IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2018-WC-00019-COA
HAZEL SMITH APPELLANT
v.
HOWARD INDUSTRIES, INC. (SELF INSURED) APPELLEE
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 12/15/2017
TRIBUNAL FROM WHICH WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
APPEALED: COMMISSION
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: H. ALEXANDER BRINKLEY
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: RICHARD LEWIS YODER JR.
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - WORKERS’ COMPENSATION
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 12/18/2018
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
BEFORE IRVING, P.J., GREENLEE AND TINDELL, JJ.
IRVING, P.J., FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Hazel Smith appeals the decision of the Workers’ Compensation Commission
(Commission), asserting that two of its findings are unsupported by substantial evidence: (1)
that Smith was capable of performing the substantial acts of her usual employment; and (2)
that Smith was not permanently and totally disabled, but rather only suffered a partial, fifty
percent loss of industrial use to her right upper extremity. We find that the Commission’s
decision is supported by substantial evidence; therefore, we affirm.
FACTS
¶2. At the time of the events giving rise to this appeal, Smith was employed as a final
assembler at Howard Industries Inc. She was sixty years old and had worked at Howard for
approximately twenty years. She reached the eleventh grade in high school and did not
obtain her GED. Prior to her employment at Howard, she worked various labor jobs,
including as a shirt inspector at a factory in Arkansas; as a manager at a Pizza Hut; inspector
of rice, sugar, and flour bags; and as an assistant manager at a resort. Her job as a final
assembler at Howard consisted generally of pulling wire off of spools and then using a
crimping gun to put leads on the wires. This job required Smith to repetitively grasp and pull
the crimping gun and to lift bins containing parts that weighed more than twenty pounds.
She fell into the pay grade of 11.3 and earned $12.56 per hour, which came to an average
weekly wage of $807.
¶3. On August 5, 2013, while operating the crimping gun, Smith felt a sharp, shooting
pain throughout her arm. She immediately reported the injury to her supervisor and sought
medical care, where she learned that she had sustained an injury to her right upper extremity.
She also went on to develop bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. Following her injury, Smith
returned to Howard and continued to work in a different capacity—driving a forklift—until
she had the first of several surgeries by Dr. Rocco Barbieri on December 18, 2013.1 On
November 10, 2014, Dr. Barbieri diagnosed Smith with a four percent upper-extremity
impairment, determined that she had reached maximum medical improvement (MMI), and
summarized the findings of a functional capacity exam, which he approved and adopted in
determining the work limitations to be placed on Smith:
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Dr. Barbieri performed one surgery to treat her carpal tunnel syndrome and two
surgeries to treat her thumb injury.
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A Functional Capacity Exam was performed by Drayer Physical Therapy and
it demonstrated findings that the patient was recommended for a light duty
level of work which [is] really no lifting more than 20 pounds and some
specifics on avoiding paths that would require balance on uneven surfaces due
to preexisting problem with polio. She also should avoid a combination of
repetitive forceful grasping and vibration, as well as sustained posturing of the
wrists greater than 30 degrees of flexion as this may worsen her carpal tunnel.
My opinion, at this time, is that this Functional Capacity Evaluation is in line
with what I perceived the patient being able to do regarding her work activities
and I will release her to work with these restrictions of light duty limitations.
Essentially, she will not be allowed to lift or carry more than 20 pounds, will
avoid unusual postures of the wrist or sustained repetitive gripping actions.
Smith returned to Howard in September 2016. Her job title and pay grade stayed the same
as prior to her injury, but her pay was raised to $12.96 per hour due to a company-wide
increase. She was offered a new job that allegedly fell within her medical restrictions. This
job consisted of pulling rubber tips off of threads. Smith testified that she attempted the job
but was unable to pull the rubber tips off due to the immobility of her thumb. She was
accompanied by John Risher, Howard’s environmental and safety manager. When Smith
informed Risher that she was unable to properly grip the rubber tips due to her thumb, he
moved her to another job. She burned her arm and was subsequently sent home and told that
someone from Howard would call her; however, she has not heard from Howard since that
date. Smith contends that she searched for work elsewhere but was unsuccessful.
¶4. Smith timely filed a petition to controvert on February 19, 2015. On February 1,
2017, an administrative judge (AJ) conducted a hearing to determine the existence and extent
of permanent disability and any applicable penalties and interest. The parties stipulated that
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Smith’s August 5, 2013 injury was work-related, that she began accruing disability on
December 18, 2013, and that she reached MMI on November 10, 2014. The parties also
stipulated that Smith’s average weekly wage was $807.
¶5. During the hearing, Smith testified regarding the requirements of her job. Pete Mills,
a vocational rehabilitation counselor, testified that he went to Howard and observed several
different positions. He developed a list of three different jobs that he believed fell within Dr.
Barbieri’s medical restrictions for Smith and issued a report including that information.
Mills also conducted a job survey, wherein he analyzed Smith’s past work history and
education level and determined what types of jobs might be available to her. On January 12,
2017, ten days before the hearing, he composed a list of four openings for which Smith might
be suited: openings at Red Lobster, Krystal, IHOP, and TGI Fridays. The pay for each of
these positions was $7.25 per hour. Mills testified that on the day before the hearing, he went
online and found that the TGI Fridays and IHOP positions had been filled. Despite this,
Mills opined that he felt that Smith was able to find employment with a company other than
Howard. Mills further opined that Smith had not been effectively conducting her job search;
specifically, Mills testified that Smith had been writing “light duty” on each of her
applications—which deterred potential employers—and there was inconsistency in the rate
at which she was submitting applications.
¶6. Risher testified that Smith was unable to return to her pre-injury position as a final
assembler due to the medical restrictions imposed by Dr. Barbieri. He stated that the job that
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Smith was offered when she briefly returned in September 2016—removing rubber tips—fell
within those restrictions. On cross-examination, Risher conceded that the duties required by
the job removing rubber tips might require repetitive gripping actions, which fell outside of
Dr. Barbieri’s restrictions for Smith; however, Risher maintained that the job could be done
with either hand. Risher further testified that the other two jobs on Mills’s list were not
offered to Smith because she told him she could not do the work.
¶7. Following the hearing, the AJ issued an order finding that Smith had sustained a 50%
industrial loss of use to her right upper extremity and that she consequently could not
perform the substantial acts of her usual employment. The AJ ordered Howard to pay Smith
permanent disability benefits of $449.12 beginning November 11, 2014, for a period of 100
weeks as compensation, with 10% interest added to each installment as provided by
Mississippi Code Annotated section 71-3-37(5) (Rev. 2011).
¶8. Smith appealed the AJ’s findings, arguing that she erred in finding that Smith only
suffered a 50% loss of industrial use to her right upper extremity and in performing a loss of
wage-earning-capacity analysis to decide the industrial loss of use of a scheduled member,
which is inconsistent with existing workers’ compensation law. The Commission adopted
the AJ’s findings in relevant part and affirmed its finding that Smith suffered a 50% loss of
industrial use to her right upper extremity; however, it amended the AJ’s order to find that
although Smith had suffered a loss of industrial use in excess of her medical impairment
rating, she was capable of performing the substantial acts of her usual employment. Smith
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filed this timely appeal.
DISCUSSION
¶9. Smith asserts two issues on appeal; however, because our analysis necessarily invokes
both issues, we discuss them together. The standard of review regarding workers’
compensation matters is well-settled in Mississippi caselaw:
In workers’ compensation cases, this Court’s review is limited to determining
whether the Commission’s decision was supported by substantial evidence,
was arbitrary and capricious, was beyond the scope or power of the agency to
make, or violated constitutional or statutory rights. The Commission is the
ultimate fact-finder and judge of the credibility of witnesses; therefore, we
may not reweigh the evidence that was before the Commission. When the
Commission’s decision is supported by substantial evidence, it must be upheld.
This remains true even though we might have reached a different conclusion
were we the trier of fact. Furthermore, we are reminded that workers’
compensation law is to be liberally and broadly construed, resolving doubtful
cases in favor of compensation so that the beneficent purposes of the act may
be accomplished.
Howard Indus. Inc. v. Hardaway, 191 So. 3d 1257, 1261-62 (¶10) (Miss. Ct. App. 2015)
(citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
¶10. As the Commission notes in its order, this is a scheduled-member case. “Mississippi
Code Annotated section 71-3-17 (Supp. 2014) provides two avenues for a claimant seeking
compensation for loss of a scheduled member. Subsection (a) applies to claims for
permanent total disability, whereas subsection (c) applies when . . . the claimant seeks
permanent partial disability benefits.” Hardaway, 191 So. 3d at 1265-66 (¶24).
Determination of whether a claimant has suffered permanent total disability or permanent
partial disability controls which analysis we conduct in order to calculate benefits.
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¶11. Here, Smith contends that she suffered permanent total disability and argues that both
the AJ and the Commission erred in finding that she only sustained a 50% industrial loss of
use of her right upper extremity. Smith maintains that despite her 4% medical impairment
rating, she suffered a 100% industrial loss of use of her right upper extremity such that she
has been rendered permanently and totally disabled. In support of her argument, Smith
points to both her testimony and Risher’s testimony that she was unable to return to the job
she held pre-injury. Smith also argues that Howard presented no vocational testimony to
show that Smith was employable post-injury. Howard, in contrast, argues that the evidence
presented shows that Smith was not totally disabled: Mills, the vocational expert, located
three jobs inside Howard and four jobs outside Howard that purportedly fell within Smith’s
medical restrictions. Howard maintains that Smith offered no evidence to suggest that she
was unable to perform these jobs, aside from her own self-serving testimony that she was
simply incapable of doing them.
¶12. This Court in Howard Industries Inc. v. Satcher, 183 So. 3d 907, 912 (¶14) (Miss. Ct.
App. 2016), set forth the requirements for establishing a prima facie case of permanent total
disability where, as here, the claimant has only suffered a partial medical loss:
To establish a prima facie case for permanent total disability, the claimant has
the burden to show he has sought and been unable to find work in the same or
other employment. The claimant must show he took reasonable efforts to find
other employment. The claimant can also establish a prima facie case for total
disability if, after reaching MMI, the claimant reports back to the employer for
work and the employer refuses to reinstate or rehire him. After the claimant
makes out a prima facie case, the burden shifts to the employer to rebut or
refute the claimant’s evidence by showing the claimant’s efforts were not
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reasonable or were a sham. The issue of whether a claimant’s permanent
disability is partial or total is a question of fact determined by the evidence as
a whole, including both lay and medical testimony.
(Citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “To determine the reasonableness of the
claimant’s job search, factors are examined such as job availability, economics of the
community, the claimant’s skills and background, and the nature of the disability.” Id. at 913
(¶17). “Another consideration in determining disability is wage-earning capacity. Factors
examined for loss of wage-earning capacity include the amount of education and training that
the claimant has had, inability to work, failure to be hired elsewhere, and the continuance of
pain.” Id. “In order to be deemed permanently totally disabled under Mississippi Code
Annotated section 71-3-17(a) (Rev. 2000), a claimant must show something more than an
inability to return to the job existing at the time of injury.” Flowers v. Crown Cork & Seal
USA Inc., 168 So. 3d 1009, 1018 (¶27) (Miss. Ct. App. 2013).
¶13. Based on the above caselaw, it is this Court’s opinion that the Commission and AJ
correctly concluded that Smith was not permanently and totally disabled. Although Smith
testified at trial that she was unable to perform the jobs offered to her upon her return to
Howard in September 2016, this testimony, combined with her contention that she is
unemployable, is not sufficient to overcome the high burden of showing that the
Commission’s decision was unsupported by substantial evidence.
¶14. We note, as the Commission also properly noted, that a rebuttable presumption of total
occupational loss arises where a permanent partial disability renders the claimant unable to
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continue in the position she held at the time she sustained her work-related injury, “subject
to other proof of the claimant’s ability to earn the same wages which the claimant was
receiving at the time of injury.” Meridian Prof’l Baseball Club v. Jensen, 828 So. 2d 740,
747 (¶21) (Miss. 2002). This presumption arises “when the claimant establishes that he has
made a reasonable effort but has been unable to find work in his usual employment, or makes
other proof of his inability to perform the substantial acts of his usual employment.” Id. at
747-48 (¶21). The employer may rebut this presumption by pointing to “all the evidence
concerning wage-earning capacity, including education and training which the claimant has
had, his age, continuance of pain, and any other related circumstances.” Id. at 748 (¶21).2
¶15. Here, Smith contends that the Commission’s decision that she was able to perform the
substantial acts of her usual employment is unsupported by substantial evidence. However,
we disagree. Smith relies on the fact that Risher, Howard’s representative, conceded that she
could not return to the job she held pre-injury as proof that she was unable to perform the
substantial acts of her usual employment. However, Mississippi caselaw is clear that “‘usual
employment’ is broader in scope than the job [that the claimant] held at the time of injury.”
Id. at 747 (¶20). “Usual employment in this context means the jobs in which the claimant
2
Of note is the fact that “there is a difference between the job-search requirement for
a claim for permanent total disability benefits under subsection (a) and the job-search
requirement for a claim for permanent partial disability benefits under subsection (c). A
claim made under subsection (a) is subject to the most rigorous test for disability, which
requires convincing medical proof of total disability and a legitimate job search for suitable
employment.” Hardaway, 191 So. 3d at 1266 (¶25) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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has past experience, jobs requiring similar skills, or jobs for which the worker is otherwise
suited by his age, education, experience, and any other relevant factual criteria.” Id.
¶16. We note that Smith failed to provide any evidence or testimony that she was, in fact,
unable to perform the job presented to her in September 2016 when she returned to Howard
for a few hours. All we have to rely upon is her own testimony that she was unable to
perform the job. In contrast, we have testimony from both Risher and Mills that the job
offered to Smith—removing rubber tips—fell within her medical restrictions. Smith
provided insufficient evidence to overcome the high burden of showing that the
Commission’s decision was unsupported by substantial evidence with respect to this issue.
As such, we affirm the Commission’s finding that she was capable of performing the
substantial acts of her employment.
¶17. Section 71-3-17(c) (Rev. 2011) provides the following:
In case of disability partial in character but permanent in quality, the
compensation shall be sixty-six and two-thirds percent (66-2/3%) of the
average weekly wages of the injured employee, subject to the maximum
limitations as to weekly benefits as set up in this chapter, which shall be paid
following compensation for temporary total disability paid in accordance with
paragraph (b) of this section, and shall be paid to the employee as follows:
Member Lost Number Weeks Compensation
(1) Arm 200
....
¶18. As previously stated, the AJ ordered Howard to pay Smith $449.12 per week for a
period of 100 weeks. She included the following analysis in her order:
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[Smith] applied for the four positions [that] were identified in the vocational
report - Red Lobster; Krystal; IHOP; and TGI Fridays. All of those positions
offered $7.25 per hour. At the time of her injury, Smith was making $12.56
per hour with the Employer. If Smith had actually been hired by one of those
employers, she would have suffered a $5.31 per hour loss of wages, which
calculates to a $212.40 loss per week or an approximate 42% loss of wages.
If overtime were considered, Smith would lose about half of her weekly
income by taking one of the four positions identified by the vocational expert.
We find substantial evidence supporting the Commission’s finding that Smith was not totally
and permanently disabled and that she suffered only a 50% industrial loss of a scheduled
member. Therefore, it follows that Smith was not entitled to 450 weeks of compensation for
permanent-total disability or 200 weeks of compensation for loss of a scheduled member.
The order of the Commission awarding Smith $449.12 for one hundred weeks is
AFFIRMED.
LEE, C.J., GRIFFIS, P.J., BARNES, CARLTON, FAIR, WILSON,
GREENLEE, WESTBROOKS AND TINDELL, JJ., CONCUR.
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