FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 4, 2018
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
THE ESTATE OF ROBERT VALLINA;
JUAN J. VALLINA, personally;
MARTHA VALLINA, personally, and as
personal representative of the estate of
Robert Vallina, deceased,
Plaintiffs - Appellees,
No. 17-1428
v. (D.C. No. 1:16-CV-02227-RM-KMT)
(D. Colo.)
GABRIELA L. PETRESCU, MD, in her
official and individual capacities,
Defendant - Appellant.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before BRISCOE, LUCERO, and MATHESON, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
Dr. Gabriela Petrescu appeals the district court’s denial of her motion to
dismiss. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we reverse and remand for
entry of an order granting Petrescu qualified immunity.
I
On May 27, 2014, Robert Vallina was arrested for violating his probation on
misdemeanor charges of assault in the third degree and obstruction of telephone
*
This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines
of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for
its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
service. Following his arrest, Vallina was taken to the Teller County Detention
Center (“TCDC”), where he was held in custody for roughly two months. Vallina
was subsequently transferred to the Colorado Mental Health Institute-Pueblo
(“CMHIP”) for an evaluation of his competency to stand trial. Petrescu was
Vallina’s assigned treating physician at CMHIP.
While he was examined, Vallina denied any past suicide attempts. The
evaluation determined that Vallina was competent to stand trial and noted that he was
not actively suicidal. He was returned to TCDC on August 29, 2014. In the early
hours of September 2, 2014, Vallina took his own life while in his cell.
Vallina’s estate and survivors brought suit against CMHIP, Petrescu, and other
officials and employees of CMHIP. Plaintiffs alleged violations of Vallina’s
Fourteenth Amendment rights for failure to provide adequate medical care, and state
law medical malpractice claims. Plaintiffs later dismissed their claims against all
defendants other than Petrescu.
Petrescu filed a motion to dismiss, asserting Eleventh Amendment immunity,
governmental immunity, failure to allege personal participation, and qualified
immunity. A magistrate judge recommended that the district court grant Petrescu’s
motion to dismiss as to plaintiffs’ state law claims and official capacity claims, but
deny as to plaintiffs’ individual capacity Fourteenth Amendment claim.
Petrescu objected to the recommendations with respect to the Fourteenth
Amendment claim. Plaintiffs responded to Petrescu’s filing, but did not submit an
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objection of their own. The district court adopted the recommendations. Petrescu
timely appealed.
II
Denial of a motion to dismiss is generally not immediately appealable.
Roosevelt-Hennix v. Prickett, 717 F.3d 751, 753 (10th Cir. 2013). However, “the
collateral-order doctrine creates appellate jurisdiction over certain intermediate
rulings on pure issues of law,” and “denials of qualified immunity ordinarily fall
within the collateral-order doctrine.” Lowe v. Raemisch, 864 F.3d 1205, 1207 (10th
Cir. 2017). Accordingly, “a district court’s pretrial denial of a qualified immunity
defense, to the extent it turns on an issue of law, is an appealable ‘final decision’
within the meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291.” Powell v. Miller, 849 F.3d 1286, 1288
(10th Cir. 2017).
We review the denial of qualified immunity at the motion to dismiss stage de
novo. Apodaca v. Raemisch, 864 F.3d 1071, 1076 (10th Cir. 2017). In doing so, we
view the complaint’s allegations in the light most favorable to plaintiffs. Lowe, 864
F.3d at 1208. To overcome qualified immunity, plaintiffs carry the burden of
demonstrating that the factual allegations made in the complaint establish a violation
of Vallina’s Fourteenth Amendment right to adequate medical treatment, and that
right was clearly established at the time of the alleged misconduct. See Pearson v.
Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009). We exercise our discretion in this case to hold
that plaintiffs fail to demonstrate that Petrescu’s actions violated clearly established
law without first deciding if plaintiffs sufficiently alleged a violation of Vallina’s
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Fourteenth Amendment rights. See Riggins v. Goodman, 572 F.3d 1101, 1107-08
(10th Cir. 2009).
A defendant’s conduct violates a clearly established constitutional right when
Tenth Circuit or Supreme Court precedent renders plainly apparent the constitutional
violation. Mascorro v. Billings, 656 F.3d 1198, 1208 (10th Cir. 2011). We consider
the precedent “on point if it involves materially similar conduct or applies with
obvious clarity to the conduct at issue.” Lowe, 864 F.3d at 1208 (quotations and
emphases omitted). The district court held that plaintiffs carried their burden to show
the clearly established nature of Vallina’s Fourteenth Amendment right by reference
to Mata v. Saiz, 427 F.3d 745 (10th Cir. 2005). In Mata, this court stated “[t]here is
little doubt that deliberate indifference to an inmate’s serious medical need is a
clearly established constitutional right.” Id. at 749.
This general recitation of the deliberate indifference standard cannot provide a
source of clearly established law that controls in this case because the statement of
law is insufficiently particular to the facts at hand. “The Supreme Court has
repeatedly told courts not to define clearly established law at a high level of
generality.” Quinn v. Young, 780 F.3d 998, 1005 (10th Cir. 2015) (quotations
omitted). We conclude Mata’s general statement of law cannot be read to
“dispositively condemn[] [Petrescu’s] conduct at the time it occurred.” Cox v.
Glanz, 800 F.3d 1231, 1240 (10th Cir. 2015).
The only defendant denied qualified immunity in Mata refused to provide any
medical attention to the plaintiff despite the plaintiff’s repeated complaints of severe
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and lasting chest pain, telling the plaintiff that she could raise her complaints the next
morning. 427 F.3d at 756. In this case, Vallina received a court-ordered competency
examination. Plaintiffs dispute the adequacy of the treatment that accompanied
Vallina’s examination. But the denial of all treatment in Mata does not provide a
sufficiently comparable precedent to clearly establish that Petrescu’s allegedly
inadequate treatment violated Vallina’s Fourteenth Amendment rights. This court
distinguishes “a medical professional[’s] [] fail[ure] to treat a serious medical
condition properly,” which does not constitute deliberate indifference, from “prison
officials [who] prevent an inmate from receiving treatment or deny him access to
medical personnel capable of evaluating the need for treatment,” which may
constitute deliberate indifference. Sealock v. Colorado, 218 F.3d 1205, 1211 (10th
Cir. 2000). Although Mata clearly establishes that denial of access to treatment for a
serious medical condition constitutes deliberate indifference, plaintiffs’ allegations in
this case concern the failure to “treat a serious medical condition properly,” which we
have long held fails to evince deliberate indifference. Id.1
1
To the extent the district court rejected as waived Petrescu’s arguments
regarding the lack of clearly established law, the district court erred. Because
Petrescu asserted a qualified immunity defense in her motion to dismiss, plaintiffs
bore the burden to demonstrate that both: (1) their factual allegations established a
constitutional violation and (2) that the right was clearly established at the time of the
alleged misconduct. Cox, 800 F.3d at 1245 (“Specifically, by asserting the qualified-
immunity defense, [defendant] triggered a well-settled twofold burden that [plaintiff]
was compelled to shoulder: not only did she need to rebut the [defendant’s] no-
constitutional-violation arguments, but [plaintiff] also had to demonstrate that any
constitutional violation was grounded in then-extant clearly established law.”).
Plaintiffs’ defense of the district court’s conclusion that Petrescu waived certain
components of her qualified immunity defense is inapposite because the cases upon
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Plaintiffs pivot on appeal to an unlikely source of clearly established law: the
dissent in Mata, which urges the court to hold that “reckless[] deviat[ion] from
acceptable medical norms” constitutes deliberate indifference. 427 F.3d at 761
(Seymour, J., dissenting in part). But the majority in Mata declined to hold that such
a deviation from acceptable medical norms constitutes deliberate indifference. Id. at
761. Moreover, even the Mata dissent does not support plaintiffs’ claims, as the
defendant in Mata “recklessly deviated from acceptable medical norms by denying
[plaintiff] access to medical personnel capable of evaluating the need for treatment.”
Id. (emphasis added). Denying an inmate access to treatment may constitute
deliberate indifference, but a medical professional’s failure to treat a serious
condition properly does not. Sealock, 218 F.3d at 1211. Petrescu is thus entitled to
qualified immunity because plaintiffs are unable to show that Petrescu’s, at worst,
negligent or improper treatment of Vallina’s medical needs violated clearly
established law.
which they rely address standard waiver issues outside the unique burden-shifting
context of qualified immunity. See, e.g., Minshall v. McGraw Hill Broad. Co., 323
F.3d 1273, 1288 (10th Cir. 2003) (holding a factual argument waived when it was not
raised in the opening brief).
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III
For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the district court’s denial of
Petrescu’s motion to dismiss, and REMAND for entry of an order granting Petrescu
qualified immunity.
Entered for the Court
Carlos F. Lucero
Circuit Judge
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