IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 18-0838
Filed January 23, 2019
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
RICKY ANDRE CARTER,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County, Michael J. Shubatt
(plea) and Monica Zrinyi Wittig (sentencing), Judges.
Ricky Carter appeals his convictions, following guilty pleas, of a number of
controlled-substance violations and the sentences imposed. AFFIRMED.
Sharon D. Hallstoos of Hallstoos Law Office, LLC, Dubuque, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Linda J. Hines, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Tabor, P.J., and Mullins and Bower, JJ.
2
MULLINS, Judge.
Ricky Carter was charged by trial information with the following criminal
counts of delivery of the following controlled substances within 1000 feet of certain
real property: (1) cocaine base, (2) cocaine, (3) heroin, (4) cocaine base, and (5)
heroin.1 All five counts amount to class “C” felonies. See Iowa Code
§ 124.401(1)(c)(1), (2)(b), (3) (2014). The crimes are punishable by, among other
things, imprisonment of up to ten years and a fine between $1000 and $10,000.
Id. § 902.9(1)(d). A person convicted of distributing these controlled substances
within 1000 feet of certain real property “may be sentenced up to an additional
term of confinement for five years.” See id. § 124.401A; see also id.
§§ 124.204(3)(j) (listing heroin as a schedule I controlled substance),
124.206(2)(d) (listing cocaine as a schedule II controlled substance).
A plea agreement was ultimately reached under which Carter would plead
guilty to counts one through four as charged and be sentenced to concurrent
fifteen-year terms of incarceration, and he would plead guilty to count five without
the certain-real-property enhancement and be sentenced to a ten-year term of
incarceration to be served consecutively with counts one through four. At the
commencement of the plea hearing, the court correctly advised each of the
charges amounted to a class “C” felony individually carrying a potential punishment
of up to fifteen years in prison and fines between $1000 and $10,000 per count.
When the court asked if its recitation of the plea agreement was accurate, defense
1
The criminal act underlying count one was alleged to have occurred on December 3,
2014; the acts underlying counts two and three on December 4; and the acts underlying
counts four and five on December 5.
3
counsel responded in the affirmative, but the State responded “I don’t believe so,
you Honor,” and incorrectly noted its belief that counts three and five amounted to
class “D” felonies and were punishable by terms of incarceration in the amount of
ten years, as enhanced. In response to the State’s position that counts three and
five amounted to class “D” felonies, the court stated, “Okay, so I’m just going to
amend my colloquy to say that III and V are $750 fines minimum to $7500 as
opposed to one thousand and ten thousand.” Upon the court’s inquiry, Carter
acknowledged his understanding of the same. He then tendered his guilty pleas,
and the court accepted them. During the plea colloquy, the court did not advise
Carter of the statutory surcharges mandated by Iowa Code sections 911.1, .2, and
.3, or the mandatory revocation of his driver’s license pursuant to Iowa Code
section 901.5(10)(a)(1).
On appeal, Carter maintains his pleas were not tendered voluntarily and
intelligently and his counsel rendered ineffective assistance in allowing him to
plead guilty and failing to challenge the pleas on voluntary-and-intelligent grounds
by way of motion in arrest of judgment. He specifically claims his pleas to counts
three and five were not voluntary and intelligent because the court incorrectly
advised him those counts amounted to class “D” felonies and were therefore
subject to class “D” penalties. He also complains the court improperly failed to
advise him of the mandatory statutory surcharges and revocation of his driver’s
license as to all of his pleas.
Because Carter did not file a motion in arrest of judgment, he has failed to
preserve error and may only challenge his plea through a claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel, which is an exception to the traditional error-preservation
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rules. See Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.24(3)(a); State v. Weitzel, 905 N.W.2d 397, 401
(Iowa 2017). We review ineffective-assistance claims de novo. See State v.
Harris, 919 N.W.2d 753, 754 (Iowa 2018). In order to prevail on his ineffective-
assistance-of-counsel claim, Carter must show by a preponderance of the
evidence that (1) counsel failed to perform an essential duty and (2) prejudice
resulted. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984); State v. Harrison,
914 N.W.2d 178, 188 (Iowa 2018).
“Generally, a criminal defendant waives all defenses and objections to the
criminal proceedings by pleading guilty, including claims of ineffective assistance
of counsel,” but an exception to this rule exists when there are pre-plea
“irregularities intrinsic to the plea—irregularities that bear on the knowing and
voluntary nature of the plea.” Castro v. State, 795 N.W.2d 789, 792 (Iowa 2011).
Pursuant to Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.8(2)(b), the court may not accept a
guilty plea unless it is made voluntarily and intelligently. The rule additionally
provides:
Before accepting a plea of guilty, the court must address the
defendant personally in open court and inform the defendant of, and
determine that the defendant understands . . . [t]he mandatory
minimum punishment, if any, and the maximum possible punishment
provided by the statute defining the offense to which the plea is
offered.
Iowa R. Crim. P. 2.8(2)(b)(2).
The State concedes “counsel may have had a duty to object to the district
court’s failure to comply with Iowa Rule Criminal Procedure 2.8(2)(b)” as to the
driver’s license revocation and statutory surcharges. We agree that counsel had
a duty to object to the court’s failure to advise Carter of these matters before he
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entered his pleas; counsel’s failure rendered each of the pleas involuntary; and,
after the failure, counsel had a duty to challenge all the pleas on voluntariness
grounds by way of motion in arrest of judgment. See Weitzel, 905 N.W.2d at 408
(noting “the maximum possible punishment includes the surcharges” and the court
must inform the defendant of the surcharges and ensure the defendant
understands them); State v. Fisher, 877 N.W.2d 676, 684 (Iowa 2016) (“Because
revocation of the driver’s license of a person convicted of a drug possession
offense is mandatory, immediate, and part of the punishment for that offense, the
court must inform the defendant of this consequence before accepting his or her
plea. Here Fisher’s written plea did not advise him that a guilty plea would result
in the suspension of his license. We therefore find that the plea was
involuntary . . . .”); see also Castro, 795 N.W.2d at 792–93 (discussing pre-plea
irregularities bearing on the knowing-and-voluntary nature of a guilty plea).
Because this pre-plea irregularity rendered all of Carter’s pleas involuntary, we
need not address counsel’s performance as to the State and court’s misstatements
concerning the level of the crime and penalties.
We turn to prejudice. When challenging a guilty plea through a claim “of
ineffective assistance of counsel, the defendant satisfies the prejudice prong if he
or she can show ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, he
or she would not have pleaded guilty and would have insisted on going to trial.’”
Weitzel, 905 N.W.2d at 402 (quoting State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128, 138 (Iowa
2006)). We find the record inadequate to decide whether Carter was prejudiced
by either failure and repeat our position that the “circumstances underlying . . . the
defendant’s willingness to go to trial are facts that should be permitted to be more
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fully developed” in a postconviction-relief proceeding. State v. Delacy, 907 N.W.2d
154, 160 (Iowa Ct. App. 2017) (en banc), further review denied (Jan. 16, 2018).2
Consequently, we preserve Carter’s ineffective-assistance claim for possible
postconviction-relief proceedings.3
Next, Carter challenges his sentence as illegal. He appears to argue that
because he was advised at the plea hearing that two of the charges amounted to
class “D” felonies, it was illegal for the court to impose sentence on those charges
as class “C” felonies. Regardless of what happened at the plea hearing, the crimes
Carter was sentenced for were class “C” felonies. It was not illegal for the court to
2
See also State v. McFarland, No. 17-0871, 2018 WL 2084835, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. May
2, 2018), further review denied (Sept. 13, 2018); State v. Dight, No. 17-1267, 2018 WL
1442723, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 21, 2018), further review denied (Aug. 31, 2018);
Giambo v. State, No. 16-2032, 2017 WL 6516785, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 20, 2017);
State v. Hurst, No 17-0421, 2017 WL 4324868, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 27, 2017), further
review denied (Jan. 16, 2018); State v. Gaston, No. 16-1957, 2017 WL 4317310, at *2
(Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 27, 2017), further review denied (Nov. 22, 2017); State v. Pozeck,
No.16-1869, 2017 WL 4315057, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 27, 2017); State v. Kiger, No.
17-0261, 2017 WL 4050318, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 13, 2017); State v. Thornburg, No.
16-2019, 2017 WL 4049526, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Sept. 13, 2017), further review denied
(Dec. 8, 2017); State v. Iddings, No. 15-1597, 2017 WL 2464049, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App.
June 7, 2017); State v. Bascom, No. 15-2173, 2017 WL 1733115, at *1 (Iowa Ct. App.
May 3, 2017), further review denied (Jan. 16, 2018).
3
On appeal, Carter maintains that because his pleas were involuntary, they must be set
aside and his convictions and sentences should be vacated. We assume he relies on
Weitzel and Fisher for this proposition. In both of those cases, however, due to the district
court’s failure to properly inform the defendants of the necessity to file a motion in arrest
of judgment to challenge their guilty pleas, the defendants were able to challenge their
pleas on direct appeal on the merits. See Weitzel, 905 N.W.2d at 401–02; Fisher, 877
N.W.2d at 680–82.
Here, in contrast, Carter was adequately advised of his obligation to file a motion
in arrest of judgment. He did not do so and, as noted, has not preserved error on any
claim against his plea on the merits. Weitzel and Fisher are inapplicable on the issue of
disposition. Carter’s only avenue for relief is through a claim of ineffective of counsel,
which we have found the record inadequate to address on direct appeal.
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impose sentence on those charges as such. We reject Carter’s claim that the court
imposed an illegal sentence.4
We affirm Carter’s conviction and sentence but preserve his claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel for possible postconviction-relief proceedings.
AFFIRMED.
4
We acknowledge the court’s sentencing order, which was entered on April 4, 2018,
imposed a mandatory minimum term of incarceration pursuant to Iowa Code section
124.413, and that the legislature removed the crimes Carter was sentenced for from the
ambit of that provision, effective July 1, 2017. See 2017 Iowa Acts ch. 122, § 11. Carter
does not raise this as an issue in this appeal. Further, our record includes a State motion
to correct an illegal sentence on this ground.