NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING
MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED
IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL
OF FLORIDA
SECOND DISTRICT
TIMOTHY TURNER, )
)
Appellant, )
)
v. ) Case No. 2D16-3474
)
STATE OF FLORIDA, )
)
Appellee. )
)
Opinion filed December 19, 2018.
Appeal from the Circuit Court for Polk
County; Glenn T. Shelby, Judge.
Anthony W. Surber of Surber Law P.A.,
Mulberry, for Appellant.
Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General,
Tallahassee, and Katie Salemi Ashby,
Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for
Appellee.
LaROSE, Chief Judge.
"The young man knows the rules, but the old man knows the exceptions."
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr., Valedictory Address, Delivered to the Graduating Class of
the Bellevue Hospital College, March 2, 1871, 13 N.Y. Med. J. 420, 426 (1871). Dr.
Holmes' wisdom underscores the fact that, sometimes, bright-line rules do not burn so
brightly. So it is for Timothy Turner.
The trial court sentenced Mr. Turner to life imprisonment after revoking his
community control. On appeal, Mr. Turner argues that under the "bright line" rule of
Norvil v. State, 191 So. 3d 406, 410 (Fla. 2016), "a trial court may not consider a
subsequent arrest without conviction during sentencing for the primary offense." He
contends that the trial court did just that by hearing evidence about his pending new law
violations that occurred during his arrest for violating community control.
Norvil's bright line rule is inapplicable here. We conclude that the trial
court may consider the facts underlying the new law violations in assessing whether to
revoke community control and to tailor an appropriate sentence upon revocation.
Although we affirm, we remand for correction of a scrivener's error in the revocation
order.
Background
A jury convicted Mr. Turner of second-degree murder; the trial court
imposed a life sentence. Following a successful postconviction motion, Mr. Turner's
conviction was vacated. Thereafter, he and the State negotiated a sentence of eighteen
years' imprisonment, with credit for time already served, followed by two years of
community control.
Eventually, Mr. Turner was released to community control. After roughly
four months, the State filed a violation of community control affidavit alleging that Mr.
Turner failed to submit to urinalysis, improperly changed his residence, and failed to
remain confined to his residence. In an amended violation affidavit, the State alleged
that Mr. Turner also committed several new law violations, all of which were discovered
or precipitated by law enforcement's attempts to arrest him. More specifically, the
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amended violation affidavit stated that Mr. Turner violated his community control by
being arrested for burglary with assault or battery, resisting officers without violence,
and various drug-related offenses.
Mr. Turner admitted to each of the violations. The trial court scheduled
another hearing where the State and Mr. Turner could call witnesses as to the issues of
revocation and sentencing.
At that later hearing, several witnesses testified about the aggravated
nature of the new law violations. Law enforcement officers detailed their efforts to
execute the arrest warrant issued for the original violation affidavit. They testified that
Mr. Turner tried to flee by pushing out a window screen from the back of his residence.
He fled to a neighbor's house where he ran through a glass door. He ran into the
neighbor's bedroom, knocked down the unwitting neighbor, tried to conceal himself, and
ultimately jumped out of her bedroom window. Law enforcement apprehended Mr.
Turner outside of the neighbor's house and discovered a sack of drugs and drug
paraphernalia in his pocket.
A licensed psychologist testified for Mr. Turner. She diagnosed him with
"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and also Panic Disorder. [She] also
diagnosed him with . . . Stimulant Use Disorder with respect to his use of
amphetamine." The psychologist further described the physical, sexual, and emotional
violence Mr. Turner suffered growing up. She stated that Mr. Turner "[ha]s a severe
drug problem," and that at the time he committed the new law violations, "he related that
he had been using methamphetamine daily."
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At the conclusion of the testimony, the parties presented argument as to
the proper disposition. Mr. Turner requested that the trial court modify his community
control "to include a residential dual diagnosis treatment center." The State requested
the revocation of Mr. Turner's community control and imposition of a life sentence. The
trial court agreed with the State:
Based on everything I've reviewed that's been
submitted to the court, the defendant's past history,
everything I've heard today, my conclusion, Mr. Turner, is
that you have problems but you're dangerous. People have
been hurt. People continue to be hurt by your conduct. I
just can't get past that.
Your entire history is replete with crimes of violence at
various points in your history to a greater or lesser extent
and for the protection of everyone I agree with the State's
position in this matter. You were previously adjudicated. I
find you in violation of your community control. I revoke your
community control. You're sentenced to life in prison.
The trial court later entered a written revocation order.
Analysis
Mr. Turner maintains that the trial court erred in sentencing him based
upon its consideration of the pending new law violations. He relies principally on Norvil,
which "adopt[ed] the following bright line rule for sentencing purposes: a trial court may
not consider a subsequent arrest without conviction during sentencing for the primary
offense." Id.; see, e.g., Fernandez v. State, 212 So. 3d 494, 495 (Fla. 2d DCA 2017)
("Based on the supreme court's decision last year in [Norvil], we are required to reverse
his sentence because the trial court improperly considered Mr. Fernandez's arrest for an
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alleged offense committed while he was on pretrial release on the possession
charge.").1
In Norvil, the trial court considered an arrest subsequent to the primary
offense in sentencing the defendant. 191 So. 3d at 408. The Florida Supreme Court
ruled that the Criminal Punishment Code (CPC) did not permit such consideration. Id.
at 409. Holding that the trial court could not consider sentencing factors not authorized
in the CPC, the court concluded that trial courts should consider only prior arrests and
convictions, and not mere arrests subsequent to the charged crime. Id. ("[A]rrests and
convictions considered by a trial judge in sentencing occur 'prior to the time of the
primary offense,' and not subsequent to the primary offense." (quoting § 921.0021(5),
Fla. Stat. (2010)); see also § 921.231(1)(c), Fla. Stat. (1998) (providing that a
presentence investigation report include "[t]he offender's prior record of arrests and
convictions").
Even before Norvil, we held that a trial court may not consider for
sentencing the details of pending charges that occurred after the primary offense. See
Mosely v. State, 198 So. 3d 58, 59–60 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015) (holding that incidents of
misconduct occurring after the charged offense, some of which did not result in charges
or arrests, were impermissible sentencing factors); Gray v. State, 964 So. 2d 884, 885
(Fla. 2d DCA 2007) (reversing the defendant's sentence because the trial court
improperly considered the details of pending charges); see also State v. Potts, 526 So.
1Mr.
Turner did not object to the testimony about his new law violations.
Nonetheless, we may consider his argument, de novo, on appeal. Norvil, 181 So. 3d at
408; Love v. State, 235 So. 3d 1037, 1039 (Fla. 2d DCA 2018) ("This court held that the
type of error addressed in Norvil is fundamental error that may be considered on appeal
despite a lack of objection below." (citing Fernandez, 212 So. 3d at 496)).
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2d 63, 63 (Fla. 1988) ("The state through its criminal process may not penalize
someone merely for the status of being under indictment or otherwise accused of a
crime."). One of our sister districts has determined that, even in the absence of the
submission of evidence of a pending charge, reversal of a defendant's sentence is
required "when the court repeatedly emphasized the charged conduct during the
sentencing hearing, indicated that it believed the conduct occurred, and appeared to
rely on the conduct, in part, to justify the sentence." Brown v. State, 225 So. 3d 947,
948 (Fla. 5th DCA 2017).
Mr. Turner contends that because he admitted to the violations, "there was
no evidentiary hearing held to prove the new law violations by 'the greater weight of the
evidence.' " See Savage v. State, 120 So. 3d 619, 621 (Fla. 2d DCA 2013) (observing
that at a revocation hearing the State must "prove[] by the greater weight of the
evidence that the probationer willfully and substantially violated probation"). He argues
that he did not admit guilt as to any of the new pending charges; rather, he only
admitted a new law violation as he was only arrested for those charges. At the time of
sentencing, the new law violation charges were set for trial.
Ordinarily, when the trial court allegedly relies on improper sentencing
considerations, the State must demonstrate that the trial court's sentencing decision
was not so influenced. See N.D.W. v. State, 235 So. 3d 1001, 1002 (Fla. 2d DCA 2017)
("The burden is on the State to show that the trial court did not rely on the improper
factor in imposing the sentence where it appears that the trial court may have done so."
(first citing Fernandez, 212 So. 3d at 497; then citing Norvil, 191 So. 3d at 409)). We
have reversed cases for resentencing where the sentence has been, "at least in part,"
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influenced by improper sentencing considerations. See, e.g., Love v. State, 235 So. 3d
1037, 1038 (Fla. 2d DCA 2018) (reversing for resentencing "because the State
presented evidence of impermissible sentencing factors and [defendant's] sentence
may have been based, at least in part, on those impermissible factors"); Nusspickel v.
State, 966 So. 2d 441, 444–45 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007) ("If portions of the record reflect that
the trial court may have relied upon impermissible considerations in imposing sentence,
the State bears the burden to show from the record as a whole that the trial court did not
rely on such impermissible considerations.").
However, we need not put this case through the rigors of such an
examination. To our way of thinking, a community control revocation proceeding is
distinguishable from the scenario in Norvil, where, following the defendant's entry of an
open guilty plea to armed burglary of a dwelling, he allegedly burglarized a vehicle. Id.
191 So. 3d at 407. In imposing sentence on the armed burglary offense, the trial court
improperly considered the vehicle burglary. Id. at 407–08. But, as Mr. Turner must
recognize, Norvil and all of the other cases upon which he relies involved the trial court's
improper sentencing considerations following a trial or a guilty plea on the main offense;
they did not implicate a controlee's conduct during a term of "intensive, supervised
custody." See § 948.001(2), Fla. Stat. (1998) (defining "community control" as "a form
of intensive, supervised custody in the community, including surveillance on weekends
and holidays"). "Despite the strict conditions imposed on the controlee, community
control is not intended to be a punitive regime . . . . [C]ommunity control 'helps the
subject to conform his or her conduct to society's requirements by discouraging
behaviors that are likely to lead to new law violations or other violations of supervision.' "
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Filmore v. State, 133 So. 3d 1188, 1194 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (quoting Correa v. State,
43 So. 3d 738, 745 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010)).
Community control is, indeed, "a harsh and more severe alternative to
ordinary probation." State v. Mestas, 507 So. 2d 587, 588 (Fla. 1987). Trial courts
have broad discretion to grant or revoke the privilege of community control. See
Anthony v. State, 854 So. 2d 744, 747 (Fla. 2d DCA 2003). This discretion "is
necessarily broad and extensive in order that the interests of society may be protected
against a repeating offender or one who disregards the conditions stipulated for his . . .
remaining at large." Lawson v. State, 969 So. 2d 222, 229 (Fla. 2007) (emphasis
omitted) (quoting State ex rel. Roberts v. Cochran, 140 So. 2d 597, 599 (Fla. 1962)).
And yet, the power to revoke community control is not unrestrained; the
trial court must afford due process. See id. at 229–30. "In addition to the factual
determination of whether a violation of [community control] has occurred, a trial court's
decision to revoke probation involves a discretionary determination of whether the
violation justifies the revocation of [community control]." Amason v. State, 76 So. 3d
374, 377 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011) (citing Black v. Romano, 471 U.S. 606, 611 (1985)).
"[T]he final revocation of probation must be preceded by a hearing" at which the
controlee is afforded, among other entitlements, "an opportunity to be heard." Black,
471 U.S. at 611–12; see, e.g., Johnpier v. State, 89 So. 3d 996, 996 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012)
(reversing probationer's sentence when "the trial court erred by refusing to hear any
argument on sentencing"); Balsinger v. State, 974 So. 2d 592, 593 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008)
("If the probationer does not admit to the violation and the charged violation is not
dismissed, the court must give the probationer an opportunity to be fully heard."). This
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means that the controlee has the opportunity to demonstrate that he did not violate
community control or, if he did, that circumstances do not warrant revocation. See
Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 488 (1972) ("The parolee must have an opportunity
to be heard and to show, if he can, that he did not violate the conditions, or, if he did,
that circumstances in mitigation suggest that the violation does not warrant
revocation."); Amason, 76 So. 3d at 377 ("A probationer must have an opportunity to
present mitigating evidence and argue for sentencing alternatives when the court has
sentencing discretion." (citing Black, 471 U.S. at 614).
A trial court's decision to revoke community control is informed properly by
a complete understanding of the controlee's behavior while serving community control.
In our view, the arrest stemming from a new law violation is incidental to the conduct
precipitating the arrest. Thus, the trial court's consideration of such conduct, in the
context of a community control violation hearing, is proper. Our conclusion is
buttressed by the unique considerations and procedures attendant to community control
revocation hearings. See Savage, 120 So. 3d at 621-23 (explaining that the trial court's
decision and appellate court's standard of review of an order revoking probation
involves two steps; first, "whether the finding of a willful and substantial violation is
supported by competent substantial evidence"; and, second, whether the trial court's
revocation decision constitutes an abuse of discretion).
I. Violation
Due process requires that the State prove an alleged community control
violation at a hearing or that the defendant enter a knowing admission before the trial
court revokes the community control. Balsinger, 974 So. 2d at 593; see, e.g., Randall v.
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State, 741 So. 2d 1183, 1184 (Fla. 2d DCA 1999) (reversing and remanding order
revoking defendant's community control due to the constitutionally inadequate
revocation hearing "with nothing in this record approaching a knowing waiver of hearing
or a knowing admission to the alleged violations").
There is no dispute that Mr. Turner knowingly admitted to each of the
violations alleged in the amended affidavit. Both parties agree that this admission
constitutes competent substantial evidence that Mr. Turner willfully and substantially
violated community control. The parties disagree, however, as to the constraints this
admission had upon the trial court. As noted above, Mr. Turner asserts that his
admission prohibited the trial court from receiving evidence as to facts underlying the
violations. We disagree.
In fact, it would have been error for the trial court to hold such an
abbreviated and truncated revocation hearing. "What is needed is an informal hearing
structured to assure that the finding of a . . . violation will be based on verified facts and
that the exercise of discretion will be informed by an accurate knowledge of the
[controlee]'s behavior." Peters v. State, 984 So. 2d 1227, 1234 (Fla. 2008) (quoting
Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 484).
II. Revocation
After Mr. Turner admitted to violating community control, the trial court had
to consider whether to revoke, modify, or continue community control. See § 948.06(1).
This decision is, itself, a separate process from the violation stage of the hearing. See
Savage, 120 So. 3d at 621 ("Both the trial court's decision whether to revoke probation
and our standard of review involve two steps."); Harrington v. State, 238 So. 3d 294,
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299 (Fla. 4th DCA 2018); Estevez v. State, 705 So. 2d 972, 973 (Fla. 3d DCA 1998).
The trial court's decision to revoke community control necessarily contemplates that the
decision will be fully informed. After all, "[d]ue process envisions a law that hears before
it condemns, proceeds upon inquiry, and renders judgment only after proper
consideration of issues advanced by adversarial parties." Scull v. State, 569 So. 2d
1251, 1252 (Fla. 1990).
The trial court's decision whether to revoke community control involves a
discretionary determination as to whether the violation justifies revocation. See Russell
v. State, 982 So. 2d 642, 646 (Fla. 2008) ("In determining whether probation should be
revoked, the trial court enjoys broad discretion."). As we stated more than fifty years
ago, "the purpose [of a probation violation hearing] is to determine if good behavior has
been tainted by bad conduct. It is true that the probation conditions are often broad and
can easily be broken but it is only by grace that freedom is enjoyed in the first place."
Bowen v. State, 229 So. 2d 272, 274 (Fla. 2d DCA 1969) (quoting McNeely v. State,
186 So. 2d 520, 524 (Fla. 2d DCA 1966)). Consequently, the trial court must ask
whether the controlee's behavior, while on community control, justifies revocation.
In this case, the trial court scheduled a second hearing where it would
consider an appropriate course in light of Mr. Turner's admitted violations. The trial
court afforded both parties the opportunity to present evidence and argument. The
State introduced evidence of Mr. Turner's conduct. Mr. Turner presented mitigating
evidence and argued for sentencing alternatives. See, e.g., Black, 471 U.S. at 614
("[W]here the factfinder has discretion to continue probation, the procedures required by
Gagnon[ v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778 (1973)] and Morrissey[, 408 U.S. 471,] assure the
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probationer an opportunity to present mitigating evidence and to argue that alternatives
to imprisonment are appropriate."); cf. Caldwell v. State, 72 So. 3d 779, 779 (Fla. 2d
DCA 2011) (reversing probation revocation order because "the trial court erred by failing
to hear any argument on sentencing" (citing Estevez v. State, 705 So. 2d 972, 972 (Fla.
3d DCA 1998), for the proposition that "a probationer must have an opportunity to be
heard regarding what sentence should be imposed and to present mitigating evidence
and argue for sentencing alternatives when the trial court has sentencing discretion");
U.S. v. Holland, 850 F.2d 1048, 1051 (5th Cir. 1988) ("Even a probationer who admits
the allegations against him must be given an opportunity to 'explain away the
accusation,' and to offer mitigating evidence suggesting that the violation doesn't
warrant revocation." (citations omitted) (quoting Hahn v. Burke, 430 F.2d 100, 104 (7th
Cir. 1970)).
Despite the "intensive, supervised custody" to which Mr. Turner was
subjected, he was unable to live at liberty without violating the law. The "[c]orollary to a
defendant being placed on [community control] because it is more than likely that he will
not repeat criminal conduct is the proposition that he is not entitled to remain at large if
he persists in criminal tendencies . . . ." Bernhardt v. State, 288 So. 2d 490, 495 (Fla.
1974).
The trial court properly concluded that, based upon Mr. Turner's conduct,
revocation of community control was appropriate.
III. Sentencing
A trial court's consideration of improper factors in sentencing constitutes a
denial of due process. Smith v. State, 62 So. 3d 698, 700 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011)
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("Because the trial court expressly considered these improper factors in sentencing,
Smith was denied due process and the trial court committed fundamental error."). Mr.
Turner correctly contends that "a trial court may not consider a subsequent arrest
without conviction during sentencing for the primary offense." See Norvil, 191 So. 3d at
407.
Be that as it may, sentencing and the attendant considerations at a
revocation hearing are different. The Third District explained that "as in any adult
sentencing hearing, it was improper for the [trial] judge to consider the details of the
pending charges alleged to have occurred after the offenses for which Mirutil was to be
sentenced." Mirutil v. State, 30 So. 3d 588, 590 (Fla. 3d DCA 2010) (citing Gray v.
State, 964 So. 2d 884 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007)). However, the district court carefully
distinguished between sentencing following a criminal defendant's initial conviction, and
sentencing related to revocation. It observed that "[t]he sentencing hearing was not
tantamount to a probation violation hearing, where the [trial] court may consider the new
crimes a defendant committed because he violated his probation by doing so." Id. at
590 (emphasis added). As recounted above, the trial court did not improperly rely on
the pending charges resulting from Mr. Turner's subsequent arrest, but, rather, on his
conduct that violated his community control. After all, "[w]hen a greater sentence is
imposed upon the revocation of probation, it can be based upon the defendant's
subsequent conduct demonstrating his lack of amenability to reform." Williams v.
Wainwright, 650 F.2d 58, 61 (5th Cir. 1981).
Finally, the sentencing scheme established by the Florida Legislature
supports our decision. "The provision of criminal penalties and of limitations upon the
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application of such penalties is a matter of predominantly substantive law and, as such,
is a matter properly addressed by the Legislature." § 921.002(1); see also Woods v.
State, 740 So. 2d 20, 23 (Fla. 1st DCA 1999) ("In Florida, the plenary power to
prescribe the punishment for criminal offenses lies with the legislature . . . .").
Under the sentencing law applicable when Mr. Turner committed the
primary offense of murder, see Fla. R. Crim. P. 3.704(d)(30) ("Sentences imposed after
revocation of . . . community control must be imposed according to the sentencing law
applicable at the time of the commission of the original offense."), the trial court had to
use the sentencing scoresheet associated with the 1998 CPC when sentencing him for
his violation of community control.
The 1998 version of section 921.0024(1)(b) directs that the assessment of
"[c]ommunity sanction violation points [be] assessed when a community sanction
violation is before the court for sentencing." See also § 921.0021(6)(b) (enumerating
community control as a "community sanction"). Specifically, the statute provides for
consideration of not only violations with felony convictions, but also those pending
before the court:
Six (6) sentence points are assessed for each community
sanction violation, and each successive community sanction
violation; however, if the community sanction violation
includes a new felony conviction before the sentencing court,
twelve (12) community sanction violation points are
assessed for such violation, and for each successive
community sanction violation involving a new felony
conviction.
§ 921.0024(1)(b). Consequently, a scoresheet prepared for sentencing upon revocation
necessarily differs from the scoresheet prepared at Mr. Turner's original sentencing, as
the revocation scoresheet was required to include community sanction violation points.
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See Sanders v. State, 35 So. 3d 864, 869 (Fla. 2010) ("As a result of these community
sanction violation points, the scoresheet prepared for a sentencing upon revocation of
probation necessarily will differ from the scoresheet prepared for the original
sentencing. Recalculation is not only permitted but required by section 921.0024.").
Because the scoresheet's inclusion of Mr. Turner's community sanction points was
mandated by statute, it was necessarily proper for the trial court to consider Mr. Turner's
new law violations.
Scrivener's error
The revocation order incorrectly reflects that Mr. Turner violated all of the
conditions in the original community control violation affidavit. The sentencing hearing
transcript demonstrates that the trial court found Mr. Turner in violation of each of the
allegations in the amended violation affidavit. Thus, remand is necessary for correction
of the revocation order. See McNeil v. State, 908 So. 2d 556, 557-58 (Fla. 2d DCA
2005) (remanding for correction of probation revocation order to conform to the trial
court's oral pronouncement of the conditions violated).
Conclusion
For the reasons explained above, we affirm the revocation of Mr. Turner's
community control and his resulting sentence. However, we remand for correction of
the scrivener's error on the revocation order.
Affirmed; remanded for entry of a corrected order of revocation of
community control.
KELLY and SALARIO, JJ., Concur.
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