NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION
File Name: 19a0029n.06
No. 18-5204
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FILED
FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT Jan 18, 2019
DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, )
)
Plaintiff - Appellee, ) ON APPEAL FROM THE
) UNITED STATES DISTRICT
v. ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN
) DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE
JAMES RICHARD SMITH, )
)
Defendant - Appellant. ) OPINION
)
BEFORE: GIBBONS, ROGERS, and STRANCH, Circuit Judges
ROGERS, Circuit Judge. James Smith pleaded guilty to possession of child pornography
and was sentenced to a term of imprisonment about half the middle of the range prescribed by the
sentencing guidelines. The district court entered that reduced sentence after agreeing with Smith
that many of the offense-specific enhancements apply in virtually every child-pornography case
and thus are of limited use in fashioning a just sentence. Yet Smith now argues that the court
committed procedural error by not adequately explaining why his sentence was not even shorter.
Because Smith failed to object on that ground at sentencing, we review that claim of procedural
unreasonableness for plain error and find none. Smith argues also that his substantially-below-
guidelines sentence is substantively unreasonable. This argument also lacks merit.
In September 2015, a Homeland Security Investigations agent began investigating a
computer user suspected of exchanging child pornography using peer-to-peer sharing software.
The agent eventually confirmed those suspicions and identified Smith’s residence in Manchester,
No. 18-5204, United States v. Smith
Tennessee as the physical location of the computer being used. In May 2016, law enforcement
officers executed a search warrant at Smith’s home, where they found him using his computer.
Smith told the police that he had been downloading child pornography for the past year, not for
sexual pleasure but to turn the images over to the police. A review of Smith’s computer determined
that he had used peer-to-peer software to download nearly 7,500 images and almost 950 videos of
child pornography, involving 120 identifiable victims. Many of those images and videos depicted
children less than twelve years old being abused in sadistic or masochistic ways.
Smith was later indicted and in October 2017 pleaded guilty to one count of possession of
child pornography, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(4)(B). That conviction carries a maximum
term of ten years in prison. § 2252(b)(2). Considering Smith’s criminal history, eventual
acceptance of responsibility, and four child-pornography-specific sentencing enhancements, the
district court calculated Smith’s advisory guidelines range as 78–97 months’ imprisonment. Smith
conceded that those guidelines calculations were correct but requested a downward variance to a
sentence of home confinement. Among other reasons, Smith argued that the four offense-specific
enhancements apply in the mine run of child-pornography cases and thus do not accurately reflect
greater culpability on Smith’s part. Those enhancements are as follows:
• Two-level enhancement because the material involved a prepubescent minor or a minor
who had not attained the age of twelve years old, U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(2);
• Four-level enhancement because the material portrayed sadistic or masochistic
conduct, § 2G2.2(b)(4);
• Two-level enhancement because the offense involved the use of a computer,
§ 2G2.2(b)(6); and
• Five-level enhancement because the offense involved 600 or more images,
§ 2G2.2(b)(7)(D).
At sentencing, the district court heard argument from both sides on the appropriateness of
the four enhancements. Smith, through counsel, reiterated the arguments made in his motion for
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No. 18-5204, United States v. Smith
a downward variance—namely, that the Sentencing Commission’s own reports confirm that the
enhancements are applied almost uniformly and therefore tend to skew everyone’s guideline range
upward rather than reflect individualized culpability as intended. Smith argued that, given this
purported over-enhancement, most courts were issuing lower sentences in possession-only cases,
and that a within-guidelines sentence would actually create a sentencing disparity vis-à-vis
similarly situated defendants. The Government pushed back, arguing that the guidelines range
was appropriate in this case, and that the severity of the enhancements reflects the seriousness with
which Congress and the American people take child-pornography offenses. The Government also
countered that this is not an average case, noting in particular that the number of images
possessed—70,575 after converting the videos to images—is one hundred times the upper limit of
the five-level enhancement. According to the Government, the best way to avoid a sentencing
disparity was to sentence Smith within the applicable range.
Based on these arguments, the district court expressed that it too found the enhancements
less useful in characterizing the seriousness of the offense considering that they apply in almost
every child pornography case. Looking to the numbers issued by the Sentencing Commission, the
court noted that ninety-five percent of cases in 2016 triggered enhancements for use of a computer
and images depicting children under twelve years old; eighty-four percent involved sadistic or
masochistic conduct; and roughly seventy-five percent involved over 600 images. The court,
therefore, concluded that somewhere between six and seven of the thirteen enhancement points
are overused as applied to this case and took that into consideration in determining a just sentence.
Turning to the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, the court found that the volume of images, the use of
peer-to-peer software, and the length of involvement were more troubling than the facts of other
cases, but that in general Smith’s criminal history, health concerns, ongoing employment, and
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No. 18-5204, United States v. Smith
compliance with pre-sentence release conditions were all favorable. Although the court did not
find Smith any more likely than usual to reoffend, it did acknowledge that Smith was more likely
to reoffend at home than while incarcerated. Based on this rationale, the court sentenced Smith to
forty-five months’ imprisonment.
On appeal, Smith argues that his below-guidelines sentence is procedurally unreasonable.
We typically review such claims for an abuse of discretion. But here, Smith forfeited this claim
by failing to object on this basis at sentencing, so we review the procedural reasonableness of
Smith’s sentence only for plain error. See United States v. Vonner, 516 F.3d 382, 385–86 (6th Cir.
2008) (en banc). Smith argues that plain-error review is inappropriate because the district court
did not, after handing down the sentence, ask what is known as the Bostic question: “whether [the
parties] have any objections to the sentence just pronounced that have not previously been raised.”
See United States v. Bostic, 371 F.3d 865, 872 (6th Cir. 2004). Smith is right that objections are
not forfeited when the district court fails to provide the parties this opportunity to object, but wrong
that the court did not do so here. Immediately after imposing Smith’s sentence, the district court
asked whether there were “any further objections that haven’t already been raised?” Smith’s
counsel responded, “No, your Honor.”
Smith argues that the court’s question did not satisfy Bostic, because it did not specify
whether there were any further unraised objections to the sentence. But that much was obvious—
the parties were only there for sentencing, and the court had just finished imposing the sentence
when it asked for further objections. Indeed, the Government had no trouble understanding the
court; it took the court’s invitation to object to the procedural and substantive reasonableness of
the sentence. After hearing the Government’s objections to the sentence, Smith cannot now
resuscitate his forfeited claim by arguing that the district court did not give him an opportunity to
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No. 18-5204, United States v. Smith
object, as required by Bostic. This case is, therefore, distinguishable from others where merely
asking if there was anything further for the record did not satisfy Bostic. See, e.g., United States
v. Comacho-Arellano, 614 F.3d 244, 246–47 (6th Cir. 2010). Under plain-error review, Smith
must show, among other things, an error so “obvious or clear” that the district court was “derelict
in countenancing it.” See Vonner, 516 F.3d at 386. An error like that occurs only in “exceptional
circumstances,” id., which do not exist here.
Smith argues first that his sentence is procedurally unreasonable because the district court
failed to adequately explain exactly by how much it discounted each of the four enhancements in
imposing the below-guidelines sentence. Based on Smith’s policy arguments that the four offense-
specific enhancements (totaling thirteen points) were present in virtually every case, the district
court found that “somewhere between six and seven of [those thirteen] points” were “overused”
as applied to Smith. Thus, in order to avoid sentencing disparity, the court stated that it would
“consider that [overuse] in determining the correct, just sentence.” The court did just that—it
discounted the effect of those enhancements by issuing a sentence half that of the middle of the
guidelines range. Yet Smith now argues that the court erred by not explaining how the court
calculated that six- or seven-point decrease—in other words, whether the court discounted each of
the four enhancements in part, a few of them entirely, or some combination thereof.
The district court did not plainly err by explaining its sentencing decision without resort to
a needless and arbitrary point-by-point analysis of the enhancements it discounted in Smith’s
favor. To satisfy procedural reasonableness, a “sentencing judge should set forth enough to satisfy
the appellate court that he has considered the parties’ arguments and has a reasoned basis for
exercising his own legal decisionmaking authority.” United States v. Gapinski, 561 F.3d 467, 474
(6th Cir. 2009) (quoting Rita v. United States, 551 U.S. 338, 356 (2007)). Here, the sentencing
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No. 18-5204, United States v. Smith
court laid out its rationale over the course of five transcript pages, with reference to the § 3553(a)
factors relevant to fashioning a just sentence. Though the court agreed that some of the
enhancements were overused, the court also explained that some of the characteristics of this
offense were worse than normal—including the number of images at issue and Smith’s use of peer-
to-peer software that facilitated the further sharing of images. In doing so, the district court
justified its discounting of some but not all of the enhancements while “appropriately fram[ing] its
final determination in line with § 3553(a)’s overarching instruction to ‘impose a sentence
sufficient, but not greater than necessary,’ to accomplish the sentencing goals advanced in
§ 3553(a)(2).” See Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 111 (2007). The district court was
not required to further explain its rationale with point-by-point reference to the discounted
enhancements. Much less was that omission an error so “obvious or clear” that it amounted to
plain error. See United States v. Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d 568, 587–90 (6th Cir. 2009).
Nor did the court plainly err in concluding that Smith was more likely to reoffend at home
than in prison, and thus rejecting Smith’s request for home confinement. Smith tries to twist this
commonsense recognition into an unsupported factual finding (or assumption) that imprisonment
reduces recidivism more effectively than home confinement does. But the district court made no
such finding. It acknowledged only that Smith was less likely to obtain child pornography while
incarcerated than while at home. Smith cannot seriously challenge that premise. Thus, this case
is far removed from the cases Smith relies on, where a district court improperly assumed facts
about empirical recidivism rates or the effectiveness of rehabilitation efforts. See, e.g., United
States v. Adams, 873 F.3d 512, 519 (6th Cir. 2017); United States v. Miller, 601 F.3d 734, 739 (7th
Cir. 2010). In any event, the court rejected home confinement for other legitimate reasons as well,
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No. 18-5204, United States v. Smith
including the seriousness of the crime. Smith has not shown anywhere near the “exceptional
circumstances,” see Herrera-Zuniga, 571 F.3d at 589, needed to show plain error.
Finally, Smith repackages these same two arguments—that the court failed to explain its
precise discounting of the enhancements and unreasonably speculated about Smith’s tendency to
reoffend—as an attack on the substantive reasonableness of his sentence. The line between the
substantive and procedural inquiries can be “blurry,” but at bottom, substantive unreasonableness
“focuses on the length and type of the sentence.” See Camacho-Arellano, 614 F.3d at 247. In
essence, then, Smith’s substantive challenge is that these purported errors by the district court
resulted in a sentence that is unjustly harsh. “Although it is not impossible to succeed on a
substantive-reasonableness challenge to a below-guidelines sentence, defendants who seek to do
so bear a heavy burden.” United States v. Greco, 734 F.3d 441, 450 (6th Cir. 2013). For much
the same reasons as discussed above, that burden has not been met.
Smith relies in large part on reports and statements by the Sentencing Commission
suggesting that the four enhancements may produce disproportionally harsh sentences in the
average case. But the district court concluded that this was, in some ways, worse than the average
case and yet still discounted the enhancements. Smith has made no showing that a sentence half
as long as the middle of the guidelines range is somehow substantively unreasonable for a worse-
than-average case. Nor did the court improperly speculate by merely noting that it would be more
difficult for Smith to reoffend while incarcerated than while at home. The district court did not
abuse its discretion in imposing the sentence that it did.
We therefore affirm the judgment of the district court.
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