FILED
United States Court of Appeals
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Tenth Circuit
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT December 13, 2018
_________________________________
Elisabeth A. Shumaker
Clerk of Court
STATE FARM FIRE AND CASUALTY
CO., an Illinois corporation,
Plaintiff - Appellee,
v. No. 18-6061
(D.C. No. 5:17-CV-00640-HE)
TELECOMM CONSULTANTS, INC., (W.D. Okla.)
an Oklahoma corporation; MYRON C.
BUTLER,
Defendants - Appellants,
and
IBALL INSTRUMENTS LLC,
an Oklahoma limited liability company;
CARL P. BRIGHT,
Defendants.
_________________________________
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
_________________________________
Before LUCERO, KELLY, and PHILLIPS, Circuit Judges.
_________________________________
*
After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore
submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent,
except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It
may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
and 10th Cir. R. 32.1.
State Farm Fire and Casualty Company (“State Farm”) obtained a declaration
that it had no obligation to defend and indemnify Myron Butler, an individual sued
for misappropriation of trade secrets and breach of contract in Oklahoma state court.
Butler and Telecomm Consultants, Inc. (“TCI”), the insured party and company for
which Butler was president, now appeal. Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C.
§ 1291, we affirm.
I
In 2007, Butler and Carl Bright formed iBall Instruments LLC (“iBall”) to
manufacture and market a gas detection and monitoring system for use in oil and gas
exploration. Disagreements developed between the two about iBall’s operation. In
December 2010, they reached several agreements to resolve their dispute. One
agreement created a “Joint Server,” a computer on which company-related data was
stored and to which both men would have access.
In January 2011, Bright filed suit in Oklahoma state court, seeking a
declaration concerning the ownership and control of iBall. The court appointed
David Rhoades to administer iBall’s business and assets while the litigation was
pending. Rhoades hired Butler’s son, Aaron Butler, and his son’s company, The
Computer Lab, to upgrade iBall’s computer facilities. Butler’s son-in-law, Mark
Davis, was also affiliated with The Computer Lab. As part of the upgrade, Rhoades
allegedly approved the transfer of data from the Joint Server to new computers and
the destruction of iBall’s Joint Server and other computers.
2
In June 2013, Bright and Butler executed a Settlement and Release Agreement
(“Settlement Agreement”) to resolve the 2011 lawsuit. That Agreement granted
Bright 100% ownership of iBall and assigned to him iBall’s intellectual property. It
further provided that Bright, Myron Butler, TCI, and Bright’s company, Carl Bright,
Inc. (“CBI”), assigned to iBall all intellectual and intangible property related to iBall
or to its products and services offered to iBall’s customers.
Before the scheduled closing date of the settlement, Bright hired a forensic
computer analyst to examine iBall’s computers. That examination showed software
was installed on iBall computer hard drives to allow the user to delete and remove
information permanently from the computer, and that software was then uninstalled a
month later, likely to evade detection. The examination could not recover the deleted
information. However, emails reference documents not otherwise produced during
the transfer of iBall’s intellectual property to Bright.
On November 8, 2013, Bright and iBall sued Aaron Butler and Davis in
Oklahoma state court. An amended petition added Butler as a defendant. The
amended petition alleges that Davis and Aaron Butler caused the destruction of
iBall’s physical and intellectual property, including the possible destruction of the
Joint Server. It also alleges that Butler and Davis violated the Settlement
Agreement’s non-compete covenant by forming a company to actively compete with
iBall and to sell a device developed using iBall’s property.
Prior to the initiation of the 2013 lawsuit, State Farm issued a businessowners
policy and a commercial liability policy to TCI. Each policy names TCI as the
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insured. Butler is insured under the policies as an executive officer of TCI, “but only
with respect to [his] duties” as a corporate officer.
State Farm initially defended Butler in the 2013 Oklahoma suit under a
reservation of rights. Although he withdrew his request for defense and
indemnification in August 2014, Butler asked State Farm to reopen his claim and to
defend and indemnify him in the Oklahoma action in January 2017. State Farm
agreed to defend him, again subject to a reservation of rights. It then filed this action
in federal district court, seeking declaratory relief under the Declaratory Judgment
Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, that it had no obligation to defend and indemnify Butler.
Butler and TCI filed a motion to dismiss or stay proceedings considering the
underlying litigation, which was denied. The district court then granted summary
judgment in favor of State Farm, absolving it of any obligation to defend and
indemnify Butler. Butler and TCI timely appealed.
II
We review the denial of a motion to dismiss or stay for abuse of discretion.
See Wilton v. Seven Falls Co., 515 U.S. 277, 288-90 (1995). Under the Declaratory
Judgment Act, a district court “may declare the rights and other legal relations of [an]
interested party seeking [declaratory relief].” § 2201(a) (emphasis added). We have
identified five factors district courts should consider in determining whether to
exercise their discretion to hear and decide claims for declaratory judgment:
[1] whether a declaratory action would settle the controversy; [2] whether it
would serve a useful purpose in clarifying the legal relations at issue;
[3] whether the declaratory remedy is being used merely for the purpose of
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procedural fencing or to provide an arena for a race to res judicata;
[4] whether use of a declaratory action would increase friction between our
federal and state courts and improperly encroach upon state jurisdiction;
and [5] whether there is an alternative remedy which is better or more
effective.
State Farm Fire & Cas. Co. v. Mhoon, 31 F.3d 979, 983 (10th Cir. 1994) (citation and
quotations omitted).
In this case, the district court held all five factors supported its exercise of
jurisdiction over State Farm’s claim. On appeal, appellants dispute the district
court’s conclusions with regard to the third and fourth factors. They assert that in
resolving State Farm’s summary judgment motion, the district court determined that
Butler’s actions did not involve an “accident” as defined in the policies, and that this
determination may have preclusive effect in the state court proceedings. But
appellants have not shown that the district court clearly erred in rejecting their
argument that State Farm attempted to use “the declaratory remedy . . . merely for the
purpose of procedural fencing or to provide an arena for a race to res judicata.” Id.
(quotations omitted). State Farm could not be joined as a defendant in the state court
proceedings, and it needed to obtain a determination concerning its duty to defend
and indemnify Butler.
Nor have appellants demonstrated that the district court resolved a “material
factual dispute . . . in the face of ongoing state proceedings on the same subject.”
Id. at 984. The need to determine if an “accident” occurred did not require abstention
in favor of state court proceedings. See id. at 982, 984 (stating in a declaratory
judgment action that a federal court’s assessment of intention did not constitute
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“undue interference with the state proceeding,” even though the state court
proceedings alleged intentional torts). The district court thus did not abuse its
discretion in resolving the third and fourth factors.
Appellants also dispute the district court’s evaluation of the first Mhoon
factor—whether the declaratory judgment action will settle the parties’ dispute. The
district court held that a declaratory judgment would conclusively determine State
Farm’s obligation, if any, to defend and indemnify Butler. Appellants now argue the
district court did not completely resolve the controversy because State Farm may be
required to provide coverage to TCI or Butler in his capacity as a TCI executive.
They note that on April 23, 2018—after the district court entered final judgment in
this action—the plaintiffs in the underlying state court suit filed a motion to add TCI
as a defendant. But that fact was not before the district court when it decided the
abstention issue. Appellants have not shown the district court abused its discretion
by failing to account for the possibility of a second amended petition. See Henderson
v. United States, 568 U.S. 266, 277 (2013) (“[W]e expect district judges to be
knowledgeable, not clairvoyant.” (quotations omitted)).1
1
Appellants argue that iBall and Bright warned the district court in their
response to State Farm’s motion for summary judgment that TCI may be added as a
defendant to the underlying action. But that advisement was made after the district
court denied appellants’ motion to dismiss or stay. The district court did not abuse
its discretion by focusing on the claims asserted in the first amended petition, rather
than hypothetical claims that might eventually be asserted in a second amended
petition. See Mid-Continent Cas. Co. v. True Oil Co., 767 F.3d 1000, 1005 (10th
Cir. 2014) (noting insured not required “to preemptively [assert coverage in the first
action for] a claim not yet made”).
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III
Appellants also appeal the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor
of State Farm. “We review summary judgment orders de novo, using the same
standards the district court applies.” Siloam Springs Hotel, L.L.C. v. Century Sur.
Co., 906 F.3d 926, 930 (10th Cir. 2018) (quotations omitted). “We must determine
whether there is a genuine issue of material fact and whether the movant is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (quotations omitted). In so doing, we draw
reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the non-moving party. Dullmaier
v. Xanterra Parks & Resorts, 883 F.3d 1278, 1283 (10th Cir. 2018).
Under Oklahoma law, which the parties agree controls, “[a]n insurer providing
liability coverage usually has two duties: the duty to defend and the duty to
indemnify.” Automax Hyundai S., L.L.C. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 720 F.3d 798, 804
(10th Cir. 2013). The duty to defend is broader than the duty to indemnify, and
arises when the insurer “ascertains the presence of facts that give rise to the potential
of liability under the policy.” Id. (emphasis and quotations omitted). “The focus is
on the facts of the incident not merely the allegations in the complaint.” Id.
“An insurer’s duties to defend and indemnify arise from the insurance policy.”
Travelers Indem. Co. v. Accurate Autobody, Inc., 340 F.3d 1118, 1120 (10th Cir.
2003). TCI’s policies provide coverage only for Butler’s actions taken in his
capacity as a corporate officer of TCI. The district court focused on the allegations
in the amended state court petition, holding that those allegations showed TCI is not
a party to the underlying lawsuit, Bright and iBall do not assert any claims against
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TCI, and they do not allege Butler was acting at any time on TCI’s behalf. Our de
novo review of the petition confirms this characterization.
Appellants argue that the district court disregarded facts that Bright and iBall
likely would discover and plead in a second amended petition, resulting in Bright and
iBall seeking recovery from TCI or Butler acting as a corporate officer. But as the
district court observed, defendants cited no evidence to support this theory.
Arguments by counsel in briefs are not evidence. Florida v. Georgia, 138 S. Ct.
2502, 2545 (2018) (“[S]tatements in briefs are not evidence.”). The district court
thus did not err in disregarding these statements in favor of the actual allegations in
the first amended petition.
Appellants also argue that the following facts provide sufficient evidence to
infer there may be potential liability under the policy, requiring State Farm to tender
a defense: (1) TCI’s status as a signatory to the Settlement Agreement, (2) Butler’s
service as an executive officer, and (3) Bright’s stated intention to add TCI as a
named defendant. But in view of the plain language of the first amended petition,
uncontradicted by other evidence, the first two factors did not establish a duty to
defend or indemnify. And as we have noted, the third factor was not substantiated
with any evidence.2
2
In response to State Farm’s motion for summary judgment, the Bright
defendants could have filed an affidavit or other evidence detailing the terms of a
proposed second amended petition that might have established a duty to defend or
indemnify under the policy. But they did not. Nor could we consider Bright’s
proposed second amended petition seeking to add TCI as a defendant, even if it was
(continued)
8
Finally, appellants argue it was State Farm’s burden to show that Butler was
not acting in his executive capacity with TCI. This argument misstates the allocation
of burdens. When presented with State Farm’s properly supported motion, which
included the policies, the first amended petition, and other pleadings from the state
court action showing there was no possibility of coverage, Butler and TCI could not
“rest upon the mere allegations or denials of [their] pleading, but [were required to]
set forth specific facts showing that there [was] a genuine issue for trial.” Schneider
v. City of Grand Junction Police Dep’t, 717 F.3d 760, 767 (10th Cir. 2013)
(quotations omitted). Because they failed to do so, the district court properly entered
summary judgment in State Farm’s favor.3
IV
We AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.
Entered for the Court
Carlos F. Lucero
Circuit Judge
presented to us as part of the record, because it was not before the district court.
Certain Underwriters at Lloyd’s London v. Garmin Int’l, Inc., 781 F.3d 1226, 1230
(10th Cir. 2015) (“[I]n reviewing a grant of summary judgment, we do not consider
materials not before the district court.”).
3
The district court provided two reasons for concluding there was no
coverage: (1) Butler was not an insured under the policies because he was not sued
for actions he took as an officer or director of TCI; and (2) the policies did not cover
the damages sought in the underlying action. Because the first reason is dispositive,
we need not address the second.
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