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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
:
v. :
:
:
MARC S. BATES A/K/A MARC S. :
BATTES :
: No. 1707 MDA 2017
Appellant :
Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence August 26, 2017
In the Court of Common Pleas of Lebanon County Criminal Division at
No(s): CP-38-CR-0001906-2014
BEFORE: SHOGAN, J., STABILE, J., and McLAUGHLIN, J.
MEMORANDUM BY SHOGAN, J.: FILED DECEMBER 24, 2018
Marc S. Bates, also known as Marc S. Battes, appeals from the judgment
of sentence entered August 26, 2017, in the Lebanon County Court of
Common Pleas. We affirm.
This Court previously summarized the facts of the case and initial
procedural history as follows:
On October 14, 2014, the Commonwealth charged
[Appellant] with delivery of cocaine and criminal use of a
communications facility. At trial, the Commonwealth presented
evidence that Sergeant Brett Hopkins of the Lebanon County Drug
Task Force utilized a confidential informant (“CI”) to introduce him
to a cocaine dealer known only as “Mighty Mike.” N.T., Trial,
6/10/15, at 4–8. The CI contacted Mighty Mike and arranged for
a cocaine transaction. See id., at 9.
Shortly before 10 p.m., a white car, later determined to be
[Appellant’s], pulled up on the street in front of Sergeant Hopkins
and the CI. See id., at 9; 33–34. Sergeant Hopkins testified that
he saw, but could not identify, a Hispanic female driving the
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vehicle. See id., at 26. A black male exited the vehicle and
approached the CI. See id., at 9. Sergeant Hopkins handed the
CI $100 of “prerecorded drug task force funds,” and the CI
immediately handed the money to the black male. Id. In
exchange, the man handed the CI a white envelope containing
crack cocaine and then quickly departed. See id., at 10.
The transaction lasted no more than a minute. See id., at
26. During that time, Sergeant Hopkins stood within inches of the
black male. See id., at 17. He stated that he got a clear look at
the man’s face. See id., at 28. Sergeant Hopkins positively
identified [Appellant] as the man who handed the envelope to the
CI. See id., at 8.
[Appellant] pursued a mistaken identity defense at trial. In
furtherance of this strategy, he sought pre-trial disclosure of the
identity of the CI. The trial court denied this request.
Furthermore, [Appellant] sought to present the testimony of his
girlfriend, Ali Marinkov. [Appellant] proffered that Marinkov would
testify that during the time in question, she would take
[Appellant’s] car with people other than [Appellant] to engage in
narcotics transactions. The trial court barred Marinkov’s
testimony on the grounds that she was an undisclosed alibi
witness. Finally, [Appellant] sought to introduce a picture of
himself and his brother in an attempt to bolster his argument that
Sergeant Hopkins had mistakenly identified him. The trial court
denied admission of the photograph on the ground that
[Appellant] could not present the testimony of the person who had
taken the photograph.
The trial court entered a directed verdict on the criminal use
of a communications facil[i]ty charge, and the jury convicted
[Appellant] on the delivery of cocaine charge. [Appellant] filed a
post-sentence motion, which the trial court denied.
Commonwealth v. Bates, 161 A.3d 376, 291 MDA 2016 (Pa. Super. filed
February 13, 2017) (unpublished memorandum at *1).
In the prior appeal, we affirmed the trial court’s determination that the
evidence at trial was sufficient to establish Appellant’s identity as the
perpetrator, that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence, and
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that the trial court did not err in denying admission of the photograph of
Appellant’s brother because the photograph was not relevant to any issue at
trial, thereby affirming the judgment of sentence in part. However, we also
concluded that we were unable to address Appellant’s claim that the trial court
erred in denying the pretrial disclosure of the CI’s identity, and we remanded
to the trial court for a hearing. Bates, 291 MDA 2016 (unpublished
memorandum at *4). In addition, we determined that the trial court erred in
denying Appellant the opportunity to present the testimony of his girlfriend
because it impacted Appellant’s mistaken-identity defense. Thus, we vacated
that ruling and remanded “for both sides to be given an opportunity to provide
proffers or evidence addressing the issue of relevance.” Id.
Upon remand, on September 25, 2017, the trial court held a hearing at
which Sergeant Hopkins was the sole witness. Following the hearing, the trial
court ruled from the bench, and subsequently filed an order on September 26,
2017, confirming its denial of disclosure of the CI’s identity. The trial court
concluded that “the disclosure of the identification of the [CI] in this case could
and would present danger to that [CI] . . . .” Order, 9/26/17, at 2. Also in
that order, the trial court observed that Appellant waived the issue regarding
the presentation of Appellant’s girlfriend as a witness.1 Id. Appellant filed a
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1 Appellant confirmed at the remand hearing that he was withdrawing the
issue concerning his request to have his girlfriend testify. N.T., 9/25/17, at
13–14.
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timely notice of appeal; Appellant and the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P.
1925.
Appellant raises the following single issue for review: “Did the Trial
Court err by denying Appellant’s oral pretrial motion for disclosure of the
identity of the Confidential Informant?” Appellant’s Brief at 4. In making this
argument, Appellant asserts that the Commonwealth failed to establish that
at the time of trial, “there existed a reasonably specific type of danger that
would result from the disclosure of the CI’s identity.” Appellant’s Brief at 11.
Appellant does not support any bald allegation in his brief with citation to the
notes of testimony.2 Id. at 11–12. See Commonwealth v. Rompilla, 983
A.2d 1207 (Pa. 2009) (an appellant’s failure to support bald assertions with
sufficient citation can impede meaningful judicial review).
“Our standard of review of claims that a trial court erred in its disposition
of a request for disclosure of an informant’s identity is confined to abuse of
discretion.” Commonwealth v. Jordan, 125 A.3d 55, 62 (Pa. Super. 2015)
(en banc). Jordan delineated the applicable Pennsylvania Supreme Court
precedent outlining the test employed to determine whether the
Commonwealth must reveal the identity of a confidential informant, as
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2 We note that the Commonwealth, as well, has failed to support its references
to Sergeant Hopkins’s testimony with citations to the notes of testimony.
Commonwealth’s Brief at 11.
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contained in Commonwealth v. Bing, 713 A.2d 56 (Pa. 1998).3 The
Commonwealth retains a qualified privilege to withhold the identity of a
confidential source. Commonwealth v. Watson, 69 A.3d 605, 607 (Pa.
Super. 2013). In order to overcome the Commonwealth’s privilege and obtain
disclosure of a CI’s identity during pretrial discovery, the defendant must
establish that the informant’s identity is material to the preparation of a
defense and that the request is reasonable. Jordan, 125 A.3d at 63;
Pa.R.Crim.P. 573(B)(2)(i). The trial court may not exercise its discretion to
determine whether disclosure is required until the defendant makes the
threshold showing of materiality and reasonableness. Jordan, 125 A.3d at
63. If a defendant is able to establish the threshold showing of materiality
and reasonableness, the court must:
balance the public interest in the police’s ability to obtain
information[,] against the defendant’s right to prepare his
defense. In this connection, we consider the crime, the potential
defense, and the significance of the confidential informant’s
testimony. The scales tip in favor of disclosure if the
Commonwealth will be relying on police testimony based
on a single observation. If other proof corroborates a police
officer’s testimony, disclosure is not mandated. Furthermore, the
safety of the confidential informant can be a controlling
factor in determining whether to reveal a source’s identity.
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3 While Appellant cites to Commonwealth v. Marsh, 997 A.2d 318 (Pa.
2010), for the applicable test, the Jordan Court noted that Marsh was a
plurality decision with respect to the balancing factors to be applied in this
context. Jordan, 125 A.3d at 62 n.3.
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Id. (emphases added). We previously concluded that Appellant “established
that the identity of the CI was material to his mistaken identity defense.”
Bates, 291 MDA 2016 (unpublished memorandum at *4). We also previously
concluded that “absent evidence of a ‘reasonably specific type of danger’ to
the CI, disclosure of the [CI’s] identity was warranted.” Id. Thus, the only
question before the court upon remand regarding this issue concerned
whether the safety of the CI compelled nondisclosure of his identity.
As noted supra, Sergeant Hopkins was the sole witness at the
September 25, 2017 hearing upon remand. Sergeant Hopkins testified that
in early 2015, prior to trial, he and Detective Mong4 met with the CI. N.T.,
9/25/17, at 5. The CI relayed to police that he had been “harassed by a
girlfriend of a [d]efendant[] that [he] had been involved in a drug buy [with]
and the person was already incarcerated.” Id. at 6. In another instance, the
CI, who had recently had hip surgery, had been assaulted in retaliation for his
cooperation before the trial. Id. at 6, 9. The CI believed his name “was out
there and [he was] being targeted because of cooperation with law
enforcement.” Id. at 6. Sergeant Hopkins, a thirty-year member of the Drug
Task Force who worked with informants on a weekly basis, testified that he
was concerned, based on his knowledge of the CI’s involvement in this case,
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4 Detective Mong’s given name is not identified in the record.
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that the CI “would be subject to further harassment or assault if his or her
identity were disclosed in this case.” Id. at 7.
Based on this evidence, the trial court found:
by evidence clearly that the disclosure of the identification of the
[CI] in this case could and would present danger to that [CI] if it
was disclosed and therefore it’s an exception to the Payne[5] case
consistent with Commonwealth v. Marsh, 997 A.2d 318. For that
reason, the [c]ourt would deny the Pre-Trial Motion had it been
heard at the appropriate time and also rules in this manner upon
remand by the Superior Court.
Order, 9/26/17, at 2.
Thus, the trial court weighed the competing interests and concluded that
the scales tip against disclosure of the CI’s identity. Here, as in Bing, the
Commonwealth demonstrated, through Sergeant Hopkins’s testimony, that
revealing the identity of the [CI] could place his physical safety in jeopardy.
“It is this showing of a reasonably specific type of danger which justifies
keeping an informant’s identity confidential.” Bing, 713 A.2d at 60 (citing
Commonwealth v. Miller, 518 A.2d 1187 (Pa. 1986).6 This was a
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5 Commonwealth v. Payne, 656 A.2d 77 (Pa. 1994), wherein our Supreme
Court held that the combination of the single view of the appellant by one
police officer and the time lapse between the sale and the arrest mandated
that the identity of the informant should have been revealed. Payne did not
involve testimony concerning the CI’s safety.
6 Appellant’s bald assertion in his brief, cited without any substantiation, that
the CI’s identity was disclosed in some unidentified trial does not require a
different result. Appellant’s Brief at 11. See N.T., 9/25/17, at 8–9 (CI’s
identity was disclosed in a trial subsequent to Appellant’s trial and CI was
assaulted thereby requiring hospitalization).
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determination left to the sound discretion of the trial court, and we discern no
abuse of that discretion. Accordingly, we affirm Appellant’s judgment of
sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.
Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 12/24/2018
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