Case: 18-11546 Document: 00514746451 Page: 1 Date Filed: 12/04/2018
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE FIFTH CIRCUIT
No. 18-11546 United States Court of Appeals
Fifth Circuit
FILED
December 4, 2018
In re: JOSEPH C. GARCIA,
Lyle W. Cayce
Movant. Clerk
Motion for an Order Authorizing the
United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas
USDC No. 3:06-CV-2185
Before DENNIS, ELROD, and HIGGINSON, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:*
Joseph Garcia was sentenced to death by a Texas jury and is scheduled
for execution on December 4, 2018. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals
(CCA) upheld his conviction and death sentence on direct appeal, Garcia v.
State, No. AP-74692, 2005 WL 395433, at *1 (Tex. Crim. App. Feb. 16, 2005),
and his initial state habeas application was denied, Ex parte Garcia, No. WR-
64,582-01, 2006 WL 3308744, at *1 (Tex. Crim. App. Nov. 15, 2006). In 2006,
Garcia then filed an application for federal habeas relief under 28 U.S.C.
§ 2254 in the Northern District of Texas, which the district court denied. See
Garcia v. Davis, 704 F. App’x 316, 319 (5th Cir. 2017); Garcia v. Stephens, No.
3:06-CV-2185, 2015 WL 6561274, at *1–9 (N.D. Tex. Oct. 29, 2015) (order
* Pursuant to 5TH CIR. R. 47.5, the court has determined that this opinion should not
be published and is not precedent except under the limited circumstances set forth in 5TH
CIR. R. 47.5.4.
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amending findings in part). We denied a certificate of appealability (COA). 1
Garcia, 704 F. App’x at 319.
On November 30, 2018, Garcia filed a motion for relief from judgment
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b) in his 2006 federal habeas
proceeding, challenging the competency of his prior federal habeas counsel. 2
Pursuant to this motion, Garcia also moved for a stay of his execution. The
district court construed Garcia’s motion as an unauthorized successive 28
U.S.C. § 2254 application, transferred the matter to this court, and denied a
stay. It also held in the alternative that Garcia had not demonstrated
entitlement to Rule 60(b) relief and denied a COA. Garcia now appeals the
district court’s transfer order and moves in this court for remand to the district
court and a stay of his execution. We construe Garcia’s motion to remand as
an appeal of the district court’s transfer order, as it seeks review of the
propriety of that order’s determination that the motion was a successive
petition. He also requests a COA on the district court’s Rule 60(b) rulings.
I.
Because the district court correctly determined that Garcia’s Rule 60(b)
motion was a successive petition and that the motion raised no cognizable
grounds for authorization of a successive petition, we affirm the district court’s
1Garcia also sought relief in a subsequent application for writ of habeas corpus in
Texas state court, which the CCA dismissed on November 30, 2018. Ex parte Garcia, No.
64,582-03 (Tex. Crim. App. Nov. 30, 2018).
2 Garcia previously brought two actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 challenging the
constitutionality of his clemency proceedings and his lethal injection protocol. We affirmed
the dismissal and denial of a stay of execution in his challenge to his clemency proceedings,
and affirmed the denial of a preliminary injunction in his challenge to his lethal injection
protocol. See Garcia v. Jones, No. 18-70031 (5th Cir. Dec. 2, 2018); Garcia v. Collier, No. 18-
70032 (5th Cir. Dec. 2, 2018). We denied a stay of execution in each case. Id.
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transfer order, deny Garcia authorization to file a successive habeas petition,
and deny his motion for stay of execution.
In order to proceed with a successive application for habeas relief under
§ 2254, “the applicant shall move in the appropriate court of appeals for an
order authorizing the district court to consider the application.” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(b)(3)(A). A Rule 60(b) motion is properly construed as a successive
habeas petition where it “seeks to add a new ground for relief,” or “attacks the
federal court’s previous resolution of a claim on the merits.” Gonzalez v. Crosby,
545 U.S. 524, 532 (2005). In contrast, “when a Rule 60(b) motion attacks, not
the substance of the federal court’s resolution of a claim on the merits, but
some defect in the integrity of the federal habeas proceedings,” then the Rule
60(b) motion should not be construed as a successive habeas petition. Id.; see
Gilkers v. Vannoy, 904 F.3d 336, 344 (5th Cir. 2018) (holding that if “(1) the
[Rule 60(b)] motion attacks a ‘defect in the integrity of the federal habeas
proceeding,’ or (2) the motion attacks a procedural ruling which precluded a
merits determination,” it should not be construed as a successive habeas
petition).
Garcia contends that his motion is not a successive petition under
Gonzalez because “there was a defect in the integrity of his federal habeas
proceedings that justifies reopening this Court’s judgment and giving him the
opportunity to litigate his federal habeas claims with competent counsel.” We
review the district court’s determination on this point de novo. In re Edwards,
865 F.3d 197, 202–03 (5th Cir. 2017). As the Supreme Court noted in Gonzalez,
“an attack based on the movant’s own conduct, or his habeas counsel’s
omissions . . . ordinarily does not go to the integrity of the proceedings, but in
effect asks for a second chance to have the merits determined favorably.” 545
U.S. at 532 n.5. Here, Garcia asserts that his federal habeas counsel failed to
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investigate certain mitigation evidence, to retain an expert in trauma to
evaluate this mitigation evidence, to investigate the propriety of Garcia’s prior
conviction for first-degree murder, and to investigate the conditions of the
prison facilities from which he escaped. Garcia’s assertions are based on “his
habeas counsel’s omissions,” rather than “a defect in the integrity of his federal
habeas proceedings.” Id. at 532 & n.5. Accordingly, the district court properly
concluded that Garcia’s motion constituted a successive § 2254 application and
did not err in transferring the motion to this court. See 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(b)(3)(A).
We next consider whether Garcia is entitled to authorization to file his
successive petition. We conclude he is not. To obtain authorization to file a
successive § 2254 petition, the movant must demonstrate that the claim relies
on a “new rule of constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral
review by the Supreme Court, that was previously unavailable,” 28 U.S.C.
§ 2244(b)(2)(A), or that “the factual predicate for the claim could not have been
discovered previously through the exercise of due diligence” and that the facts,
“if proven and viewed in light of the evidence as a whole, would be sufficient to
establish by clear and convincing evidence that, but for constitutional error, no
reasonable factfinder would have found the applicant guilty of the underlying
offense,” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2)(B).
Garcia cannot satisfy either of these exceptions. As to the first basis on
which we may grant authorization—the existence of a “new rule of
constitutional law, made retroactive to cases on collateral review by the
Supreme Court”—Garcia recognizes in his Rule 60(b) motion that “the
Supreme Court has yet to recognize a constitutional right to the effective
assistance of counsel in federal habeas corpus proceedings.” As to the second
exception, Garcia’s claim that federal habeas counsel was ineffective by not
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investigating further mitigating evidence that could have been brought at the
punishment phase of his trial does not, by its nature, affect whether a
“reasonable factfinder would have found [Garcia] guilty of the underlying
offense.” 28 U.S.C. § 2244(b)(2) (emphasis added); see also In re Rodriguez, 885
F.3d 915, 918 (5th Cir. 2018) (describing “Section 2244(b)(2)(B)(ii) as a strict
form of innocence, roughly equivalent to the Supreme Court’s definition of
innocence or manifest miscarriage of justice” (cleaned up)). Accordingly, there
is no basis on which we may allow Garcia to proceed with his successive habeas
petition.
II.
Ruling in the alternative, the district court denied Garcia’s Rule 60(b)
motion because (1) he did not file it within a reasonable time; and (2) he failed
to demonstrate extraordinary circumstances. We agree, and accordingly
DENY Garcia a COA on this issue.
To succeed on a Rule 60(b) motion, the movant must show: (1) that the
motion was made within a reasonable time; and (2) that extraordinary
circumstances exist that justify the reopening of a final judgment. Edwards,
865 F.3d at 203. A district court’s decision to grant or deny relief under Rule
60(b) is reviewed for abuse of discretion. Id.. In making this determination, a
district court only abuses its discretion if it “bases its decision on an erroneous
view of the law or on a clearly erroneous assessment of the evidence.” Id.
(quoting Hesling v. CSX Trans., Inc., 396 F.3d 632, 638 (5th Cir. 2005)).
A.
We agree with the district court’s decision to deny Garcia’s Rule 60(b)
motion as untimely. A Rule 60(b) motion must be made within a reasonable
time unless good cause can be shown for the delay. Fed. R. Civ. P. 60(c)(1);
Edwards, 865 F.3d at 208. Good cause is evaluated on a case-by-case basis,
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and the timeliness of the motion is measured from the point at which the
movant has grounds to make the motion, regardless of the time that has
elapsed since judgment was entered. Id. “Once a party has grounds to make
a Rule 60(b) motion, however, he must bring the motion reasonably promptly,
though ‘the determination of reasonableness is less than a scientific exercise.’”
Id. (quoting First RepublicBank Fort Worth v. Norglass, Inc., 958 F.2d 117, 121
(5th Cir. 1992)).
Here, any ineffectiveness by Garcia’s prior federal habeas counsel
occurred before the district court’s order substituting Garcia’s present counsel
in their place on November 23, 2015. Although Garcia argues that he
attempted to litigate the claims identified by his new counsel in state court, he
did not seek any additional state post-conviction relief until nearly three years
later in August 2018, when he filed an initial habeas application in the
separate Bexar County case. Garcia did not seek additional post-conviction
relief in the Dallas County case until November 2018. Garcia presents no
justification for this delay, but nevertheless cites his pending state habeas
applications as the reason he could not file his Rule 60(b) motion sooner.
However, this court has rejected pending state court proceedings as an excuse
for Rule 60(b) untimeliness. Beatty v. Davis, 2018 WL 5920498, at *4 (5th Cir.
Nov. 12, 2018) (holding that habeas petitioner’s delay was “not excused by the
fact that . . . his subsequent writ was pending in state court” (citing Clark v.
Davis, 850 F.3d 770, 781 (5th Cir. 2017))).
In addition, Garcia’s execution date has been set and re-set since the
Supreme Court denied certiorari in his federal habeas case in April 2018. In
June 2018, Garcia’s execution was stayed until December 4. Still, he waited
until November 30 to attempt to reopen his federal proceedings. Garcia
provides no explanation for his failure to file his Rule 60(b) motion in the
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intervening five months. See Edwards, 865 F.3d at 209 (holding that Rule
60(b) was motion untimely when prisoner had four months’ notice of his new
execution date but filed motion on “the eve of the execution”). Therefore,
Garcia’s Rule 60(b) motion was untimely.
B.
We agree with the district court that there are no extraordinary
circumstances warranting relief from judgment. As noted above, Garcia’s Rule
60(b) motion relies on the ineffective assistance of his prior federal habeas
counsel as an extraordinary circumstance warranting relief from judgment.
Specifically, he alleges that his prior counsel failed to raise several IATC
theories in his initial habeas petition due to their failure to: (1) conduct an
adequate mitigation investigation; (2) retain a trauma expert to assist in
evaluating mitigation evidence; (3) investigate Garcia’s 1996 murder
conviction; and (4) investigate the prison conditions at the facilities where
Garcia was incarcerated prior to his escape.
None of these allegations appears to have a basis in law or fact. Turning
to his first contention, Garcia’s argument focuses on his prior federal habeas
counsel’s failure to discover several sexual assaults he suffered during his
childhood. However, Garcia’s prior counsel hired an experienced mitigation
expert, who discovered evidence that Garcia had been sexually assaulted on
one prior occasion. Garcia did not inform the mitigation expert or his counsel
that any additional sexual assaults had occurred, nor did he inform the district
court when he was given an opportunity to do so during his evidentiary
hearing. And because Garcia’s Child Protective Services records indicated that
he had suffered no sexual abuse, Garcia has not explained why his prior
counsel would have had reason to believe they needed to investigate this issue
further.
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Garcia’s argument that his prior federal habeas counsel should have
retained a trauma expert would not be sufficient to establish ineffectiveness of
trial counsel, much less federal habeas counsel. See Hinton v. Alabama, 571
U.S. 263, 275 (2014) (“The selection of an expert witness is a paradigmatic
example of the type of strategic choice that, when made after thorough
investigation of the law and facts, is virtually unchallengeable.”); see also
Batiste v. Davis, 2017 WL 4155461, at *19 (S.D. Tex. 2017) (“Constitutional
law does not require that mitigating evidence come through one specific
vehicle.”). In fact, Garcia does not explain why a trauma expert’s observations
would have caused the district court to resolve his IATC claim differently.
Garcia’s third allegation—that his prior federal habeas counsel failed to
investigate his 1996 murder conviction—is also unavailing, as he fails to
acknowledge that his trial counsel did present evidence to undermine the
reliability of that conviction. Accordingly, it appears that any IATC allegation
on this ground would challenge the “strategy employed by trial counsel,” which
this court has held “does not establish ineffective assistance.” Coble v.
Quarterman, 496 F.3d 430, 436–37 (5th Cir. 2007) (addressing argument that
trial counsel had not presented a “coherent theory regarding mitigation”).
Finally, Garcia’s contention that his prior federal habeas counsel failed
to investigate the conditions in the two facilities where he was incarcerated
prior to his escape does not provide sufficient grounds for Rule 60(b) relief. As
with his prior conviction, Garcia’s trial counsel offered at least some evidence
of the presence of gang violence at the Connally Unit, the institution from
which Garcia escaped, so Garcia’s claim that “no court or jury” had heard
evidence explaining why he escaped is dubious. In addition, Garcia does not
explain why evidence of poor prison conditions would mitigate or excuse his
participation in an armed robbery and murder weeks after his escape. Thus,
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Garcia has not demonstrated a legal or factual basis for an IATC claim based
on trial counsel’s failure to present more evidence regarding prison conditions.
Ultimately, Garcia’s Rule 60(b) motion appears to be based on the belief
that his current federal habeas counsel—who have the benefit of hindsight—
would have employed different investigative strategies than his prior federal
habeas counsel. But this is not an “extraordinary circumstance” that would
warrant relief from the district court’s judgment. See Edwards, 865 F.3d at
204; Coble, 496 F.3d at 436–37. Accordingly, we hold that Garcia has not
demonstrated an entitlement to Rule 60(b) relief.
III.
Because Garcia’s § 2254 petition is barred, he has failed to make a strong
showing of likelihood of success on the merits to support his motion for stay of
execution. 3 See Nken v. Holder, 556 U.S. 418, 434 (2009); Adams v. Thaler,
679 F.3d 312, 318 (5th Cir. 2012) (applying the Nken factors to a motion for a
stay of execution).
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For these reasons, the district court’s transfer order is AFFIRMED,
Garcia’s motion for remand is DENIED, and his motion for a stay of execution
is DENIED. We also DENY Garcia’s alternative request for a COA, as
reasonable jurists would not disagree with the district court’s conclusions.
3 Garcia must additionally show that he would “be irreparably injured absent a stay,”
that granting the stay would not “substantially injure the other parties interested in the
proceeding,” and that the public interest supports granting the motion. Nken, 556 U.S. at
426. Because Garcia cannot demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits, we decline to
address the remaining factors.
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