[Cite as State v. Dellifield, 2018-Ohio-4919.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT
HARDIN COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO,
PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 6-18-06
v.
DENNIS L. DELLIFIELD, OPINION
DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Appeal from Hardin County Common Pleas Court
Trial Court No. 20172108 CRI
Judgment Affirmed
Date of Decision: December 10, 2018
APPEARANCES:
Michael A. Rumer and Zachary D. Maisch for Appellant
Jason M. Miller for Appellee
Case No. 6-18-06
SHAW, J.
{¶1} Defendant-appellant, Dennis L. Dellifield (“Dellifield”), brings this
appeal from the April 24, 2018, judgment of the Hardin County Common Pleas
Court sentencing Dellifield to 5 years of community control, with 90 days local
incarceration, after he was convicted in a bench trial of two counts of Attempted
Illegal Use of a Minor in Nudity-Oriented Material or Performance in violation of
R.C. 2923.02(A) and R.C. 2907.323(A)(1), both third degree felonies, and two
counts of Attempted Illegal Use of a Minor in Nudity-Oriented Material or
Performance in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A) and R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), both first
degree misdemeanors. On appeal, Dellifield argues that the State failed to establish
that Hardin County was the proper venue; that the trial court erred by denying
Dellifield’s motion to dismiss on the basis that the indictment was an
unconstitutional denial of his First Amendment rights; that the State failed to prove
beyond a reasonable doubt that Dellifield performed a substantial step sufficient to
establish the predicate crime alleged; that the trial court erred when it admitted a
specific exhibit into evidence; and that the trial court erred when it ruled that
Dellifield’s subsequent actions did not constitute an abandonment of his wrongful
act.
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Relevant Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} Dellifield was a teacher for over 40 years at Allen East. He was also
the school’s band director. He retired from his position prior to the incidents leading
to this case.
{¶3} “John Doe,”1 the victim in this matter, was born in December of 2000.
While Dellifield was still a teacher, John Doe was a member of the band.2 After
Dellifield retired, he maintained contact with John Doe, sending frequent text
messages. Dellifield also indicated that he and John Doe occasionally met for a
meal to talk about life.
{¶4} On February 12, 2017, at 4:33 p.m., Dellifield sent a text message to
John Doe, then 16 years old, reading as follows.
I hope u r home. I read an interesting article & in this article we
r 2 challenge someone who we trust & luv w/ an amazing
challenge & if accepted I will email u w/ the rhyme & reason
behind it. Once sent it will b deleted promptly. . .ready? Send me
a picture of ur erection from the base 2 the tip! Accept? Go 4 it I
am preparing ur email as this is being sent! D-
(State’s Ex. 13).
{¶5} Dellifield sent a second text message at 4:48 p.m. on the same date,
reading nearly the same, although there were a few added words at the end.
I hope u r home. I read an interesting article & in this article we
r 2 challenge someone who we trust & luv w/ an amazing
1
Although John Doe is commonly used as a stand-in for an unknown individual, this juvenile is known.
However, in lieu of using the juvenile’s initials the parties use the name “John Doe,” so we will as well.
2
John Doe’s mother had actually been in Dellifield’s band as well when she was in school.
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challenge & if accepted I will email u w/ the rhyme & reason
behind it. Once sent it will b deleted promptly. . .ready? Send me
a picture of ur erection from the base 2 the tip! Accept? Go 4 it
I am preparing ur email as this is being sent! D- ck email 4
explanation! D- ck email 4 explanation! D-3
(Id.) John Doe did not respond to either of the two messages.
{¶6} The next day, Dellifield sent John Doe another message that reads as
follows.
A friend is what the heart needs 24/7. Thank u 4 being that very
special friend 2 me. We DO need each other! Have a great Mon
– b safe out there & know how much I miss u & luv u oh so much
my fav one! D-/I apologize 2 u 4 the challenge yesterday! Please
4 give me if u can & if u can’t or won’t I understand that as well.
Again so sorry 4 sharing this tasteless article w/ u!
(Id.)
{¶7} John Doe did respond to this message, stating, “It’s okay, I still love
you have a great day.” (Id.) Dellifield replied,
No its [sic] not I took advantage bcause [sic] of this silly ass article.
I feel that I have lost ur respect 4 me. How can I ever make this
dumd-ass [sic] idea up 2 u. I just luv u so much & I don’t want 2
lose u! Luv u my fav! D-
(Id.)
3
We should note that the “style” of writing in these messages is consistent with other texts that Dellifield
sent to John Doe. For example, Dellifield sent “Enjoy ur day off! Thinking about u 2-day & hopefully c u
soon! B safe on the roads & use ur head! Luv & appreciate U so much my fav one I just want u 2 b safe! D-
.” (State’s Ex. 13). Another one read, “Wherever u go 2-day go w/ all of ur heart! B safe 2 day & everyday
out there. I truly hope u know how much I miss c-ing U & how much I luv u my fav one! Luv U [John Doe]!
D-.” Another reads, “A wk-end thought: How great is it 2 have a friend like u who luves [sic] me as much
as I LUV U! D-.” (Id.) These text messages were sent to John Doe on different dates in January and February
of 2017. Dellifield signed all of his text messages as “D-”.
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{¶8} John Doe informed his friend about the text messages he received from
Dellifield, and then later his parents. His parents went to the police, and an
investigation ensued. Based on the messages, authorities obtained a search warrant
for Dellifield’s residence in Ada, Ohio. Dellifield had a shed, which he used like
an office or “studio,” containing a computer. The computer was seized and
searched.
{¶9} Several searches on Dellifield’s Google Chrome browser in his
computer revealed search terms specifying John Doe, such as: “[John Doe] &
[another named male individual] teenage oral sex” and “[John Doe] & [the same,
other named male individual] teenage masturbation.” There were other Google
search terms such as “how to have a sexual fair [sic] with a 16 year old teenager”
and “how to have a sexual affair with a teenage boy” and “male oral sex with 16
year old boys.” (State’s Ex. 5). In addition, Dellifield had searched for John Doe
on Facebook, and had printed pictures of John Doe from the social media platform.
{¶10} Dellifield was not present initially when the search of his residence
was conducted, but he returned home while it was ongoing and he agreed to speak
with an officer at the police station. At the beginning of the interview, the officer
indicated that the department had received information that Dellifield had sent
inappropriate message requests to a minor. Dellifield readily named John Doe
before that name was provided by the police to him in the interview.
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{¶11} Dellifield stated in the interview that he was close with John Doe and
that they saw each other roughly once per month to go out to eat. Dellifield
indicated that John Doe told him that he had problems at home, and that John Doe
would reveal his sexual exploits to him. Dellifield stated that he was looking after
John Doe, and that he did not want John Doe to get a girl pregnant, so he requested
that John Doe send him a picture of his penis to get fitted for a condom.4 Dellifield
also claimed that he was researching a book on “Leadership for Teenagers,” which
covered teenage oral sex and teenage masturbation. When his computer was
searched, no notes for any such book were located.
{¶12} On July 26, 2017, Dellifield was indicted for Attempted Pandering
Obscenity Involving a Minor in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A) and R.C.
2907.321(A)(1), a felony of the third degree (Count 1), Attempted Pandering
Obscenity Involving a Minor in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A) and R.C.
2907.321(A)(5), a felony of the fifth degree (Count 2), Attempted Illegal Use of a
Minor in Nudity-Oriented Material in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A) and R.C.
2907.323(A)(1), a felony of the third degree (Count 3), Attempted Illegal Use of a
Minor in Nudity-Oriented Material or Performance in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A)
and R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), a misdemeanor of the first degree (Count 4), Attempted
Pandering Obscenity Involving a Minor in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A) and R.C.
4
The police pressed Dellifield on this excuse, and Dellifield stated that his cousin had fitted him for a condom
when he was younger.
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2907.321(A)(1), a felony of the third degree (Count 5), Attempted Pandering
Obscenity Involving a Minor in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A) and 2907.321(A)(5),
a felony of the fifth degree (Count 6), Attempted Illegal Use of a Minor in Nudity-
Oriented Material or Performance in violation of R.C. 2923.02(A) and R.C.
2907.323(A)(1), a felony of the third degree (Count 7), and Attempted Illegal Use
of Minor in Nudity-Oriented Material or Performance in violation of R.C.
2923.02(A) and R.C. 2907.323(A)(3), a misdemeanor of the first degree (Count 8).
Dellifield pled not guilty to the charges.
{¶13} The bill of particulars alleged that Counts 1-4 of the indictment
concerned the first text message request that Dellifield sent to John Doe on February
12, 2017, at 4:33 p.m., and Counts 5 through 8 concerned the second text message
request sent on the same date at 4:48 p.m.5 The bill of particulars also alleged that
near the times when Dellifield was texting John Doe, he was on his computer
viewing websites of naked men performing acts of sexual activity including oral sex
and masturbation with other males, placing him at his Ada home when he sent the
messages.
{¶14} On October 16, 2017, Dellifield filed a motion to dismiss the
indictment arguing that the indictment violated his First Amendment rights and that
it was an effort to regulate “pure speech” by combining a charge of “Criminal
5
There is no indication in the record that any contemporaneous email was sent to John Doe despite references
to the same in the two texts on or about February 12, 2017.
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Attempt” with a separate crime to create a charge that infringed on the basic liberty
of free speech and thought. In addition, he argued that “as applied” the statutes were
an unconstitutional restriction of his First Amendment rights. He also argued that
his text messages on February 13, 2017, indicated abandonment of the
requests/attempts sent on February 12, 2017.
{¶15} On November 9, 2017, the State filed a response, arguing that the
statutes at issue were not unconstitutional and Dellifield was not exercising “pure
speech” by texting the victim to request a very specific picture of a sex organ in
these instances.
{¶16} A hearing was held on the motion to dismiss on November 14, 2017,
wherein the trial court took testimony and heard arguments. On December 11, 2017,
the trial court filed an entry denying Dellifield’s motion to dismiss. The trial court
cited the United States Supreme Court case of United States v. Williams, 553 U.S.
285, 299, 128 S.Ct. 1830, 1842 (2008), for the proposition that “offers to provide or
requests to obtain child pornography are categorically excluded from the First
Amendment protection.” The trial court noted that it did not appear to be contested
that if the juvenile John Doe had provided the picture as requested that charges under
R.C. 2907.321 and R.C. 2907.323 could be appropriate. The trial court found that
neither the Pandering statute in R.C. 2907.321 nor the Illegal Use statute in R.C.
2907.323 set forth an “Attempt” crime, but neither statute proscribed merely a
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“thought” crime as suggested by Dellifield; rather, action was required. The trial
court indicated that Dellifield’s argument that he did not take a substantial step
toward conduct because he was merely exercising “pure speech,” was
distinguishable from these instances where he actually made an “outright request
for a picture.” (Doc. No. 34).
{¶17} The trial court also found that the statutes at issue were not overbroad
or vague. Further, for Dellifield’s “as applied” constitutional challenge, the trial
court found that Dellifield did not establish his burden that any of the statutes had a
constitutional defect.
{¶18} Following the denial of his motion to dismiss the indictment, Dellifield
waived his right to a jury trial and proceeded to a bench trial on January 23-24,
2018. At trial, the State presented the testimony of the officer who interviewed
Dellifield, John Doe, the parents of John Doe, the officers who searched Dellifield’s
residence, the detective who conducted a forensic examination of Dellifield’s cell
phone and his computer, and another individual who was a former student of
Dellifield’s who testified that Dellifield had once requested a picture of his penis.
That individual, who was 18 years old at the time of the request, indicated that he
did send a picture to Dellifield.6 In addition to the testimony of these individuals,
the State introduced the text messages between Dellifield and John Doe into
6
He claimed at trial that it was just a picture he took off the internet rather than a picture of himself.
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evidence, as well as the results of the search of Dellifield’s cell phone and computer.
Pictures that Dellifield had printed of John Doe, which were in his “studio,” were
also introduced into evidence.
{¶19} The trial court took the matter under advisement and indicated it would
issue a written decision. On February 27, 2018, trial court announced its decision,
finding Dellifield not guilty of the Attempted Pandering Obscenity Involving a
Minor charges in Counts 1, 2, 5, and 6 of the indictment.7 However, the trial court
found that Dellifield was guilty of Attempted Illegal Use of a Minor in Nudity-
Oriented Material or Performance as charged in Counts 3, 4, 7 and 8, of the
indictment.8 The trial court reasoned that Dellifield had attempted to create, direct,
produce, or possess a photograph of a minor in a state of nudity, such that he was
guilty of those crimes.
{¶20} On April 19, 2018, Dellifield’s case proceeded to sentencing. The trial
court sentenced Dellifield to 5 years of community control, with 90 days local
incarceration, on each count, all served concurrently to each other. A judgment
entry memorializing Dellifield’s sentence was filed April 24, 2018. It is from this
7
The trial court reasoned that the Pandering Obscenity Involving a Minor statute under R.C. 2907.321
required Dellifield to create, reproduce, publish, or direct an “obscene” performance or “obscene” material.
The trial court examined case authority and determined that for the material to be “obscene” it had to depict
“sexual conduct.” The trial court found that a “nude sex organ” alone did not constitute “sexual conduct,”
thus Dellifield was acquitted of the Pandering charges.
8
Counts 3 and 7 were felonies of the third degree and Counts 4 and 8 were misdemeanors of the first degree.
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judgment that Dellifield appeals, asserting the following assignments of error for
our review.
Assignment of Error No. 1
The trial court erred when it determined the State had proved
beyond a reasonable doubt that the alleged crimes set forth in the
indictment occurred in Hardin County, Ohio and therefore venue
was established.
Assignment of Error No. 2
The trial court erred when it denied defendant/appellant’s motion
to dismiss on the basis that the indictment was a denial of
defendant/appellant’s First Amendment rights under the U.S.
Constitution for the exercise of free speech.
Assignment of Error No. 3
The trial court erred when it determined the State had proven
beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant/appellant
performed a substantial step sufficient to establish the predicate
crime alleged in each Count of the indictment.
Assignment of Error No. 4
The trial court erred when it admitted into evidence State’s
Exhibit 7 without any evidence as to the content thereof.
Assignment of Error No. 5
The trial court erred when it ruled that the evidence in the case,
specifically the text of February 13, 2017, did not constitute an
abandonment of a wrongful act by the defendant-appellant.
First Assignment of Error
{¶21} In Dellifield’s first assignment of error, he argues that the State failed
to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that Hardin County was the proper venue for
this case.
Standard of Review
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{¶22} In a criminal case, venue is not a material element, but the State must
still prove venue beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Headley, 6 Ohio St.3d 475,
477 (1983). “Venue is satisfied where there is a sufficient nexus between the
defendant and the county of the trial.” State v. Chintalapalli, 88 Ohio St.3d 43, 45
(2000). Venue need not be proven in express terms. Id. Rather, it can be
established by all of the facts and circumstances viewed in the light most favorable
to the State. Id. In addition, it has been stated that a trial court has broad discretion
to determine the facts which would establish venue. See, e.g., State v. Mills, 6th
Dist. Williams No. WM–09–014, 2010–Ohio–4705, ¶ 22; State v. McVety, 3d Dist.
Logan No. 8-16-19, 2017-Ohio-2796, ¶ 10
Analysis
{¶23} In this case, Dellifield argued to the trial court that the State failed to
establish venue in this matter beyond a reasonable doubt, and he renews his
argument on appeal. The trial court specifically addressed venue in its written
decision memorandum, reasoning as follows.
The evidence before the Court has convinced the Court beyond a
reasonable doubt that the conduct with which Defendant
Dellifield is charged occurred in Hardin County, Ohio.
Defendant’s first text message stated at 4:33 p.m. “I am preparing
ur (sic) email as this is being sent.” This same statement was made
in the second text message sent 15 minutes later, at 4:48. The only
evidence before the Court is that Defendant’s computer was
located, hooked up to his printer, at 415 Willeke, Ada, Ohio.
Defendant insisted in his video statement that all his “research”
for his alleged book was in his studio at 415 Willeke. Also, there
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is strong evidence that Defendant was at his computer at the time
he was sending his text, because he said he was preparing an e-
mail as he sent the text.
Further, State[’]s Exhibit 5 is compelling that Defendant
was at his computer, looking at pornographic web sites on the
same date at approximately the same time as when he sent the
texts. Defendant had visited one site 23 times, with the last time
at 4:57 on the date of the text, and visited another 18 times with
the last time at 4:57. Others followed at 4:59, 5:02, 5:03, 5:09 and
5:10.
The Court is therefore satisfied, beyond a reasonable doubt
that venue in Hardin County, Ohio has been proved.
(Doc. No. 55).
{¶24} We agree with the trial court. As noted earlier, there is no evidence in
the record that any contemporaneous email was sent to John Doe despite references
to the same in the two texts on or about February 12, 2017. However, the text
messages sent by Dellifield indicated that he was contemporaneously preparing an
email, circumstantially indicating that Dellifield was at his computer. This was then
further corroborated by the fact that shortly after the second text message was sent,
Dellifield’s computer was accessing male pornographic websites.
{¶25} Dellifield may contend that the evidence establishing venue in this
case is scant, but the only evidence in the record points to Dellifield being at his
Hardin County home when he sent the text messages. Pursuant to R.C.
2901.12(I)(1), venue is proper “in any jurisdiction in which the alleged offender
commits any activity that is an essential part of the offense.” Sending the text
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messages from his Hardin County home, or near his home, would certainly satisfy
this statute.
{¶26} Moreover, Dellifield never even denied sending the text messages or
argued that he was elsewhere at the time. Based on the only evidence in the record,
when looking at this matter in a light most favorable to the State, we cannot find
that the trial court erred. Therefore, Dellifield’s first assignment of error is
overruled.
Second Assignment of Error
{¶27} In Dellifield’s second assignment of error, he argues that the trial court
erred in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment on the basis that the indictment
was an unconstitutional denial of his First Amendment right to exercise free speech.
He argues that the charges of Attempted Illegal Use of a Minor in Nudity Oriented
Material or Performance were facially unconstitutional, overbroad, vague, and that
they were unconstitutional as applied against him.
Standard of Review
{¶28} As an initial matter, it must be noted that statutes enacted in Ohio
are presumed to be constitutional. See State ex rel. Jackman v. Cuyahoga Cty.
Court of Common Pleas, 9 Ohio St.2d 159, 161–162, (1967). This presumption
of constitutionality remains unless it is proven beyond a reasonable doubt that the
legislation is clearly unconstitutional. State v. Williams, 88 Ohio St.3d 513, 2000-
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Ohio-428, 728 N.E.2d 342 (2000) citing Roosevelt Properties Co. v. Kinney, 12
Ohio St.3d 7, 13 (1984).
{¶29} An exception to the general rule of presumed constitutionality is
recognized for laws so broadly written that they “may have such a deterrent effect
on free expression that they should be subject to challenge even by a party whose
own conduct may be unprotected.” Members of Los Angeles City Council v.
Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789, 798, 104 S.Ct. 2118, 80 L.Ed.2d 772 (1984).
This exception is known as the overbreadth doctrine. For a statute to be facially
invalid on overbreadth grounds, “there must be a realistic danger that the statute
itself will significantly compromise recognized First Amendment protections of
parties not before the Court[.]” Id. at 801, 104 S.Ct. 2118.
{¶30} “A clear and precise enactment may * * * be ‘overbroad’ if in its reach
it prohibits constitutionally protected conduct.” Grayned v. Rockford , 408 U.S.
104, 114, 92 S.Ct. 2294, 33 L.Ed.2d 222 (1972). In considering an overbreadth
challenge, the court must decide “whether the ordinance sweeps within its
prohibitions what may not be punished under the First and Fourteenth
Amendments.” Id. at 115, 92 S.Ct. at 2302, 33 L.Ed.2d at 231. A statute will be
invalidated as overbroad only when its overbreadth has been shown by the
defendant to be substantial. New York v. Ferber, 458 U.S. 747, 769, 102 S.Ct. 3348,
73 L.Ed.2d 1113 (1982). We recognize that in construing legislative enactments,
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courts are bound to interpret them in such a way that they are constitutional, if it is
reasonably possible to do so. State ex rel. Jackman, supra.
Facial Challenge to R.C. 2907.323(A)(1)/(A)(3)
{¶31} On appeal, Dellifield argues that the charges against him under R.C.
2907.323(A)(1) and R.C. 2907.323(A)(3) were an unconstitutional restriction of his
First Amendment right to free speech. He first argues that the “Illegal Use of a
Minor in Nudity-Oriented Material” statute is facially invalid. The statute at issue,
reads, in relevant part, as follows.
(A) No person shall do any of the following:
(1) Photograph any minor who is not the person’s child or ward
in a state of nudity, or create, direct, produce, or transfer any
material or performance that shows the minor in a state of
nudity[.] * * *
***
(3) Possess or view any material or performance that shows a
minor who is not the person’s child or ward in a state of nudity[.]9
***
R.C. 2907.323(A)(1)/(3).10
{¶32} In addressing this facial constitutional challenge in its decision on the
motion to dismiss, the trial court reasoned as follows.
9
Both of these subsections contain exceptions that require, inter alia, parental consent.
10
For reference, Attempt pursuant to R.C. 2923.02(A) reads, “No person, purposely or knowingly, and when
purpose or knowledge is sufficient culpability for the commission of an offense, shall engage in conduct that,
if successful, would constitute or result in the offense.”
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Defendant proposes that he has a constitutional right to discuss
any subject with another person. However this is not an attempt
to discuss any matter; it is an outright request for a picture.
***
Defendant complains that his right to freedom of speech is being
infringed upon. There is no question that both the First
Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I,
Section II of the Ohio Constitution both provide certain
protections for every citizen’s speech. But that protection is not
unfettered. The United States Supreme Court in United States vs.
Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 128 S.Ct. 1830, 170 L.Ed.2d 650 (2008)
stated:
1. “offers to provide or requests to obtain child
pornography are categorically excluded from the
First Amendment” [sic] protection.” (at 299)[.]
***
In fact, the Williams Court had to contend with modern social
technology as Defendant Williams had used the Internet to
attempt to procure pornographic pictures of children, ruling
“Thus, an Internet user who solicits child pornography violates
the statute.”
(Doc. No. 34).
{¶33} In our own review of the matter, we note that the trial court relied
primarily upon the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in United
States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 128 S.Ct. 1830, 170 L.Ed.2d 650 (2008). In that
case, the Court determined that requests to obtain “child pornography” were not
protected under the First Amendment. The trial court implicitly concluded that the
requested picture of a minor’s erect penis was sufficient to constitute “child
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pornography.” We concur with the trial court’s conclusion. Given that the
photograph requested could be construed as lewd and lascivious, we find no error
with the trial court’s ruling, which we find to be consistent with the decisions in
Williams, supra, at 293-297, 301, and State v. Kerrigan, 2d Dist Greene No. 2005-
CA-114, 2006-Ohio-4279, ¶¶ 31, 53 (“graphic focus on genitals” could be
considered lewd). Moreover, Black’s Law Dictionary indicates that “child
pornography” is not protected under the First Amendment even if it “falls short of
the legal standard for obscenity.”
{¶34} Nevertheless, even assuming arguendo that the requested photograph
did not rise to the definition of “child pornography,” the convictions in this case
would be constitutional on other grounds because there is a compelling government
interest in protecting minors from unlawful solicitation of nude photographs by
adults. See State v. Turner, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19941, 2004-Ohio-464, ¶¶
33-34; State v. Snyder, 155 Ohio App.3d 453, 2003-Ohio-6399; State v. Martin, 2d
Dist. Montgomery No. 26033, 2014-Ohio-3640, ¶ 20 (“The State has compelling
interests in protecting the child and in limiting the availability of depictions of nude
children.”). Moreover, the statute here is narrowly tailored such as not to have a
chilling effect on free speech. In fact, the statute contains exceptions for certain
scenarios where proper parental consent was given for use of photographs for
medical or scientific purposes.
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{¶35} In sum, Dellifield has simply not established that the statute is
overbroad, where here it is tailored to very specific and limited conduct, and the
statute provides certain legal exceptions. As it is Dellifield’s burden to demonstrate
that the statute at issue is unconstitutional we do not find any compelling arguments
that he has met that burden. Similarly, to the extent that Dellifield argues that this
statute is vague, he has not met his burden on that issue either, as the statute rather
clearly prohibits possession of photographs of naked minors.
“As Applied” Challenge
{¶36} Dellifield next contends that the charges “as applied” against him were
vague and unconstitutional in the context of an Attempt charge because they do not
“set forth the act or omission which constitutes a ‘substantial step’ planned to result
in the illegal use of nudity oriented material.” The trial court addressed this issue
in denying Dellifield’s motion to dismiss, finding that Dellifield failed to meet his
burden to establish that there was any flaw in combining the “Attempt” statute under
R.C. 2923.02(A) with the “Illegal Use” statute of R.C. 2907.323. We agree.
{¶37} Dellifield seems to argue that his text messages sent to John Doe
should not constitute a “substantial step” for a “Criminal Attempt” because it was,
as he contends, “pure speech.” Whether such an action was a substantial step or
more specifically, “conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in the
offense,” would have been up to the factfinder, and we reject this argument.
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Dellifield seems to argue that allowing “Criminal Attempt” to be performed by a
written request is dangerous, without providing examples as to how it would be
unconstitutional in this instance. Regardless, as applied in this matter, we cannot
find that he has demonstrated that the statutes at issue are unconstitutional.
Therefore, Dellifield’s second assignment of error is overruled.
Third Assignment of Error
{¶38} In Dellifield’s third assignment of error, he argues that the trial court
erred by finding that he had committed a “substantial step” sufficient to establish
the predicate crimes alleged in the indictment. Specifically, he argues that “hitting
the send button” on his cell phone was not sufficient to constitute a “substantial
step.”
Standard of Review
{¶39} Dellifield seems to be arguing that the State produced insufficient
evidence to find that he committed a criminal “Attempt” or that the finding of
“Attempt” was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Revised Code
2923.02(A), Ohio’s Attempt statute, refers to purposely or knowingly engaging in
“conduct that, if successful, would constitute or result in the offense.”
{¶40} Whether there is legally sufficient evidence to sustain a verdict is a
question of law. State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386 (1997). Sufficiency is
a test of adequacy. Id. When an appellate court reviews a record upon a sufficiency
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challenge, “ ‘the relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the
essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” State v.
Leonard, 104 Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, ¶ 77, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio
St.3d 259 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶41} By contrast, in reviewing whether a verdict was against the manifest
weight of the evidence, the appellate court sits as a “thirteenth juror” and examines
the conflicting testimony. Thompkins at 387. In doing so, this Court must review
the entire record, weigh the evidence and all of the reasonable inferences, consider
the credibility of witnesses and determine whether in resolving conflicts in the
evidence, the factfinder “clearly lost its way and created such a manifest miscarriage
of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a new trial ordered.” Id.
Analysis
{¶42} In this case, Dellifield sent two text messages, fifteen minutes apart,
to John Doe requesting pictures of his erect penis, specifically from the base to the
tip. John Doe did not respond or send the picture as requested. However, the trial
court found that Dellifield’s act of sending the requests via text message was a
“Criminal Attempt” to commit Illegal Use of a Minor in Nudity-Oriented Material
or Performance.
{¶43} Specifically, the trial court reasoned that Dellifield
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attempt[ed] to cause the minor child to provide the requested
photograph; that Defendant guided the minor with specificity (i.e.
to be erect, from the base to the tip); and Defendant was a person
in a position of apparent authority over the child (being a well-
respected adult, former school teacher, who professed love for the
child and a concern for the child’s best interests).
(Doc. No. 55). We agree with the trial court.11
{¶44} Once Dellifield sent his text messages to John Doe, he completed his
attempt to produce and procure a photograph of John Doe’s erect penis. Had John
Doe responded by sending the photograph, Dellifield would then have been in
possession of that photograph, and he would have been responsible for directing its
creation. As such, we cannot find that the findings of criminal attempts by the trial
court are unsupported by the evidence, or that the findings were against the weight
of the evidence. See State v. Andrews, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-060545, 2007-
Ohio-2013, ¶ 77 (indicating that attempted importuning was a cognizable crime and
that the harm was in the asking).
{¶45} Moreover, even as Dellifield argues that he was merely exercising free
speech, we have already found there are compelling interests in restricting such
speech when directed at minors. Based on the evidence in the record we cannot find
11
The trial court found that there was no question that the requested photo would have involved nudity as
defined in R.C. 2907.01(H), which reads as follows. “ ‘Nudity’ means the showing, representation, or
depiction of human male or female genitals, pubic area, or buttocks with less than a full, opaque covering, or
of a female breast with less than a full, opaque covering of any portion thereof below the top of the nipple,
or of covered male genitals in a discernibly turgid state.”
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that the trial court erred by finding that Dellifield committed a “Criminal Attempt”
of the requisite crimes. Therefore, his third assignment of error is overruled.
Fourth Assignment of Error
{¶46} In Dellifield’s fourth assignment of error, he argues that the trial court
abused its discretion by admitting State’s Exhibit 7 into evidence over objection
without any evidence as to its contents.
Standard of Review
{¶47} A trial court is vested with broad discretion in the admission of
evidence. State v. Plotts, 3d Dist. Van Wert No. 15-10-08, 2011-Ohio-900, ¶ 23,
citing Columbus v. Taylor, 39 Ohio St.3d 162, 164 (1988). Its evidentiary rulings
will not form the basis for a reversal on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion,
which is materially prejudicial to the appellant. Id. citing State v. Maurer, 15 Ohio
St.3d 239, 265 (1984).
Analysis
{¶48} State’s Exhibit 7 was a sealed package that was never opened in court,
but multiple witnesses testified that the package contained the Dell computer that
was seized from Dellifield’s home. There was testimony as to how the computer
was handled, where it was transferred to, and where it was stored. The defense
objected to the admission of State’s Exhibit 7 into evidence, even though the
contents of the extraction from the computer were separately admitted.
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{¶49} The trial court conducted the following analysis on the matter on the
record.
I will agree with [defense counsel] that this is a – an extremely
unusual – I kept assuming that something was going to happen
that didn’t happen; however, there is evidence to support [the
prosecutor’s] contention that moving that as a package containing
a black Dell computer is what he’s proposing, that has been
testified to the last person in the evidence that had access to that
computer, that he placed – he identified it by photographs, which
have been admitted. He placed it in the package and sealed the
package and could identify no tampering with it.
The last evidence before the Court that that [sic] exact
computer identified in photographs 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 is in
that package. I hope we’re never put in the position of having to
consider something so unusual again; however, I do believe that
the minimal evidence before the Court is that that [sic] particular
computer showed in those photographs, which was identified as
the – by other witnesses as the computer that was taken from the
defendant’s shed or studio is in fact the document – are the item
in that package.
Once again, gentlemen, I don’t know what difference it
makes. We don’t have the phone before us. What difference does
it make whether we have the computer[?] The extractions have
been admitted into evidence. So I think it is completely non
important. But I do believe, again, the very minimal evidence has
been put into the record to support that, whether it’s of the best
nature to do that or not is another thing. But that’s – there we
are.
So the Court will admit – over strong objection will admit
evidence seven – Exhibit 7.
(Tr. at 376-377).
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{¶50} As the trial court stated, there was testimony identifying the package
State’s Exhibit 7 arrived in and how it came to the court, which could support the
trial court’s decision. Nevertheless, even if we assumed, without finding, that it was
erroneous for the trial court to admit State’s Exhibit 7 into evidence, we agree with
the trial court that its admission is inconsequential to the outcome of this case. The
contents of the computer were separately testified to and the extraction analysis
came in a separate report that was introduced into evidence. We fail to see how the
inclusion of a sealed computer would have prejudiced Dellifield, given that its
evidentiary value was extremely minimal as it was presented in State’s Exhibit 7.
Therefore, Dellifield’s fourth assignment of error is overruled.
Fifth Assignment of Error
{¶51} In his fifth assignment of error Dellifield argues that the trial court
erred when it ruled the text messages on February 13, 2017, did not constitute an
abandonment of a wrongful act.
Relevant Authority
{¶52} Criminal Attempt as codified in R.C. 2923.02 has an affirmative
defense listed within its statute. It reads as follows.
(D) It is an affirmative defense to a charge under this section that
the actor abandoned the actor’s effort to commit the offense or
otherwise prevented its commission, under circumstances
manifesting a complete and voluntary renunciation of the actor’s
Criminal purpose.
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R.C. 2923.02. See also State v. Bowyer, 8th Dist. No. 88014, 2007–Ohio–719, ¶ 15,
citing State v. Cooper, 52 Ohio St.2d 163, 178 (1977) (vacated on other grounds).
However, when an offender forms the intent to perform an act and takes a substantial
step toward the act, he cannot argue he has abandoned the act. State v. Brewley,
10th Dist. Franklin No. 11AP-567, 2012-Ohio-2525, ¶ 27.
Analysis
{¶53} In this case, Dellifield argues that he established the affirmative
defense of abandonment when he sent the following text message to John Doe the
day after he requested a picture of John Doe’s erect penis.
A friend is what the heart needs 24/7. Thank u 4 being that very
special friend 2 me. We DO need each other! Have a great Mon
– b safe out there & know how much I miss u & luv u oh so much
my fav one! D-/I apologize 2 u 4 the challenge yesterday! Please
4 give me if u can & if u can’t or won’t I understand that as well.
Again so sorry 4 sharing this tasteless article w/ u!
(State’s Ex. 13).
{¶54} Dellifield argued to the trial court that the preceding text message
established abandonment. The trial court disagreed, reasoning as follows.
Abandonment means a complete and voluntary renunciation of
Defendant’s criminal purpose. The text sent by Defendant to the
minor on the day after the two texts forming the basis for this case
is clearly an apology, and not a renunciation of his request. At no
time does he insist that the minor not send the photo. Therefore
abandonment does not apply herein.
(Doc. No. 55).
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{¶55} The evidence supports the trial court’s determination that Dellifield’s
subsequent message was an apology but not an abandonment. Dellifield’s message
on the next day did not request that John Doe refrain from sending a picture, he
merely apologized for his action. Moreover, Dellifield completed his substantial
step toward the crime by soliciting the very specific picture and sending it directly
to John Doe. For these reasons we cannot find that the trial court erred on this issue.
Therefore Dellifield’s fifth assignment of error is overruled.
Conclusion
{¶56} For the foregoing reasons Dellifield’s assignments of error are
overruled and the judgment of the Hardin County Common Pleas Court is affirmed.
Judgment Affirmed
ZIMMERMAN and PRESTON, J.J., concur.
/jlr
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State v. Dellifield
Combined Opinion