Workman, J., concurring).”). On remand, the wishes of the child must be
considered within the broader realm of determination of best interests.

Sadly, circuit courts around West Virginia are swamped with abuse and neglect cases,
especially since the opioid crisis erupted. These cases are difficult and time-consuming. Yet even
with the increased difficulty both qualitatively and quantitatively, there cannot be a cookie-cutter
approach in every case, and the considerations outlined herein exist for the purpose of making
the best legal decisions possible in a highly human arena.

7