Raquel Gonzalez v. State

COURT OF APPEALS
EIGHTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
EL PASO, TEXAS

RAQUEL GONZALEZ, §
No. 08-16-00286-CR
Appellant, §
Appeal from the
v. §
County Court at Law Number One
THE STATE OF TEXAS, §
of El Paso County, Texas
Appellee. §
(TC# 20090C09254)
§

OPINION

Raquel Gonzalez appeals her conviction for one count of driving while intoxicated, Class

B misdemeanor, in which her case was sentenced along with a companion case.1 Pursuant to a

plea bargain, Gonzalez waived her right to a jury trial, entered a plea of guilty, and received a

punishment of three days’ confinement in the county jail. With her plea, Gonzalez reserved her

right to appeal the trial court’s denial of her motion to dismiss for violation of her constitutional

right to a speedy trial. Gonzalez’s motion asserted that her misdemeanor case was delayed for

more than six years from the date of her arrest to the date of its filing. Having completed the trial

court’s Mental Health Court Program, Gonzalez believed the charge against her had long been

1
Gonzalez separately appeals the trial court’s judgment in her companion case which was sentenced concurrently
with this case. The companion case was assigned appellate cause number 08-16-00287-CR and trial court number
20090C08960. We issue separate opinions as to each case.
dismissed when she received a setting for a mandatory status conference. We reverse Appellant’s

conviction and render judgment dismissing the DWI case.

FACTUAL SUMMARY

In August of 2009, Raquel Gonzalez was charged by information with driving while

intoxicated (DWI), second offense, and her case was assigned to County Court at Law Number

Seven. After five months, Gonzalez agreed to participate in a Mental Health Court Program

attached to County Court at Law Number One, and her case was transferred to that court’s docket.

Gonzalez described that she had been diagnosed with depression and epilepsy. After participating

for six months to a year, Gonzalez was advised by a court employee that her misdemeanor case

had been dismissed and she had completed the program. From that point forward, nothing

happened on her case for several years until the trial court set a mandatory status conference for

July 28, 2015.

On September 4, 2015, Gonzalez filed a motion to dismiss due to lack of speedy trial. In

her motion, Gonzalez claimed she had been advised that her charges would be dismissed if she

complied with all conditions of the Mental Health Court Program. Gonzalez asserted she

complied with the terms of the program. She also asserted that her right to a speedy trial had been

violated as the allegations against her were then six years old. At the hearing, Gonzalez and her

husband both testified about her completion of the Mental Health Court Program. She also

described having been informed by a member of the court’s staff that her charges would be

dismissed if she complied with all conditions of the program. The State presented no rebuttal

witnesses.

2
 Ruling from the bench, the trial court denied the motion and accepted blame in large part

for the fact that Gonzalez’s case lingered on the court’s docket for several years. Rather than

blame the State, the court faulted Gonzalez’s previous attorney for not demanding a trial at the

same time he filed her motion to dismiss for violating her speedy trial rights. Shortly thereafter,

on October 4, 2016, Gonzalez waived her right to a jury trial and pled guilty to a Class B

misdemeanor offense of DWI pursuant to a plea bargain. Consistent with the agreement, the trial

court imposed a sentence of three-days incarceration in the county jail. Gonzalez preserved her

right to appeal the court’s pretrial ruling and this appeal followed.

SPEEDY TRIAL CLAIM

In her sole issue on appeal, Gonzalez broadly asserts that the trial court erred in denying

her motion to dismiss for lack of speedy trial 2 of the DWI charge against her that remained

unresolved for a total of seven years from the date of her initial arrest.

Applicable Law and Standard of Review

The right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the United States

Constitution as applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment. U.S. CONST. amend. VI

and XIV; Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 515, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 2184, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972);

Henson v. State, 407 S.W.3d 764, 766 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013). The Texas Constitution provides

similar protection coextensive with the federal protection. TEX. CONST. art. I, § 10; Zamorano v.

State, 84 S.W.3d 643, 648 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The right protects a defendant from

“oppressive pretrial incarceration, mitigates the anxiety and concern accompanying public

2
Other than her constitutional claim, Gonzalez raises no statutory right or other bases to support dismissal of her
misdemeanor case. Thus, we limit our opinion to her asserted claim.

3
accusations, and ensures that the defendant can mount a defense.” Henson, 407 S.W.3d at 766

(citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 532, 92 S.Ct. at 2193). The right attaches once a person becomes an

“accused,” or in other words, once he or she is arrested or charged with an offense. Cantu v. State,

253 S.W.3d 273, 280 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) (citing United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 321,

92 S.Ct. 455, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971)).

A speedy trial claim balances four factors: (1) the length of the delay; (2) the reason for the

delay; (3) whether the defendant asserted the right to a speedy trial; and (4) any prejudice to the

defendant resulting from the delay. Gonzales v. State, 435 S.W.3d 801, 808 (Tex. Crim. App.

2014) (citing Barker, 407 U.S. at 530, 92 S.Ct. at 2192) (setting out four factors). Before

engaging in a full analysis, the accused must first make a threshold showing of a presumptively

prejudicial delay, or failure to prosecute with “customary promptness.” Id. at 808. Presumptive

prejudice “simply marks the point at which courts deem the delay unreasonable enough to trigger

further enquiry.” Id. (quoting Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 652 n.1, 112 S.Ct. 2686,

2691, 120 L.Ed.2d 520 (1992)). Depending on the nature of the charges, delays of eight months

or longer are considered presumptively unreasonable and sufficient to trigger a full analysis.

Doggett, 505 U.S. at 652 n.1, 112 S.Ct. at 2691; Harris v. State, 827 S.W.2d 949, 956 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1992).

We apply a bifurcated standard of review to a speedy trial claim. Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d

at 648; see also Palacios v. State, 225 S.W.3d 162, 167 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2005, pet. ref’d).

Review of Barker factors necessarily involves fact determinations and legal conclusions.

Johnson v. State, 954 S.W.2d 770, 771 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). We review the trial court’s

decision under an abuse of discretion standard for the factual components, and a de novo standard

4
for the legal components. Id.; Palacios, 225 S.W.3d at 167. A court’s overall consideration of

the balancing test is a purely legal question. Johnson, 954 S.W.2d at 771.

Following the course of Gonzalez’s argument, we start with the first Barker factor, the

length of the delay.

Length of the Delay

The right to a speedy trial attaches when a person becomes an accused, or, in other words,

when she is arrested or charged. Henson, 407 S.W.3d at 767 (citing United States v. Marion, 404

U.S. 307, 320, 92 S.Ct. 455, 463, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971)). Gonzalez was arrested on August 23,

2009, and the next day she was charged by information with one count of DWI-second offense.

Seven years later, on October 4, 2016, her case was finally resolved when she entered a plea of

guilty. On appeal, the parties agree that the delay of approximately seven years was

presumptively prejudicial and sufficient to trigger the remainder of the Barker analysis.

On review, we agree with the parties’ assessment that a delay of this length establishes a

presumptive prejudice triggering a full analysis. See Doggett, 505 U.S. at 652 n.1, 112 S.Ct. at

2691 n.1 (noting that courts “have generally found postaccusation delay ‘presumptively

prejudicial’ at least as it approaches one year”); Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 281 (“There is no set time

element that triggers the analysis, but we have held that a delay of four months is not sufficient

while a seventeen-month delay is.”). Having found a presumptive prejudicial delay, we further

find that a delay of this length weighs heavily in favor of Gonzalez and against the State. See

Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 649 (four-year delay in case involving charges of DWI weighed heavily

in the defendant’s favor and against the State); see also Palacios, 225 S.W.3d at 167 (two-year

delay in felony injury-to-a-child case weighed heavily in defendant’s favor).

5
 Reason for Delay

Once it has been determined that a presumptively prejudicial delay has occurred, the State

bears the initial burden of providing a justification for the delay. Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 280; State

v. Howard, No. 08-12-00206-CR, 2013 WL 3943121, at *2 (Tex. App.—El Paso July 31, 2013,

no pet.) (not designated for publication) (citing Emery v. State, 881 S.W.2d 702, 708 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1994)). Different reasons for a delay are assigned different weight: an intentional delay by

the prosecutor for tactical reasons is weighed heavily against the State; a more neutral reason, such

as negligence or overcrowded courts, is weighed less heavily but nevertheless should be

considered since the ultimate responsibility for such circumstances must rest with the government

rather than with the defendant; a valid reason for a delay, such as a missing witness, should serve

to justify appropriate delay. Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192. When the State offers no

reason for the delay, this factor will also weigh against the State, but not as heavily as when

deliberate delay is proven. Dragoo v. State, 96 S.W.3d 308, 314 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). Delays

attributable to the defendant are weighed against the defendant and may in some instances

constitute a waiver of the defendant’s speedy trial rights. State v. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d 818, 822

(Tex. Crim. App. 1999) (en banc).

Keeping these principles in mind, we segment the events associated with Gonzalez’s case

starting with her arrest in August of 2009 through her plea of guilty in October of 2016. Here, we

find that the reasons for the delay vary chiefly with respect to what occurred before and after her

case was transferred to the Mental Health Court Program.

6
 From Arrest to Transfer to the Mental Health Court Program

Following her arrest in August of 2009, Gonzalez’s case initially proceeded on a normal

course. She appeared before a magistrate the day after her arrest and requested appointed counsel.

Thereafter, her case was assigned to County Court at Law Number Seven, and she appeared for an

arraignment/pretrial on September 15, 2009. On December 17, 2009, the trial court set a jury trial

for March 17, 2010. In the interim, the State made two plea offers, the last of which remained

valid throughout the pendency of her case.

A month before trial, on February 9, 2010, her case was transferred to the Mental Health

Court Program of County Court at Law Number One. At the dismissal hearing, Gonzalez testified

that two of her physicians, Dr. Levine and Dr. Vanderpool, had diagnosed her with depression and

epilepsy which presumably qualified her for eligibility. While testifying, Gonzalez described the

court’s program as requiring her to attend therapy, to take medication, to meet with a psychiatrist,

and to look for work through a “DARS program.”

Although neither party presented further information regarding the nature of the program,

its procedures, or its rules, we note generally that Chapter 125 of the Government Code allows a

county’s commissioners court to establish a mental health court program for persons who have

been arrested for or charged with a misdemeanor and are suspected by a law enforcement agency

or a court of having a mental illness. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 125.002. Pursuant to the

Government Code, a mental health court program must contain certain “essential characteristics,”

including the early identification and prompt placement of eligible participants in the program, the

“integration of mental illness treatment services . . . in the processing of cases in the judicial

system,” the “use of a nonadversarial approach involving prosecutors and defense attorneys to

7
promote public safety and to protect the due process rights of program participants,” and ongoing

judicial interaction with the participants. Id. § 125.001(1)(2)(3) and (5). A qualifying program

must provide participants with mental health services, to include a “court-ordered individualized

treatment plan indicating the services that will be provided to the participant[.]” Id. §

125.003(a)(2)(D). The stated goal of the program is “diversion of potentially mentally ill. . .

defendants to needed services as an alternative to subjecting those defendants to the criminal

justice system[.]” See id. § 125.001(6). Once established, such programs must allow eligible

individuals to “choose whether to proceed through the mental health court program or proceed

through the regular criminal justice system[.]” Id. § 125.003(a)(2)(B). A participant may

withdraw from the program at any time before a trial on the merits has been initiated. Id. §

125.003(a)(2)(C).

Gonzalez described the length of the program as being approximately six months, but in

no event no longer than a year. Her husband testified he took her to required appointments for a

period lasting close to twelve months. While in the program, Gonzalez also described that she

attended status conferences in court at least through June of 2010. While in court, Gonzalez

described that she met with her lawyer, signed some papers, and would generally speak with a

person she remembered as “Mr. Prieto.” She testified she complied with all requirements of the

program while she participated. At the end of the program, she understood her case had been

dismissed from a conversation she had with Mr. Prieto.

Both sides agree that the period of delay during which Gonzalez was participating in the

program was justifiable and should not be held against the State. We agree with this assessment.

Because the State presented no rebuttal evidence about the program itself, or more specifically,

8
about Gonzalez’s length of participation, the State concedes that we must rely on Gonzalez’s

testimony to determine the program’s length.3

We must construe the evidence in the light most favorable to the trial court’s decision, and

therefore, we conclude that Gonzalez actively participated in the program for a year, thereby

expanding the justifiable period of delay from February of 2010 until February of 2011. See

Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 648 (appellate courts must construe evidence in the light most favorable

to the trial court’s ruling). Accordingly, because the record indicates that Gonzalez’s case

progressed in an ordinary manner both before she entered the Mental Health Court Program and

while she participated in its services, we assign a neutral weight to the period from August 2009

to her completion of the program in February 2011.

Period After Completion of the Mental Health Court Program

After the program ended, Gonzalez’s case deviated from the ordinary course of

proceedings to the extent that it was neither dismissed based on completion of program conditions

nor otherwise returned to the court’s active docket. Thus, this brings us to our discussion of the

longest and most critical period of delay from March 2011 to entry of a plea in October 2016.

Because this period can be divided into a lengthy segment of dormancy followed by a short period

of activity, we will address each of those segments separately.

3
We note that the relevant statute pertaining to mental health courts in Texas provides that when a county
commissioners court establishes a mental health court, it must ensure that the jurisdiction of the mental health court
extends at least six months, but that it does not extend beyond the probationary period for the offense charged if the
probationary period is longer than six months. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 125.003(a)(2)(E).

9
 Period of Dormancy

From the beginning of March 2011 to July 28, 2015, Gonzalez’s case experienced a period

of dormancy of duration of approximately four years and five months. Gonzalez asserts that the

State bears full responsibility for this period arguing the State “retained the responsibility to

prosecute her in a timely fashion.” Responding, the State advances two principal arguments: (1)

that Gonzalez bears responsibility for the delay “for putting her cases into the Mental-Health Court

. . . for four years . . . acquiescing in what happened;” and (2) that the court itself bears

responsibility for not bringing her case “back out of Mental-Health Court for four years[.]” We

disagree with the State.

As a fundamental right, the speedy trial right imposes a “duty of the charging authority is

to provide a prompt trial.” Dickey v. Florida, 398 U.S. 30, 38, 90 S.Ct. 1564, 1569, 26 L.Ed.2d

26 (1970). Applying controlling federal constitutional precedent, the Texas Court of Criminal

Appeals observed, “[t]he essential ingredient of the Sixth Amendment’s speedy trial guarantee is

‘orderly expedition and not mere speed.’” Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 821 (citing United States v.

Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 313, 92 S.Ct. 455, 459–60, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971)) (describing the speedy

trial guarantee as requiring the prosecution to move with the dispatch that is appropriate to an early

and proper disposition of the charges). Prosecutorial delay is disfavored based on recognition that

“[s]tale claims have never been favored by the law, and far less so in criminal cases.” Dickey,

398 U.S. at 37, 90 S.Ct. at 1568–69. A defendant has no duty to bring herself to trial, Barker, 407

U.S. at 527, 92 S.Ct. at 2190 n.27, and only where a delay is attributable in whole or in part to the

defendant may it constitute a waiver of a speedy trial claim. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 822 (citing

Barker, 407 U.S. at 528-30, 92 S.Ct. at 2191-92).

10
 Here, the record supports the court’s implied ruling that Gonzalez herself was not at fault

for a delay occurring after she successfully completed the court’s mental health program.

Gonzalez and her husband testified that they believed her case had been dismissed once she

completed her requirements. The court expressly stated that it had “no doubt that [Gonzalez] was

told what she said she was told,” and expressed to her counsel that, “I feel for your client[.]”

Gonzalez confirmed that her address remained the same throughout the pendency of her case. She

testified she did not receive any communication from either the court, her attorney, the State, or

law enforcement, and she had no reason to believe that charges remained pending until she

received notice of a status conference years later.

Rather than attribute delay to Gonzalez, the court blamed the employee who had previously

worked for the court—presumably Mr. Prieto—for promising Gonzalez that her case would be

dismissed, noting that the employee had no authority to do so, and referring to the employee’s

representations as being “misdeeds” of the court. At the hearing, the court further clarified that

Mr. Prieto no longer worked for the court. The State presented no rebuttal witnesses contradicting

Gonzalez’s understanding of the completion of the program. On review, we must defer to the

court’s factual determinations. See Johnson, 954 S.W.2d at 771.

For the time the case lingered without activity, the State argues it bears no responsibility

despite its prosecutorial duty, and the entire fault lay with Gonzalez herself and with the court.

First, as to Gonzalez, the State argues that she opted to place her case into the Mental Health Court

Program pursuant to Section 125.003(a)(2)(B) of the Government Code. Section 125.003

provides that a mental health court program must allow a person, if eligible, to choose whether to

proceed through that mental health court program or proceed through the regular criminal justice

11
system. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 125.003(a)(2)(B). Given the State’s lack of objection to

Gonzalez’s qualification for the program, we agree with the State that Gonzalez exercised her

choice to enter the program rather than proceed through the regular criminal justice system.

As the State points out, however, there is no statutory provision pertaining to dismissal of

charges once a participant completes services. Citing to our sister court’s holding in Goebler v.

State, No. 11-11-00052-CR, 2012 WL 3640274 (Tex. App.—Eastland Aug. 23, 2012, no pet.)

(mem. op., not designated for publication), the State argues it bears no responsibility for the time

Gonzalez’s case lingered after completion of services. We conclude, however, that Goebler is

distinguishable.

In Goebler, a defendant who had been charged with a felony offense of driving while

intoxicated failed to appear for his arraignment. Id., at *1. Shortly after the court issued a

warrant, the State learned that the defendant had voluntarily entered a rehabilitation facility in

another city for treatment of alcohol dependency and bipolar disorder. Id. Thereafter, a period

of two years elapsed before the trial court’s administrator later received notice that the defendant

had been released from treatment. Id., at *1 n.2. After a trial date was set, the defendant filed a

motion to dismiss on speedy trial grounds, but the trial court denied the motion. Id., at *1. In

affirming the trial court’s decision, the Eastland Court of Appeals noted that the case “fell through

the cracks,” because no one—presumably the court administrator—initiated efforts to determine

defendant's status during the two years that the case sat dormant, and the State shouldered no blame

for the delay. Id., at *2. The court found it significant that the defendant himself had initiated

the delay due to his initial efforts to be excused from court appearances while he completed

12
rehabilitation. Id. Accordingly, in Goebler the court held that the “reason for the delay” factor

did not weigh against the State.4 Id.

Distinguishable from Gonzalez, the defendant in Goebler not only entered a rehabilitation

program outside the court’s jurisdiction, without first contacting the court no less, but also failed

to inform the court of termination of his treatment after his release. Id., at *2. Therefore, the

trial court in Goebler rightfully blamed the defendant for delays that occurred after completion of

rehabilitation. Unlike Goebler, Gonzalez received treatment in a statutorily-created program

operated by the trial court with the State’s knowledge and direct participation. A mental health

court program includes ongoing judicial oversight and a nonadversarial team approach involving

both prosecutors and defense counsel. See TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 125.001. Importantly,

Gonzalez was affirmatively misled by court staff into believing that the charges against her had

been dismissed after successful completion of program conditions. Given these distinctions, we

are not persuaded by the State’s reliance on Goebler that Gonzalez should be blamed for the time

her case lingered after she completed program requirements. Thus, we conclude the record

supports the court’s finding that Gonzalez herself bore no responsibility for the delay that occurred

after she completed her program but before her status conference in July 2015.

Second, the State argues the trial court itself shouldered blame for the time the case lingered

without activity after Gonzalez completed the program. Criticizing itself, the court noted that it

had failed to adhere to its standard practice of regularly following up on cases on its docket.

4
The Eastland Court further held that the defendant in that case was required to assert his speedy trial rights during
the two-year period of delay, and that his failure to do so constituted an acquiescence in the delay that weakened his
case because it showed “a desire for no trial rather than a speedy trial.” Id., at *3 (citing Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 651
n.40). As explained below, we find no such acquiescence in Gonzalez’s case.

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Recently, our sister court of appeals addressed a similar scenario in Huff v. State, where a criminal

case experienced a two-year period of delay after the case “dropped off the court’s docket.” Huff

v. State, 467 S.W.3d 11, 29 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2015, pet. ref’d). The trial court attributed

the delay to the district clerk’s inaction. Id. On review, Huff concluded the delay appeared to be

the result of negligence and not deliberate delay by the State. Id. Nonetheless, based on

precedents, even negligent delay weighs against the State although not as heavily. Id. (citing

Gonzales, 435 S.W.3d at 809–10; see also Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192; Zamorano,

84 S.W.3d at 649).

To avoid all responsibility, Huff observed that the State needed to come forward with an

explanation for why it took no action during the two-year period. Id. (citing Shaw v. State, 117

S.W.3d 883, 889 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003); Dragoo, 96 S.W.3d at 314). Ultimately, Huff

concluded that the delay occurred as the result of official “negligence,” and that the reason-for-

delay factor would therefore be held against the State, albeit lightly. Id.; see also Barker, 407

U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192) (recognizing that a “more neutral reason such as negligence or

overcrowded courts should be weighted less heavily but nevertheless should be considered since

the ultimate responsibility for such circumstances must rest with the government rather than with

the defendant”).

Like our sister court in Huff, we are not persuaded here by the State’s argument blaming

the trial court for lack of activity. As explained in Barker, the State shoulders the burden of

moving a case forward for prosecution. Barker, 407 U.S. at 527, 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2190, 2192. In

light of this burden, it is not enough for the State to simply allege that it took all steps necessary to

prosecute a case during a period of delay, and instead, it must present some evidence to support its

14
contention. See generally Phillips v. State, 650 S.W.2d 396, 400 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). When

the State fails to do so, and the record is silent with respect to the reasons for a delay, or it contains

reasons that are insufficient to excuse the delay, it must be presumed that no valid reason for delay

existed; and in such instances, the reason for the delay must be held against the State and not

against than the defendant. Id. (delay in prosecuting case was held against the State where the

State contended that it took all possible steps to bring a defendant to trial, but failed to provide

evidence of what those steps were) (citing Turner v. State, 545 S.W.2d 133, 137-38 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1976)); see also Gonzales, 435 S.W.3d at 809–10 (State’s lack of explanation for not

prosecuting case for six years, where it was aware of the defendant’s home address but failed to

contact him, constituted official negligence that weighed in defendant’s favor).

Here, the appellate record, as scarce as it is, contains three orders summoning Gonzalez

and her attorney to appear for status conferences while Gonzalez attended the court program. On

review, we note these notices were either faxed to or signed by a prosecutor on behalf of the State.

Given these notices, the State remained informed of Gonzalez’s participation in the court’s

program. If the State believed Gonzalez was not progressing satisfactorily, it could have raised

its concerns with the court and requested a transfer of her case back to the court’s regular docket.

In actuality, the State remained a participant throughout the duration of the program and for all

time thereafter. Once the case became inactive, we cannot presume a valid reason for the State’s

lack of prosecution in the absence of an explanation. See Shaw, 117 S.W.3d at 889. Importantly,

we note that the State raises no complaint about Gonzalez’s completion of program requirements.

Although much of the delay may be the result of official negligence; nonetheless, this delay is held

against the State though not as heavily as it would have had the State’s inaction been more

15
deliberate. Barker, 407 U.S. at 531, 92 S.Ct. at 2192; Thompson v. State, 983 S.W.2d 780, 784–

85 (Tex. App.—El Paso 1998, pet. ref’d) (defendant was not at fault for failing to assert his speedy

trial right during an eight-year period of time when his case disappeared from the trial court’s

docket and defendant’s trial counsel mistakenly believed the case had been dismissed).

Accordingly, we attribute this approximate four-and-a-half-year delay from February 2011

to July 2015 to official negligence, and we therefore hold the reason-for-delay factor against the

State, albeit not heavily.

Return to Active Docket

Gonzalez’s case returned to the court’s regular docket beginning with a mandatory status

conference set for July 28, 2015. Shortly thereafter, on September 4, 2015, her attorney filed a

motion to dismiss asserting a violation of her speedy trial rights. The trial court held its hearing

denying the motion in August of 2016, and another two months passed before Gonzalez entered

her guilty plea in October of 2016, resulting in a period of one year and three months of a period

when the case returned to the active docket.

The delay in resolving the motion to dismiss appears to have been caused primarily by the

fact that Gonzalez’s original counsel accepted a position as a full-time magistrate and withdrew

from her case in December of 2015. New counsel appeared with Gonzalez at a status hearing

held on February 5, 2016. Given the change in representation, the delay that occurred from July

28, 2015 through February 5, 2016 is an approximate seven-month period that cannot be held

against the State. See, e.g., Halbert v. State, 881 S.W.2d 121, 127 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 1994, pet. ref’d) (delay caused by change in defense counsel is not weighed against the

State). Additional delays occurred thereafter in part because Gonzalez amended her motion twice

16
and the State exercised its right to file a response. The State filed its response on July 28, 2016,

and the court held its hearing on August 25, 2016. Neither party appears to have unduly or

intentionally delayed the proceedings during the period the case returned to the active docket. See

Doggett, 505 U.S. at 656, 112 S.Ct. at 2693 (delays caused when the State exercises its right to

oppose a defendant’s pretrial motions is “wholly justifiable”). Therefore, once the case returned

to the active docket, we do not count the one year and three months of delay against either party

and instead assign it a neutral weight.

In total, the only period of delay that we weigh against the State is the approximate four-

and-a-half-year period of delay when Gonzalez’s case was negligently allowed to remain on the

mental health court docket in an inactive status.

Assertion of the Right

The next factor we consider is whether Gonzalez affirmatively asserted her right to a

speedy trial, and the timing of any such request. The failure of a defendant to assert her right to

a speedy trial during a period of delay will generally make it more difficult to prove that she was

denied her constitutional right, as a failure to make a timely demand serves as a strong indication

that she did not actually want a speedy trial of the charge against her. Barker, 407 U.S. at 532,

92 S.Ct. at 2193; Shaw, 117 S.W.3d at 890. A defendant’s failure to assert speedy trial rights

often indicates an intentional acquiescence in a delay, perhaps in the hopes of obtaining a tactical

advantage or a dismissal of her case. Id.

First, we conclude that Gonzalez had no reason to request a speedy trial during the first

five and a half months before her case was transferred to the mental health court. During that

period, her case proceeded in an ordinary manner with pretrial settings and had been given a trial

17
setting of March 17, 2010. Second, after Gonzalez agreed to participate in the Mental Health

Court Program, her successful participation in the program does not itself reflect that she had no

interest in a speedy trial should charges remain unresolved after completion of her conditions.

Instead, we conclude it simply reflects her willingness to actively participate in a diversionary

program with an interdisciplinary team under court supervision. Given the Legislature’s

establishment of such programs for eligible defendants, we believe it would undermine the

program’s goal to penalize a defendant who succeeds in meeting all program requirements to suffer

penalty for not simultaneously demanding a speedy trial while focused on her treatment.

Therefore, we do not fault Gonzalez for not asserting her speedy trial rights during the one-year

period in which she actively participated in program requirements. Lastly, we consider whether

Gonzalez was required to assert her speedy trial rights during the four-and-a-half-year period that

her case remained dormant after she completed the mental health program. Gonzalez argues that

her failure to assert her speedy trial rights during this critical period should not be held against her

because she was unaware that charges were pending against her during that time based on the

misrepresentation made to her by the trial court’s staff. We agree.

The idea that a defendant must assert her right to a speedy trial is based, at least impliedly,

on the premise that the defendant was aware that charges were pending during the period of delay,

and the defendant was aware of the need to assert those rights. See Doggett, 505 U.S. at 653, 112

S.Ct. at 2691 (stating that the petitioner’s timely assertion of his right to a speedy trial turns, in

large part, on whether the petitioner knew about the outstanding charges). Thus, when a

defendant is not aware that charges have been filed, courts hold it would be illogical to impose a

penalty for not asserting speedy trial rights during the period of unawareness. See, e.g., Phillips

18
v. State, 650 S.W.2d 396, 400 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983) (where defendant had no opportunity to

assert his right, as he was unaware that he had been indicted, he obviously could not be “faulted

for failing to assert a right he did not know he was entitled to”); see also Gonzales v. State, 435

S.W.3d 801, 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (where undisputed evidence in the record established

that defendant had no knowledge that charges were filed against him in 2004, his failure to assert

his speedy trial rights until he was arrested in 2010 was not held against him); State v. Wei, 447

S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. ref’d) (where the undisputed

evidence established that the defendant had no knowledge that charges were pending for over four

years, his failure to assert his speedy trial rights during that time did not weigh against him); Orand

v. State, 254 S.W.3d 560, 568 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. ref’d) (record did not support an

inference that the defendant knowingly waived his speedy trial rights where there was an eleven-

year, eight-month delay in arresting him during which time he was unaware that an indictment had

been filed against him).

Similarly, in cases where a defendant harbors a reasonable belief that the charges against

her were dismissed, courts generally conclude that the defendant should not be penalized for failing

to assert speedy trial rights during the period of delay in which the defendant harbored such belief.

See, e.g., State v. Sears, No. 13-16-00513-CR, 2017 WL 3634061, at *3 (Tex. App.—Corpus

Christi Aug. 24, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (defendant was not

responsible for asserting her speedy trial rights during period of delay in which she believed

charges against her had been dismissed); Thompson, 983 S.W.2d at 784–85 (defendant was not at

fault for failing to assert his speedy trial right during an eight-year period of time when his case

19
disappeared from the trial court’s docket and defendant’s trial counsel mistakenly believed the

case had been dismissed).

Here, the State does not contest the assertion that Gonzalez had a good faith belief that the

charges against her had been dismissed based on the representations made to her by a staff member

of the trial court. Nevertheless, the State argues that even if Gonzalez had a legitimate, albeit

mistaken, belief that her case had been dismissed, her trial attorney—who represented her

throughout the mental health court proceedings—should have known that the charges against her

had not been dismissed, and that a formal court order was required to accomplish that goal. The

State contends that her attorney’s failure to take any action in her case to move her case forward

was a clear indication that he intentionally acquiesced in the delays that occurred, and that her

attorney’s failure to act “smacks of intentionally lying behind the log,” and evidences he had “no

desire” to obtain a speedy trial for his client.5 The State further contends that this acquiescence

should be held against Gonzalez.

In support of its argument, the State points to our holding in Thompson in which we held

that a defendant’s failure to assert his speedy trial rights could not be held against him where the

defendant presented evidence that his case had “disappeared” from the trial court’s docket for eight

years, as well as evidence that his trial counsel mistakenly believed his client’s case had been

dismissed. Thompson, 983 S.W.2d at 785. The State finds it significant that unlike the situation

in Thompson, there is no evidence in the present case to suggest that Gonzalez’s trial counsel had

5
The State claims that the trial court “noted” in its ruling that Gonzalez’s attorney had intentionally acquiesced in the
four-and-one-half-year delay when it made its ruling from the bench. This, however, is not an accurate representation
of the trial court’s statements. The trial court expressly stated that it did not blame trial counsel for the delays that
occurred while the case was pending on the mental health court docket from 2011 to 2015, and that it only blamed
trial counsel for filing a motion to dismiss after the trial court summoned Gonzalez back to court in July of 2015,
rather than a motion for speedy trial.

20
a similar “mistaken belief” that his client’s case had been dismissed being that her former attorney

did not testify one way or the other. The State then argues that in the absence of such evidence,

we should conclude that Gonzalez’s attorney acquiesced in the delay, and that this acquiescence

should be attributed to Gonzalez. We find this reasoning flawed for several reasons.

First, in Thompson, the fact that the defendant presented evidence that his trial counsel

shared his mistaken belief that his case had been dismissed was merely a factor in our analysis,

and we did not hold that it was a requirement in every case that a defendant must present such

evidence to absolve herself of the need to otherwise assert her speedy trial rights. Further, we see

no evidence in the record to suggest that Gonzalez’s previous trial counsel intentionally acquiesced

in the delay by failing to take any action while it remained inactive. At the hearing, trial counsel

was not called as a witness, and neither party presented any evidence to indicate what trial counsel

knew or did not know, whether he harbored a mistaken belief that Gonzalez’s case had been

dismissed, or, alternatively, whether he intentionally acquiesced in the delay. In addition, we find

it significant that Gonzalez testified that she had no communication with her trial counsel about

the status of her case from the time she was told her case had been dismissed, until she contacted

him after receiving the court’s notice in July of 2015, after which he filed a motion to dismiss on

speedy trial grounds shortly after the court’s conference. Given the fact that the State did not

question Gonzalez’s assertion that she completed the program successfully, it remains possible

that trial counsel also believed in good faith that his client’s case had been resolved.

The State contends that we should nevertheless find that trial counsel’s negligent failure to

assert his client’s speedy trial rights should be held against Gonzalez. For this proposition, the

State relies on Vermont v. Brillon, 556 U.S. 81, 90–91, 129 S.Ct. 1283, 1290–91, 173 L.Ed.2d 231

21
(2009). In Brillon, defense counsel requested extensions and continuances, and displayed an

inability or unwillingness to move the case forward in the trial court. Id. at 92, 129 S.Ct. at 1291.

The U.S. Supreme Court clarified that appointed counsel generally are not state actors for purposes

of a speedy-trial claim despite being employed by a public defender’s office. Id. (citing Polk

County v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 320-22, 102 S.Ct. 445, 450-52, 70 L.Ed.2d 509 (1981)). Thus,

Brillon held that delays caused by assigned counsel are attributed to the defendant and not to the

State despite counsel’s employment by a governmental agency. Id.

Contrary to the State’s argument here, Brillion did not discuss whether trial counsel’s

negligent failure to assert speedy trial rights during a period of inactivity should likewise be

charged against the defendant. Thus, under the unique circumstances of this case, we decline to

hold Gonzalez responsible for negligence, if any, on the part of her attorney in failing to assert her

rights during the time her case remained inactive. See, e.g., State v. Ritter, 531 S.W.3d 366, 373–

74 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2017, no pet.) (where defendant blamed her failure to assert her speedy

trial rights on the negligence of her two prior court-appointed attorneys, who did not communicate

with her regularly, court found that her failure to assert her rights earlier was “mitigated by the

negligence of her prior counsel”); see also Sears, 2017 WL 3634061, at *3 (refusing to blame

defendant for delays in asserting her speedy trial rights during period in which State was

responsible for delay, and where the defendant’s attorney had assured her that he would take care

of the charges).

Accordingly, we conclude that Gonzalez’s failure to assert her speedy trial rights during

this critical period of delay—when she believed the case had been dismissed—should not be held

against her.

22
 Filing a Motion to Dismiss does not Weigh Against Gonzalez

And finally, the State argues that the fact that Gonzalez’s attorney eventually filed a motion

to dismiss her case, rather than a motion for a speedy trial, should be considered as evidence that

neither he nor his client ever had a desire for a speedy trial and they were “intentionally lying

behind the log,” hoping that Gonzalez’s case would be dismissed due to the passage of time. The

State contends this factor should be held against Gonzalez as we weigh the Barker factors. We

note this argument seems to have been the reason the trial court denied Gonzalez’s motion, as the

trial court also faulted her attorney for filing the motion to dismiss, rather than a motion for speedy

trial, suggesting that this demonstrated a willingness by Gonzalez’s trial attorney to “hide behind

the ball” in seeking a dismissal rather than asking for a trial setting. We disagree.

Generally, when a defendant files a motion to dismiss rather than a motion for a speedy

trial, this choice may undermine the defendant’s claim that she did in fact want a speedy trial and

would allow for a reasonable inference that the defendant simply wished for the case to be

dismissed. Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 651 n.40 (noting that in general, a defendant who seeks a

dismissal instead of a speedy trial weakens his case because it shows a desire for no trial rather

than a speedy trial); see also Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 283 (“Filing for a dismissal instead of a speedy

trial will generally weaken a speedy-trial claim because it shows a desire to have no trial instead

of a speedy one.”). However, there are some circumstances in which it may be appropriate for a

defendant to file a motion to dismiss rather than a motion for speedy trial, particularly when so

much time has passed that a defendant would no longer be able to effectively obtain a speedy trial,

and where defense counsel may “legitimately feel that a long delay has caused a client so much

prejudice that dismissal is warranted, even if the State is belatedly ready to move promptly.”

23
Phillips, 650 S.W.2d at 401 (seeking only dismissal will not necessarily result in a waiver of the

claim in all cases). In such cases, the defendant may be justified in filing a motion to dismiss,

rather than a motion for a speedy trial, as a “means of alerting the trial court and the State of the

delay and appellant’s lack of acquiescence to it, and not necessarily [as] an attempt to escape trial

completely.” Zamorano, 84 S.W.3d at 651 n.40.

Therefore, in cases in which the defendant was not responsible for a delay in prosecution

and/or did not acquiesce in the delay, after sufficient time has passed, defendant’s decision to file

a motion to dismiss, rather than a speedy trial motion, does not cut against him or her in conducting

a Barker analysis. See Sears, 2017 WL 3634061, at *4 (after a delay of four years and three

months caused by the State, the defendant would not be faulted for filing a motion to dismiss rather

than a motion for speedy trial). Wei, 447 S.W.3d at 555 (where it is undisputed that the defendant

had no knowledge that charges were pending against him for over four years, the filing of a motion

to dismiss does not weigh against him); Ritter, 531 S.W.3d at 374 (where there was a delay of over

eleven years in prosecuting defendant’s case, which presumptively prejudiced the defendant,

requesting a dismissal of the indictment, rather than a trial, “did not necessarily indicate that [the

defendant] never wanted a trial.”); State v. Smith, 66 S.W.3d 483, 491 (Tex. App.—Tyler 2001,

no pet.) (affirming speedy trial relief granted by trial court after a five-year delay in prosecuting

defendant’s case, even though the defendant never specifically requested a speedy trial, only a

dismissal of the charges). The reasoning for this conclusion is simple: when sufficient time has

passed, a defendant cannot be faulted for “not requesting what she likely would have never had—

a speedy trial.” Sears, 2017 WL 3634061, at *4.

24
 In the present case, six years had passed between the time that Gonzalez was first charged

and the time that her attorney filed a motion to dismiss the charge based on speedy trial grounds,

and therefore counsel could have legitimately concluded that given the length of the delay,

Gonzalez could no longer receive a speedy trial, and that she was instead entitled to dismissal of

the charge against her. As Gonzalez was not responsible for the bulk of the delay and was

presumptively prejudiced by the delay, we conclude that her attorney’s decision to file a motion

to dismiss, rather than a motion for speedy trial, does not undermine her constitutional claim under

these circumstances.6

Prejudice Caused by the Delay

We now turn to the fourth and final Barker factor, in which we consider whether Gonzalez

was prejudiced by the delays in prosecuting her case. Prejudice must be assessed in light of the

interests which the speedy trial right was designed to protect: (1) to prevent oppressive pretrial

incarceration; (2) to minimize anxiety and concern of the accused; and (3) to limit the possibility

that the defense will be impaired. Balderas v. State, 517 S.W.3d 756, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2016),

cert. denied, 137 S.Ct. 1207 (2017); see also Thompson, 983 S.W.2d at 785. The “possibility that

the accused’s defense will be impaired by dimming memories and loss of exculpatory evidence is

the most serious interest that the right to speedy trial protects because the inability of a defendant

to adequately prepare his case skews the fairness of the entire system.” Orand v. State, 254

S.W.3d 560, 569 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2008, pet. ref’d) (citing Doggett, 505 U.S. at 654, 112

6
We also note that after new counsel was appointed to represent Gonzalez, she filed both an amended motion to
dismiss on speedy trial grounds, and at the same time, filed numerous pretrial motions preparing for trial. We find
that this also weighs against the State’s argument that Gonzalez never wished for a trial and that her only focus was
on seeking a dismissal of her charges.

25
S.Ct at 2692); see also Gonzales, 435 S.W.3d at 812 (the third interest is the most important

because the fairness of the criminal justice system is distorted when a defendant is unable to

adequately prepare his defense).

In the present case, the first two factors do not support a finding of prejudice, as Gonzalez

was not incarcerated during any of the periods of delay, and although she claimed to have suffered

anxiety after her charges were reinstated, we cannot logically say she suffered anxiety or concern

during the time she believed her charges had been dismissed. See Gonzales, 435 S.W.3d at 812

(defendant could have suffered little anxiety or concern where he did not know about indictment

until he was arrested and did not spend time in jail prior to his arrest).

This leads us to consider the third and most important factor in our prejudice analysis, i.e.,

whether Gonzalez’s ability to defend herself was impaired by the delay. The State correctly points

out that Gonzalez did not present any evidence to suggest that her defense was impaired, such as

by loss of any evidence or witnesses, the State therefore contends that she failed in her burden to

establish prejudice. While it is true that Gonzalez failed to present any such evidence, our inquiry

does not stop here.

As the Court of Criminal Appeals has noted, in some instances, a delay in bringing a

criminal case to trial may be so excessive that it may be considered “presumptively prejudicial,”

thereby absolving the defendant of the initial burden of demonstrating prejudice. See Gonzales,

435 S.W.3d at 812 (citing Doggett, 505 U.S. at 655-56, 112 S.Ct. at 2692-93); see also Wei, 447

S.W.3d at 557. This is because an “excessive delay presumptively compromises the reliability of

a trial in ways that neither party can prove or even identify.” Shaw, 117 S.W.3d at 890 (citing

Doggett, 505 U.S. at 655, 112 S.Ct. at 2693); see also Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 772 (excessive

26
delay presumptively compromises the reliability of a trial in ways that neither party can prove or

identify). Although a defendant is not entitled to this presumption if he or she acquiesced in the

delay, if no such acquiescence is found, a reviewing court may presume that a lengthy delay

adversely affected the defendant’s ability to defend herself. Ritter, 531 S.W.3d at 374-75 (citing

Balderas, 517 S.W.3d at 772); see generally Dragoo, 96 S.W.3d at 315 (citing Doggett, 505 U.S.

at 658, 112 S.Ct. at 2694) (a defendant who acquiesced in a delay is not entitled to the presumption

of prejudice). If the presumption applies, the burden then shifts to the State to “persuasively rebut”

the presumption of prejudice, i.e., to demonstrate that the defense was unimpaired by the delay,

such as by establishing that no evidence was lost or impaired during the time of delay. Gonzales,

435 S.W.3d. at 814–15 (citing U.S. v. Molina–Solorio, 577 F.3d 300, 304 (5th Cir. 2009)).

In the present case, the State initially acknowledges that the seven-year delay in

prosecuting Gonzalez’s case was presumptively prejudicial and we agree. No argument was

made that the case was extraordinarily complex or atypical. Various courts have held that delays

of three years or longer are presumptively prejudicial, thereby shifting the burden to the State to

persuasively rebut the presumption. See U.S. v. Cardona, 302 F.3d 494, 498 (5th Cir. 2002) (five-

year delay); Gonzales, 435 S.W.3d at 815 (six-year delay); Dragoo, 96 S.W.3d at 315 (three-and-

one-half-year delay); State v. Mackenzie, No. 13-16-00006-CR, 2017 WL 3306427, at *6 (Tex.

App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 3, 2017, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (four-year

delay); Sanchez v. State, No. 08-15-00059-CR, 2016 WL 7449371, at *7 (Tex. App.—El Paso

Dec. 28, 2016, no pet.) (not designated for publication) (almost seven-year delay); Wei, 447

S.W.3d at 557 (fifty-one-month delay).

27
 As rebuttal, the State, solely argues that Gonzalez acquiesced in the delay of her case. As

set forth above, however, we have already concluded that Gonzalez did not acquiesce in the delay,

and we therefore conclude that she was in fact entitled to the presumption. Therefore, the burden

shifted to the State to “persuasively rebut” the presumption of prejudice, such as by demonstrating

that no evidence was lost or impaired during the time of the delay. The State, however, failed to

present any evidence regarding the merits of Gonzalez’s case to demonstrate that her defense was

not impaired, and we conclude that the State did not rebut the presumption of prejudice and the

fourth Barker factor therefore weighs against the State.

Balancing the Factors

The last step in a Barker analysis is a balancing of each factor’s relative weight in light of

the conduct of the parties. Cantu, 253 S.W.3d at 281. Here, however, we have found that all

four factors weigh in favor of relief at least during the multi-year period of dormancy and no delay

was shown as against defendant. Therefore, we need not engage in any balancing exercise in this

instance. Accordingly, having found that there was a presumptively prejudicial delay in

Gonzalez’s case, a great amount of which was attributable to official negligence that is weighed

against the State, and that Gonzalez did not acquiesce in the delay, we conclude that Gonzalez’s

constitutional right to a speedy trial was violated, and the trial court erred in denying her motion

to dismiss. Gonzalez’s sole issue on appeal is sustained.

CONCLUSION

We reverse Appellant’s conviction and render judgment dismissing the DWI case against

her.

GINA M. PALAFOX, Justice

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November 20, 2018

Before McClure, C.J., Rodriguez, and Palafox, JJ.
Rodriguez, J., dissenting

(Do Not Publish)

29