NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION
File Name: 18a0608n.06
Case No. 18-1427
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
FILED
Dec 04, 2018
RICKY TYRONE CROWDER, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
)
Petitioner-Appellant, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED
) STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR
v. ) THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF
) MICHIGAN
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Respondent-Appellee. )
BEFORE: BATCHELDER, COOK, and KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judges.
COOK, Circuit Judge. Ricky Tyrone Crowder appeals the district court’s denial of his 28
U.S.C. § 2255 motion, arguing that his state robbery convictions no longer qualify as crimes of
violence under USSG § 4B1.2’s residual clause after Johnson v. United States, 135 S. Ct. 2551
(2015), and therefore cannot serve as predicates for a career offender enhancement. Because our
decision in Raybon v. United States, 867 F.3d 625 (6th Cir. 2017), forecloses this line of attack,
we AFFIRM the district court’s denial of Crowder’s motion to vacate.
I.
In 2001, Crowder pleaded guilty to two counts of bank robbery (Counts I and II), in
violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), and one count of using, carrying and brandishing a firearm during
a crime of violence (Count III), in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A)(ii). A year later, during
Case No. 18-1427, Crowder v. United States
the pre-Booker era when the Sentencing Guidelines were mandatory, see United States v. Booker,
543 U.S. 220, 233 (2005), the district court sentenced Crowder.
The court designated Crowder a career offender under USSG § 4B1.2(a) for his two prior
convictions for a crime of violence—both state robbery convictions—which increased his
Guidelines range to 188 to 235 months (from 100 to 125 months) on Counts I and II. In the end,
Crowder received concurrent sentences of 188 months of imprisonment on Counts I and II, and an
additional 84 months of imprisonment on Count III. He then appealed the court’s refusal to grant
a downward departure, and we affirmed. United States v. Crowder, 100 F. App’x 424, 425 (6th
Cir. 2004).
Over ten years later, now under the post-Booker advisory Guidelines, Crowder filed this
§ 2255 motion claiming that Johnson entitled him to resentencing. He argued that, after Johnson,
his state convictions for bank robbery no longer qualify as crimes of violence under the residual
clause of USSG § 4B1.2. Without those crimes of violence, Crowder would of course not qualify
for sentencing as a career offender. The district court denied the motion, finding it untimely under
§ 2255(f)(1) and (f)(3), but granted Crowder a certificate of appealability. This timely appeal
followed.
II.
Giving fresh review to the district court’s denial as untimely Crowder’s motion to vacate
under § 2255, Moss v. United States, 323 F.3d 445, 454 (6th Cir. 2003), we start with the general
rule that such a motion must be filed within one year of the “judgment of conviction becom[ing]
final.” § 2255(f)(1). For § 2255 purposes, an appealed “judgment of conviction becomes final
when the time expires for filing a petition for certiorari contesting the appellate court’s affirmation
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of the conviction.” Clay v. United States, 537 U.S. 522, 525 (2003). A petition for certiorari must
be filed within ninety days of the entry of judgment by the court of appeals. U.S. Sup. Ct. R. 13.1.
Because Crowder did not petition for certiorari, his motion needed to be filed within one
year and ninety days of this court’s decision affirming his conviction in June of 2004. Crowder,
100 F. App’x at 427. This June 2016 motion therefore comes more than ten years too late under
§ 2255(f)(1). Thus, unless Crowder satisfies an exception found in § 2255(f), he has no path to
overcome the time bar.
A.
Crowder argues that § 2255(f)(3) provides that path. This exception permits a prisoner to
file a petition within one year of “the date on which the right asserted was initially recognized by
the Supreme Court, if that right has been newly recognized by the Supreme Court and made
retroactively applicable to cases on collateral review.” § 2255(f)(3). Yet he acknowledges that
this path—and his argument for treading down it—have been “foreclosed by this Court[’s]
decision in Raybon.” Appellant Br. at 6; see Raybon v. United States, 867 F.3d 625, 630–31 (6th
Cir.), reh’g en banc denied (6th Cir. Dec. 6, 2017), cert. denied, 138 S. Ct. 2661 (2018) (mem.).
In Raybon, we examined the Supreme Court’s decision in Beckles v. United States, 137 S.
Ct. 886 (2017), where the Court held Johnson inapplicable to the post-Booker advisory Sentencing
Guidelines. See Raybon, 867 F.3d at 629–31. We noted that the Beckles opinion “explicitly and
repeatedly stated that [it] was not addressing the pre-Booker, mandatory Guidelines scheme,” id.
at 629, and therefore “le[ft] open the question” of whether Johnson applies to the mandatory
Guidelines, Beckles, 137 S. Ct. at 903, n.4 (Sotomayor, J., concurring in the judgment).
Because the question remained open, we held “it is not a ‘right’ that ‘has been newly
recognized by the Supreme Court’ let alone one that was ‘made retroactively applicable to cases
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on collateral review.’” Raybon, 867 F.3d at 630 (citing § 2255(f)(3)); see Johnson, 135 S. Ct. at
2561 (rejecting the government’s argument that this decision put textually similar laws in
“constitutional doubt”); see also United States v. Greer, 881 F.3d 1241, 1247 (10th Cir. 2018)
(“AEDPA limits federal habeas relief to new constitutional rights recognized by the Supreme
Court.”).
B.
Crowder thinks this court got it wrong in Raybon, and he would surely like us to say so.
But as he recognizes, in the absence of en banc review or an intervening decision by the Supreme
Court, this panel cannot. See United States v. Elbe, 774 F.3d 885, 891 (6th Cir. 2014)
(“[A] published prior panel decision ‘remains controlling authority unless an inconsistent decision
of the United States Supreme Court requires modification of the decision or this Court sitting en
banc overrules the prior decision.’” (quoting Salmi v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 774 F.2d
685, 689 (6th Cir. 1985))).
As for an intervening decision by the Supreme Court, Crowder points to one—Sessions v.
Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. 1204 (2018). There, the Court applied Johnson and held that the residual
clause of 18 U.S.C. § 16’s definition of a “crime of violence,” as incorporated into the Immigration
and Nationality Act’s definition of aggravated felony, was unconstitutionally vague. Id. at 1223.
But that holding too confirms that the question Beckles left open remains unanswered, and
therefore aligns with Raybon. Raybon, 867 F.3d at 629 (“[W]hether [Johnson] applies to the
mandatory guidelines . . . is an open question.”). Indeed, two months after Dimaya, the Supreme
Court denied certiorari in Raybon. Raybon v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2661 (2018) (mem.). And
the only circuit to consider the question after Dimaya agreed that “[J]ohnson did not recognize a
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new right applicable to the mandatory Sentencing Guidelines on collateral review.” United States
v. Blackstone, 903 F.3d 1020, 1026–28 (9th Cir. 2018).
III.
Crowder’s case presents the same question as Raybon, so we give the same answer:
Johnson did not recognize a “right not to be sentenced as career offenders under the residual clause
of the mandatory Sentencing Guidelines.” 867 F.3d at 631. We AFFIRM.
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