State v. Bell

[Cite as State v. Bell, 2019-Ohio-340.]

Court of Appeals of Ohio
EIGHTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
COUNTY OF CUYAHOGA

JOURNAL ENTRY AND OPINION
No. 106842

STATE OF OHIO

PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE

vs.

JEROME JAMES BELL

DEFENDANT-APPELLANT

JUDGMENT:
AFFIRMED AND REMANDED

Criminal Appeal from the
Cuyahoga County Court of Common Pleas
Case No. CR-16-605495-A

BEFORE: Laster Mays, J., S. Gallagher, P.J., and Celebrezze, J.

RELEASED AND JOURNALIZED: January 31, 2019
-i-
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Joseph V. Pagano
P.O. Box 16869
Rocky River, Ohio 44116

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Michael C. O’Malley
Cuyahoga County Prosecutor

By: Jillian Eckart
Assistant County Prosecutor
Justice Center, 9th Floor
1200 Ontario Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113

ANITA LASTER MAYS, J.:

{¶1} Defendant-appellant Jerome James Bell (“Bell”) files this delayed appeal of his

bench trial conviction and sentence for multiple counts arising from the April 16, 2016 shooting

death of Dontez Hopper (“Hopper”). After a review of the record, we affirm Bell’s convictions

and sentence. This matter is remanded to the trial court for a nunc pro tunc entry to incorporate

consecutive sentencing in the journal entry.

I. Background and Facts

{¶2} Bell was indicted for:

Count 1, aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(A);

Count 2, aggravated murder in violation of R.C. 2903.01(B);

Count 3, murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(A);

Count 4, murder in violation of R.C. 2903.02(B);
 Count 5, felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(1);

Count 6, felonious assault in violation of R.C. 2903.11(A)(2);

Count 7, kidnapping in violation of R.C. 2905.01(A)(3);

Count 8, discharge of firearm over a public road or highway in violation of R.C.
2923.162(A)(3);

Count 9, having weapons while under disability in
violation of
R.C. 2923.13(A)(2);

Count 10, tampering with evidence in violation of R.C. 2921.12(A)(1); and
Count 11, unauthorized use of a motor vehicle in violation of R.C. 2913.03(A).

Several of the counts carried repeat violent offender and firearm specifications.

A. Pretrial

{¶3} A motion to withdraw due to a conflict of interest filed by one of Bell’s defense

counsel was denied as well as Bell’s motion to suppress his confession to the shooting. Bell

rejected the state’s plea offer and proceeded to a bench trial.

B. Bench Trial

{¶4} At approximately midnight on April 16, 2016, Bell and members of Bell’s family

and friends were socializing and drinking at the two-family residence on East 99th Street in

Cleveland. Bell resided with his mother Yvette Dowell (“Dowell”) and brother Michael Bell

(“Michael”) in the second-floor unit. Bell’s sister Shalante Dowell (“Shalante”) resided in the

first-floor unit. The state charged that Bell was standing on the second-floor porch when he shot

Hopper in the driveway of the residence that night.
 {¶5} Bell’s girlfriend Catherine Paige (“Paige”) testified that Hopper and Bell were “like

brothers” and the three would “hang out” together. (Tr. 173.) The evening of the shooting,

about 10:00 or 11:00 p.m., Paige picked up Hopper on the way to Bell’s house to pick up Bell.

{¶6} Hopper entered the house while Dowell sat in the SUV and talked with Paige.

Hopper returned quickly saying, “‘Sis, Rome [Bell] trippin’. * * * Just drop me off.” (Tr. 180.)

Dowell told Paige that she believed Bell needed counseling because “he just flipped out on my

daughter’s company.” (Tr. 182.) Dowell told Hopper that she considered calling the police but

Hopper told her not to and went back into the house.

{¶7} Paige and Dowell were standing in the driveway talking and the SUV was still

running when they heard two or three quick gunshots. Paige dropped to the ground. She heard

Dowell screaming that Hopper had been shot and both ran over to Hopper who was lying in the

driveway. Paige looked up to see her SUV backing out of the driveway and Bell’s brother

Michael yelling at Bell to stop. Paige called police to report the theft and was later transported

to speak with homicide detectives.

{¶8} Dowell testified that her brother Marvin Bell, and sons Michael and Bell were at

the house the night of the shooting drinking and socializing with friends. Dowell was

intoxicated that evening. Bell was in the house when Paige pulled into the driveway with

Hopper. Dowell went outside to hug Hopper, who was like a son to her. Dowell talked briefly

with Paige. She saw Bell walk onto the upstairs porch and say hello to Hopper, and she went

back into the house to the restroom, when she heard three gunshots, a common occurrence in the

area. She went outside to find that Paige was still there and Hopper was lying on the ground.

Dowell began holding Hopper and screaming. Bell left in the vehicle, and Bell’s brother

Michael was sleeping upstairs at the time.
 {¶9} The state played Dowell’s videotaped police interview several times to refresh her

recollection due to conflicts between the interview and current testimony. Dowell insisted that

she was intoxicated when speaking with detectives, so the recording did not refresh her

recollection. Dowell was sure that she did not see a gun that night and denied owning a gun.

She did not recall telling police that Bell and Hopper were arguing or had exchanged words other

than the brief greeting that occurred when Bell was on the porch. Dowell tested positive for gun

shot residue, but forensics opined it was because of her close proximity to Hopper.

{¶10} Sister Shalante testified that Dowell, Bell, Michael, Uncle Marvin, and others were

upstairs and she was in her first-floor unit with friends. Shalante returned from the store about

midnight and she heard three gunshots. Shalante heard her mother screaming and looked

outside to see her holding Hopper. Paige was also there, but Shalante did not see Bell.

{¶11} Michael testified that he returned home from work at about 11:00 p.m. and went

to sleep quickly in spite of the social activities. He did not hear shots but ran to the driveway

when he heard his mother screaming. Michael saw Bell at the residence before he went to sleep

but did not see him afterwards. Michael did not recall seeing Paige in the driveway when he ran

downstairs. To his knowledge, no guns were kept at the residence and he did not see a gun that

evening.

{¶12} Cleveland Police Department (“CPD”) Officers McNamara and Bohlen responded

to the scene to find Hopper lying in the middle of the driveway suffering from a gunshot wound.

A visibly upset young male and Dowell, who was crying hysterically, were kneeling beside

Hopper. The officers performed CPR until EMS arrived. Dowell informed the officers that

Bell had left the scene.
 {¶13} Homicide Detectives Ford (“Det. Ford”) and Fischbach (“Det. Fischbach”) also

responded. They interviewed Bell’s uncle Marvin, brother Michael, mother Dowell, and sister

Shalante and determined that Bell was a suspect. Dowell consented to a search of the residence,

but no evidence was discovered.

{¶14} A single spent bullet casing was located in the grassy area adjacent to the

first-floor front porch. A damaged bullet located on the grass on the opposite side of the

driveway and another found lying in the street were marked but did not appear to be connected

with the shooting.

{¶15} Det. Ford and Det. Fischbach secured an arrest warrant. Bell was picked up

Sunday evening and interviewed by the detectives that Monday. Bell ultimately confessed that

he and Hopper were arguing and he shot him.

{¶16} Cuyahoga County Forensic Scientist Daniel Mabel (“Mabel”) concluded that

Hopper was approximately four to five feet from the gun when fired. County medical examiner

and forensic pathologist Joseph Felo (“Dr. Felo”) testified that a single fatal gunshot wound

entered the center of the chest, proceeded at a downward angle, and exited through the left side

of the chest below the armpit, perforating the heart and left lung of Hopper.

{¶17} Cuyahoga County jail investigator Andrew Hudson (“Hudson”) monitored inmate

mail and telephone calls. Over defense objections, Hudson read excerpts of letters sent by Bell.

Letters to Bell’s mother and sister urged them to press defense counsel about the motion to

suppress. A letter to Bell’s brother advised that Dowell and Shalante could “plead the Fifth or

don’t talk at all,” and a letter to a friend inquired whether “can they convict you off just your

confession with no witnesses, no other evidence?” (Tr. 249-250.) The telephone calls included
discussions about the motion to suppress, questioning of the mother and sister by the prosecution

and police, and that individuals who were at the scene had been subpoenaed to testify.

{¶18} The state rested pending admission of the exhibits. The state then requested to

call a witness from the clerk of court’s office to introduce a certified copy of the journal entry of

Bell’s prior convictions. The defense objected but stipulated to the exhibit after the trial court

said it was going to allow the testimony.

{¶19} Defense counsel moved for judgment of acquittal pursuant to Crim.R. 29.

Counsel argued that the elements had not been met for kidnapping, firing a firearm over a

public road, tampering with evidence, aggravated murder, murder for purposely causing death,

murder as a proximate result of a felonious assault, having a weapon while under disability,

felonious assault, and unauthorized use of a motor vehicle. The state relied on the confession in

rebuttal. The trial court denied the motion.

C. Verdict and Sentence

{¶20} On August 17, 2017, Bell was found not guilty of the aggravated murder offenses

charged in Counts 1 and 2 and guilty of Counts 3 through 11 as well as the accompanying repeat

violent offender and firearm specifications. Counts 3 through 8 merged for sentencing. Bell

was sentenced to 15 years to life on Count 3, prior to and consecutive with 3 years for a firearm

specification and a consecutive 10 years for the repeat violent offender specification.

{¶21} Bell was sentenced to 36 months on Count 9 in addition to a 3-year firearm

specification to be served consecutively, 36 months on Count 10 and 6 months on Count 11 to be

served concurrently with Counts 3, 9, and 10 for a total of 37 years to life.

II. Assignments of Error

{¶22} Bell presents nine assignments of error:
 I. The trial court erred by denying appellant’s motion to suppress statements
in violation of his constitutional rights.

II. The trial court erred when it denied appellant’s motion for acquittal under
Crim.R. 29 because the state failed to present sufficient evidence to
establish beyond a reasonable doubt the elements necessary to support the
convictions.

III. Appellant’s convictions are against the manifest weight of the evidence.

IV. The trial court erred by admitting letters and jail phone calls that were not
properly authenticated.

V. The court erred by allowing the state to refresh Yvette Dowell’s
recollection with her prior recorded statement.

VI. The court erred by denying counsel’s motion to withdraw and appellant’s
motion to disqualify counsel.

VII. The trial court erred by allowing the state to reopen the case in order to
introduce a prior conviction that was necessary to sustain one of
appellant’s convictions.

VIII. The court erred by allowing the state to elicit hearsay.

IX. Appellant was denied a fair trial because the state improperly elicited
inadmissible other acts evidence.

III. Discussion

A. Suppression

1. Standard of Review

{¶23} A motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law and fact. State v.

Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d 71, ¶ 8. When considering a

motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of fact and is, therefore, in the best

position to resolve factual questions and evaluate the credibility of witnesses. Id.

Consequently, an appellate court must defer to the trial court’s findings of fact if they are

supported by competent, credible evidence. Id. An appellate court, however, must
independently determine as a matter of law, without deference to the trial court’s conclusion,

whether the facts meet the applicable standard. State v. Hill, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 83762

and 83775, 2005-Ohio-3155, ¶ 12.

2. Discussion

{¶24} On June 19, 2017, Bell filed a motion to suppress pursuant to Crim.R. 12(C)(3)

that asserted his arrest was unlawful because the arrest warrant presented to Bell was not signed.

At the pretrial hearing, counsel advised the trial court that the written motion did not include the

second suppression issue that Bell’s statement to police was not knowingly, intelligently, or

voluntarily made because Bell was on drugs or intoxicated at the time of his arrest meaning he

was unable to waive his Miranda rights.

{¶25} Det. Ford served as the sole witness at the July 10, 2017 suppression hearing.

Det. Ford and his partner Det. Fischbach had been homicide detectives for approximately 20

years.

{¶26} Det. Ford testified that information was quickly acquired leading police to Bell.

Interviews were conducted on the scene including with Bell’s family members. An arrest

warrant was secured from the city prosecutor and the information was provided to the fugitive

suspect team. Police were contacted by Bell’s family advising that Bell wanted to turn himself

in. Bell was picked up by a police zone car “on his outstanding warrant.” (Tr. 68.)

{¶27} Bell was transported to the police department on April 17, 2017, and interviewed

by Det. Ford and Det. Fischbach on April 18, 2017. Det. Ford testified that, while Bell’s speech

was “reserved,” Bell did not smell of alcohol and did not appear to be under the influence. (Tr.

70-71.)

{¶28} This court has previously recognized that
 In order for a defendant’s waiver of Miranda rights to be valid, the waiver must
be knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made. Miranda at 444. The state
bears the burden of demonstrating, by a preponderance of the evidence, that a
defendant knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived his Miranda rights
based on the totality of the circumstances. State v. Gumm, 73 Ohio St.3d 413,
429, 653 N.E.2d 253 (1995). “The totality of the circumstances includes ‘the
age, mentality, and prior criminal experience of the accused; the length, intensity,
and frequency of interrogation; the existence of threat or inducement.’” State v.
Campbell, 90 Ohio St.3d 320, 332, 738 N.E.2d 1178 (2000), quoting State v.
Edwards, 49 Ohio St.2d 31, 358 N.E.2d 1051 (1976), paragraph two of the
syllabus. Absent a showing that the waiver was voluntary, the waiver is invalid
and the defendant’s statements should be suppressed. Id.

State v. Moore, 2012-Ohio-1958, 970 N.E.2d 1098, ¶ 62 (8th Dist.).

{¶29} Review of the video reveals Bell speaking in a low voice and yawning frequently

throughout the interview. The video confirms the testimony of Det. Ford that, after obtaining

identifying information, the Miranda rights, a copy of which was set forth on a large poster on

the wall beside where Bell was seated, were read to Bell. Bell told the detectives that he wanted

to waive his rights and talk with them.

{¶30} Bell informed them that he had not been “acting like himself” because he had not

eaten, slept, or showered since Friday and that police did not tell him why he was being arrested.

While Bell seemed somewhat fatigued, there is no evidence that he was under the influence of

drugs or alcohol nor was any evidence ever introduced to that effect. Defense counsel advised,“I

will not be putting on any witnesses with respect to his state of mind in terms of inebriation.”

(Tr. 80.) We also note that Bell was familiar with the process because he had been Mirandized

for prior arrests.

{¶31} The video evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion that:

[B]ased on the evidence that I heard here, and watching the video, it’s clear the
detective read the rights to this [d]efendant. The [d]efendant actually looked at the
poster on the wall with his rights. He did verbally say that he understood, and he
wished to waive his right to an attorney and speak with the detective.
 I know the detective described, when asked about the interview in general, his
answers seemed calculated. And based on what the detective recalls, from what I
saw, and the only real evidence offered with respect to how the [d]efendant acted
up through 5 minutes and 12 seconds of this video we have seen in part of this
hearing, is that he didn’t smell of alcohol.

He could answer questions after some thinking about it. He yawned a couple
times. Looks like he might have been tired. I didn’t hear any slurring of his
words or any indication that he didn’t understand the nature of the questions.

So at this point, there is not evidence that the [d]efendant was not aware, and that
he did, in fact, knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his right in
speaking to the detective. So there is no basis for the [c]ourt to suppress the
statement at this time.

(Tr. 80-81.)

{¶32} On the issue of the arrest warrant, the trial court determined that the signature of

the deputy clerk did not invalidate the warrant based on State v. Rucci, 7th Dist. Mahoning No.

14 MA 47, 2015-Ohio-2097. We again find that the trial court’s analysis is directly on point:

I’ve also reviewed State v. Rucci, R-U-C-C-I, Court of Appeals 7th Appellate
District, Mahoning County, decided May 28th, 2015, which this issue was
adjudicated in that matter that [Crim.R.] 4 allows a deputy clerk to issue an arrest
warrant, sign an arrest warrant upon presentation by a peace officer and probable
cause.

There is no other evidence before the [c]ourt here with respect to any irregularities
with how that warrant was obtained. The only issue is whether or not a deputy
[c]lerk of [c]ourts can sign a warrant. And it’s clear this case stems from that
proposition that it is proper for a deputy clerk pursuant to [R.C.] 2935.10(A) and
[Crim.R.] 4.

(Tr. 83.)

{¶33} The Rucci court explained:

An arrest warrant “shall be issued by a judge, magistrate, clerk of court, or officer
of the court designated by the judge.” State v. Jones, 7th Dist. [Mahoning] No.
11 MA 60, 2012-Ohio-1301, ¶17, citing Crim.R. 4(A)(1). A defendant bears the
burden of showing that a clerk lacks the capacity to determine probable cause.
 Jones at ¶18, citing Shadwick v. City of Tampa, 407 U.S. 345, 350-351, 92 S.Ct.
2119, 32 L.E.2d 783 (1972).

A reviewing court should give great deference to an official’s determination of
probable cause and resolve all doubtful or marginal cases in favor of upholding
the warrant. State v. Mendell, 2d Dist. [Montgomery] No. 24822,
2012-Ohio-3178, ¶10. A reviewing court’s role in such cases is to determine
whether there was a substantial basis to find probable cause existed. Id., citing
State v. Tibbetts, 92 Ohio St.3d 146, 153, 749 N.E.2d 226 (2001).

Id. at ¶ 9-10.

{¶34} Though the burden is on the defense to show that the deputy clerk lacked the

requisite authority, the defense offered no witnesses. “The only thing that I would say is that

we’re aware that the document that was signed, I believed the person’s signature is written

deputy clerk. I don’t know this person, and can only assume this person is a deputy clerk.” (Tr.

82.) The state countered that the sole argument offered by Bell in the motion to suppress is that

it was not signed by a judge.

{¶35} Rucci further explained that

the Ohio legislature has clearly stated that a clerk can issue a warrant. Pursuant
to R.C. 2935.09(C), “[a] peace officer who seeks to cause an arrest or prosecution
under this section may file with a reviewing official or the clerk of a court of
record an affidavit charging the offense committed.” Further, R.C.
2935.10(A)-(B)(1) states that a judge, clerk, or magistrate may issue an arrest
warrant on the filing of an affidavit or complaint charging a misdemeanor.

In fact, the U.S. Supreme Court has noted that no court has held that only a lawyer
or a judge has the authority to grant a warrant; rather, it has been recognized that
lay people may issue warrants. Shadwick [v. Tampa, 407 U.S. 345,] at 350-351,
92 S.Ct. 2119, 32 L.E.2d 783 (1972). We recognized the Shadwick holding in
Jones, supra.
Rucci at ¶ 11-12.

{¶36} The first assigned error lacks merit.

B. Crim.R. 29, Sufficiency, and Manifest Weight of the Evidence
 {¶37} We combine the second and third assigned errors questioning the denial of the

Crim.R. 29 motion for judgment of acquittal and weight of the evidence for purposes of judicial

economy.

1. Standard of Review

{¶38} “A Crim.R. 29(A) motion for acquittal tests the sufficiency of the evidence.”

State v. Capp, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102919, 2016-Ohio-295, ¶ 19.

Crim.R. 29 mandates that the trial court issue a judgment of acquittal where the
state’s evidence is insufficient to sustain a conviction for an offense.
Accordingly, an appellate court reviews a trial court’s denial of a defendant’s
motion for acquittal using the same standard it applies when reviewing a
sufficiency-of- the-evidence claim.

State v. Hoskin-Hudson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103615, 2016-Ohio-5410, ¶ 7.

{¶39} “The legal concepts of sufficiency of the evidence and weight of the evidence are

both quantitatively and qualitatively different.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678

N.E.2d 541 (1997). A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence is a question of law that asks

whether the state met its burden of production. A manifest weight challenge is a question of fact

and asks whether the state met its burden of persuasion. State v. Jackson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga

No. 88028, 2007-Ohio-823, ¶ 11, citing Thompkins at 386.

{¶40} The sufficiency inquiry is not whether the prosecution’s evidence “is to be

believed, but whether, if believed, the evidence admitted at trial supported the conviction.”

State v. Rudd, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 102754, 2016-Ohio-106, ¶ 32, citing State v. Starks, 8th

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 91682, 2009-Ohio-3375, ¶ 25. We view the evidence in a light most

favorable to the prosecution and determine whether “‘any rational trier of fact could have found

the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’” State v. Leonard, 104
Ohio St.3d 54, 2004-Ohio-6235, 818 N.E.2d 229, ¶ 77, quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d

259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph two of the syllabus.

{¶41} In our manifest weight review of a bench trial verdict, we recognize that the trial

court is serving as the fact-finder, and not a jury:

“Accordingly, to warrant reversal from a bench trial under a manifest weight of
the evidence claim, this court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence
and all reasonable inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses and determine
whether in resolving conflicts in evidence, the trial court clearly lost its way and
created such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the judgment must be reversed
and a new trial ordered.”

State v. Strickland, 183 Ohio App.3d 602, 2009-Ohio-3906, 918 N.E.2d 170, ¶ 25 (8th Dist.),

quoting Cleveland v. Welms, 169 Ohio App.3d 600, 2006-Ohio-6441, 863 N.E.2d 1125 (8th

Dist.), citing Thompkins at 390. See also State v. Kessler, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 93340,

2010-Ohio-2094, ¶ 13.

{¶42} Further,

Although sufficiency and manifest weight are different legal concepts, manifest
weight subsumes sufficiency in conducting the legal analysis; that is, a finding
that a conviction was supported by the manifest weight necessarily includes a
finding of sufficiency. Thus, a determination that a conviction is supported by the
weight of the evidence will also dispose of the issue of sufficiency.

State v. Jackson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100125, 2015-Ohio-1946, ¶ 11, citing Thompkins, 78

Ohio St.3d 380, 386, 678 N.E.2d 541, at paragraph two of the syllabus.

2. Discussion

{¶43} Bell argues that, without his confession, there was no evidence introduced to

support the convictions because the gun was not recovered at the scene, there was no DNA

evidence connecting Bell to the crime, others tested positive for gunshot residue, and it was dark

outside when the shooting occurred.
 {¶44} In spite of conflicting details, Paige, Dowell, Shalante, and Michael said that Bell

was at the second floor residence the night of the shooting. The forensic evidence demonstrates

that Hopper was shot by a single bullet that “traveled from his right towards his left, from the

front of his chest towards the left side of his chest and downward.” (Tr. 139.) The entrance

wound was approximately two inches higher than the exit wound indicating the shot was fired at

a downward angle. Dowell’s testimony placed Bell on the front porch at least at one point that

evening.

{¶45} Paige testified that Bell took her SUV and left the scene. The 911 call by Paige

reporting the theft confirms her testimony. Police testimony corroborates that Bell was not at

the scene when they arrived. Significantly, Bell confessed to the shooting. Bell also inquired in

correspondence mailed from the jail whether he could be convicted based on a confession

without physical evidence and urged the family to press defense counsel for the motion to

suppress.

{¶46} The trial court took note of the conflicts in the testimony and determined that the

consistencies “pointed to the responsibility of” Bell for Hopper’s death. The evidence was not

sufficient to demonstrate prior calculation and design supporting aggravated murder.

{¶47} Specifically Bell challenges Count 3, murder (R.C. 2903.02(A)), Count 4, murder

(R.C. 2903.02(B)), Count 5, felonious assault (R.C. 2903.11(A)(1)), Count 6, felonious assault

(R.C. 2903.11(A)(2)), Count 7, kidnapping (R.C. 2905.01(A)(3)), Count 8, discharge of firearm

over a public road or highway (R.C. 2923.162(A)(3)), Count 9, having weapons while under

disability (R.C. 2923.13(A)(2)), Count 10, tampering with evidence (R.C. 2921.12(A)(1)), and

Count 11, unauthorized use of a motor vehicle (R.C. 2913.03(A)).
 {¶48} Counts 3 through 8 merged, and the state proceeded to sentencing on the Count 3

murder charge:

(B) No person shall cause the death of another as a proximate result of the
offender’s committing or attempting to commit an offense of violence that is a
felony of the first or second degree and that is not a violation of section 2903.03
[voluntary manslaughter] or 2903.04 [involuntary manslaughter] of the Revised
Code.

R.C. 2903.02(B).

{¶49} Multiple witnesses testified that Bell was present at the residence that evening.

Paige recounted statements by Hopper and Dowell that Bell was agitated and “trippin.’” (Tr.

395.) The trial court determined that the “shot to the middle” of Hopper’s chest and the bullet’s

downward trajectory angle served as “circumstantial evidence” “that [the shooting] was

purposeful.” (Tr. 396.)

{¶50} While much of the evidence was circumstantial in this case, Bell confessed to the

shooting. Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence are indistinguishable so far as the

fact-finding function is concerned. State v. Durham, 2016-Ohio-691, 60 N.E.3d 552, ¶ 160 (8th

Dist.), citing Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 272, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991).

It is, however, well-settled under Ohio law that a defendant may be convicted
solely on the basis of circumstantial evidence. State v. Kulig, 37 Ohio St.2d 157,
309 N.E.2d 897 (1974); State v. Hankerson, 70 Ohio St.2d 87, 434 N.E.2d 1362,
certiorari denied (1982); State v. Kamel, 12 Ohio St.3d 306, 466 N.E.2d 860
(1984). “* * * [P]roof of guilt may be made by circumstantial evidence as well as
by real evidence and direct or testimonial evidence, or any combination of these
three classes of evidence. All three classes have equal probative value, and
circumstantial evidence has no less value than the others. 1A Wigmore,
Evidence (Tillers Rev. 1983) 944, Section 24 et seq.” State v. Griffin, 13 Ohio
App.3d 376, 377, 469 N.E.2d 1329, 1331 (1st Dist.1979). “Circumstantial
evidence is not less probative than direct evidence, and, in some instances, is even
more reliable.” United States v. Andrino, 501 F.2d 1373, 1378 (9th Cir.1974).

State v. Nicely, 39 Ohio St.3d 147, 151, 529 N.E.2d 1236 (1988).
 {¶51} The Ohio Supreme Court subsequently clarified that

[W]hen the state relies on circumstantial evidence to prove an element of the
offense charged, there is no requirement that the evidence must be irreconcilable
with any reasonable theory of innocence in order to support a conviction.

Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d at 273, 574 N.E.2d 492.

{¶52} Based on our review of the record, we find that Bell’s conviction for murder, and

the accompanying firearm specification, are legally sufficient and are not against the manifest

weight of the evidence.

{¶53} We need not address the merged counts. Pursuant to R.C. 2941.25 governing

allied offenses of similar import, “‘a ‘conviction’ consists of a guilty verdict and the imposition

of a sentence or penalty.’” (Emphasis sic.) State v. Franks, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103682,

2016-Ohio-5241, ¶ 18, quoting State v. Whitfield, 124 Ohio St.3d 319, 2010-Ohio-2, 922 N.E.2d

182, ¶ 12, citing State v. Gapen, 104 Ohio St.3d 358, 2004-Ohio-6548, 819 N.E.2d 1047, ¶ 135.

The merged counts are not convictions. Id., citing State v. Williams, 4th Dist. Scioto No.

11CA3408, 2012-Ohio-4693, ¶ 54; State v. McKinney, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 08AP-23,

2008-Ohio-6522, ¶ 39. Any sufficiency error regarding the merged counts would be harmless.

State v. Rucker, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 105628, 2018-Ohio-1832, ¶ 35, citing Franks at ¶ 18.

{¶54} The remaining challenges are to Counts 9, 10, and 11: having a weapon while

under disability (R.C. 2923.13(A)(2)), tampering with evidence (R.C. 2921.2(A)(1)), and

unauthorized use of a motor vehicle (R.C. 2913.03(A)). These counts did not merge.

{¶55} We find, in short order, that Bell confessed to the shooting so it is axiomatic that

he used a gun. Bell left the scene in Paige’s SUV, as the 911 call and witness testimony

confirms, prior to the arrival of police who searched the residence with Dowell’s consent. No
gun was located, but the forensic expert testified that the gunshot residue on Dowell’s hands may

have come from handling the weapon after it was fired.

{¶56} Viewed in a light most favorable to the state, we find that the evidence was

sufficient to prove the elements of the crimes beyond a reasonable doubt. In addition, based on

our review of the record, we cannot say that this is the “‘exceptional case in which the evidence

weighs heavily against [Bell’s] conviction[s.]’” Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678

N.E.2d 541, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983),

paragraph three of the syllabus.

{¶57} The second and third assigned errors lack merit.

C. Admission of Prison Letters and Calls

{¶58} Bell claims as his fourth assigned error that the letters and calls were not properly

authenticated. We disagree.

1. Standard of Review

{¶59} The admission or exclusion of relevant evidence rests within the discretion of the

trial court. State v. Robb, 88 Ohio St.3d 59, 68, 2000-Ohio-275, 723 N.E.2d 1019 (2000). An

appellate court will not disturb a decision of the trial court to admit or exclude evidence absent a

clear and prejudicial abuse of discretion. Donovan v. Donovan, 110 Ohio App.3d 615, 620, 674

N.E.2d 1252 (12th Dist.1996); State v. Robinson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99917,

2014-Ohio-2973, ¶ 23. An abuse of discretion standard “connotes more than an error of law or

judgment; it implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable.”

Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

2. Discussion
 {¶60} Bell argues that the admission of the prison telephone recordings and

correspondence was improper because it was not properly authenticated. We first observe that

Bell raises this argument for the first time on appeal. No objection was raised or preserved as to

the authenticity of the documentary evidence introduced at trial.1 The exhibits were also offered

into evidence without objection at the close of trial. Under Evid.R. 103(A), error cannot be

predicated on a ruling that admits evidence unless a substantial right of the party is affected and a

timely objection was preserved in the record.

{¶61} Thus, we are limited to reviewing for plain error — a standard that has not been

discussed, much less demonstrated, by Bell.

[A] reviewing court’s analysis is generally limited to reviewing issues raised on
appeal solely for plain error or defects affecting a defendant’s substantial rights
pursuant to Crim.R. 52(B). State v. Tisdale, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 74331, 1998
Ohio App. LEXIS 6143 (Dec. 17, 1988). The plain error doctrine should be
invoked by an appellate court only in exceptional circumstances to prevent a
miscarriage of justice. State v. Cooperrider, 4 Ohio St.3d 226, 227, 448 N.E.2d
452 (1983). Plain error will be recognized only where, but for the error, the
outcome of the case would clearly have been different. Id.

State v. King, 184 Ohio App.3d 226, 2009-Ohio-4551, 920 N.E.2d 399, ¶ 8 (8th Dist.).

{¶62} “‘Under the plain-error analysis’” a party is required to “‘establish that the

outcome of the trial would clearly have been different but for the trial court’s allegedly improper

actions.’” State v. Thompson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96929, 2012-Ohio-921, ¶ 17, quoting

State v. Waddell, 75 Ohio St.3d 163, 166, 661 N.E.2d 1043 (1996).

{¶63} Evid.R. 901:

governs the authentication of demonstrative evidence, including recordings of
telephone conversations. The threshold for admission is quite low, and the

1
The only objection voiced during the admission of the letters and recorded calls came after the state asked to
conduct an additional direct examination of the witness. This is not sufficient to preserve an objection to the
authentification of documents already introduced.
 proponent of the evidence need only submit “evidence sufficient to support a
finding that the matter in question is what its proponent claims.” Evid.R. 901(A).
“[T]he proponent must present foundational evidence that is sufficient to
constitute a rational basis for a jury to decide that the primary evidence is what its
proponent claims it to be.” State v. Tyler, 4th Dist. [Ross] No. 10CA3183, 196
Ohio App. 3d 443, 964 N.E.2d 12, 2011-Ohio-3937, ¶ 25, citing State v. Payton,
4th Dist. No. [Ross] 01-CA2606, 2002-Ohio-508. A proponent may demonstrate
genuineness or authenticity through direct or circumstantial evidence. Tyler at
id., citing State v. Williams, 64 Ohio App.2d 271, 274, 413 N.E.2d 1212 (8th Dist.
1979).

State v. Thompson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96929, 2012-Ohio-921, ¶ 27.

{¶64} To be deemed admissible, recorded telephone calls must be “authentic, accurate,

and trustworthy.” Id. at ¶ 28, citing Tyler at ¶ 26, citing State v. Were, 118 Ohio St.3d 448,

2008-Ohio-2762, 890 N.E.2d 263.

“[C]onclusive evidence as to authenticity and identification need not be presented
to justify allowing evidence to reach the jury,” the evidence required to establish
authenticity need only be sufficient to afford a rational basis for a jury to decide
that the evidence is what its proponent claims it to be.

Id., quoting State v. Bell, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2008-05-044, 2009-Ohio- 2335, ¶ 17, 30.

{¶65} Further, the state is only required to “‘demonstrate a ‘reasonable likelihood’ that

the recording’” is authentic. Id., quoting Bell at ¶ 30, citing Evid.R. 901(B)(1). “Such evidence

may be supplied by, but is not limited to, the testimony of a witness with knowledge, voice

identification, or by evidence that a call was made to the number assigned at the time by the

telephone company to a particular person.” Id. at ¶ 29, citing Evid.R. 901(B)(1), (5), and (6);

State v. Moshos, 12th Dist. Clinton No. CA2009-06-008, 2010-Ohio-735, ¶ 14; State v. Small,

10th Dist. Franklin No. 06AP-1110, 2007-Ohio-6771, ¶ 38.

{¶66} Additionally,

Evid. R. 901 provides for two methods by which a trial court may find that these
phone conversations are admissible. Evid.R. 901(B)(9) provides that a sound
recording may be authenticated through evidence that demonstrates a process or
 system used that produces an “accurate result.” And Evid.R. 901(B)(5) provides
for authentication by voice identification “whether heard firsthand or through
mechanical or electronic transmission or recording.”

Id. at ¶ 31.

{¶67} County jail investigator Hudson testified that his role was to investigate inmate

activities and respond to legal subpoenas by monitoring mail and telephone calls based on the

name, inmate number, and for telephone calls, pin numbers of prisoners. Hudson was trained on

the policies and procedures of the prison telephone and mail procedures required by his position.

He was also trained to use the Securus computerized inmate telephone call recording system and

testified that inmate telephone calls are tracked and recorded by date, name, and pin number.

{¶68} The calls initiated by Bell included discussions about the motion to suppress and

advised the recipient to pay close attention to the letter that he was sending. In a subsequent

call, Bell advised the call recipient that he did not have to go to court earlier and they discussed

some of the questions that police and the prosecutor asked the call recipient and Bell’s mother.

There was a later discussion that individuals at the scene were being subpoenaed but if the

suppression hearing was successful, the trial would be unnecessary.

{¶69} Three letters were introduced into evidence. The first was an envelope from J.

Bell listing his inmate number containing letters addressed to Bell’s mother and sister Shalante.

The letters included the name and telephone number of one of Bell’s assigned counsel and asked

that they keep the pressure on the attorney for the motion to suppress.

{¶70} The second letter also contained Bell’s identification information and was

addressed to Mike B. The letter lists the date and time for Bell’s trial. As Hudson read for the

record:
 “Momma got to do” — got to do — it say to the first. They ask, “Do you see the
person who shot such and such that night? Y’all say, No. It’s over for real.
But any and y’all don’t want to answer, say you plead the Fifth or don’t talk at
all.”

(Tr. 248.) A third letter was addressed to “A. Patterson” and inquired whether a person could be

convicted “‘off just your confession with no witnesses, no other evidence?’” (Tr. 250.)

{¶71} Evid.R. 901(B) sets forth examples of authentication and identification methods.

(B) Illustrations. By way of illustration only, and not by way of limitation, the
following are examples of authentication or identification conforming with the
requirements for this rule: * * *

(4) Distinctive characteristics and the like. Appearance, contents, substance,
internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics, taken in conjunction with
circumstances.

Evid.R. 901(B)(4).

{¶72} As clarified by the Staff Notes,

Rule 901(B)(4) provides that an item, or even a voice, may be authenticated or

identified because of its contents or distinctive characteristics in light of the

circumstances involved. A letter or a voice over the telephone may be related to a

particular person by the very fact that the matters set forth in the letter or the

telephone conversation were known peculiarly to a particular person. See

McCormick § 255 (2d ed. 1972).

{¶73} The Seventh District has also addressed authentification of correspondence

pursuant to Evid.R. 901(B)(4):

The purpose of the authentication rule is to connect the disputed piece of evidence
to the case at hand by presenting indicators that the evidence is what it is claimed
to be. State v. Brown, 151 Ohio App.3d 36, 2002-Ohio-5207, 783 N.E.2d 539, ¶
35 (7th Dist.) * * *
 [E]vidence is properly authenticated when its appearance, contents, substance,
internal patterns, or other distinctive characteristics, taken in conjunction with the
circumstances, are sufficient to support a finding that the evidence is what its
proponent claims. Id. at ¶39. In evaluating the totality of the circumstances, we
explained that the court can consider the envelope and contents. Id. at ¶ 40. For
instance, the court can scan for any distinctive contents, such as facts that only the
alleged writer would know. Id. at ¶ 39. This is true even if the letter is unsigned
or anonymous. Id. at ¶ 40. As for the envelope, the return address can be relevant
to the determination of authenticity. Id. Again, we explained [in Brown] that
challenges to the authorship of documents such as letters normally go to the
weight rather than admissibility. Id.

State v. Townsend, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 04 MA 110, 2005-Ohio-6945, ¶ 54-55.

{¶74} “A proponent may demonstrate genuineness or authenticity through direct or

circumstantial evidence.” Thompson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96929, 2012-Ohio-921, at ¶ 27,

citing State v. Tyler, 196 Ohio App.3d 443, 2011-Ohio-3937, 964 N.E.2d 12, ¶ 25 (4th Dist.),

citing State v. Williams, 64 Ohio App.2d 271, 274, 413 N.E.2d 1212 (8th Dist.1979).

{¶75} The burden “is not great, and only requires a prima facie showing.” State v. Brown,

1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-120327, 2013-Ohio-2720, ¶ 16, citing State v. Huge, 1st Dist. Hamilton

No. C-120388, 2013-Ohio-2160, ¶ 27; State v. Tyler, 196 Ohio App.3d 443, 2011-Ohio-3937,

964 N.E.2d 12, ¶ 25 (4th Dist.). See also Thompson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 96929,

2012-Ohio-921.

{¶76} This court finds that Bell has failed to demonstrate that, but for the error, the

outcome of the proceedings would have been different. Thompson, at ¶ 17; Waddell, 75 Ohio

St.3d 163, 166, 661 N.E.2d 1043. The fourth assigned error lacks merit.

D. Evid.R. 612 Refreshing Recollection

{¶77} Bell’s fifth assigned error challenges the trial court’s determination to allow the

state to refresh Dowell’s recollection of her statement to police though Dowell repeatedly stated

that she was intoxicated at that time and could not remember. Bell argues that allowing the trial
court to view the videotape under the guise of refreshed recollection was improper under State v.

Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d 865.

{¶78} This court has previously recognized that

A party may refresh the recollection of a witness under Evid.R. 612 by showing
him his prior statement while testifying. Under the doctrine of present
recollection refreshed, the witness looks at the prior statement to refresh his
memory of the events, but then proceeds to testify from his present, independent
knowledge. State v. Powell, 132 Ohio St.3d 233, 2012-Ohio-2577, 971 N.E.2d
865, ¶ 57, citing State v. Scott, 31 Ohio St.2d 1, 5-6, 285 N.E.2d 344 (1972). The
testimony of the witness whose memory has been refreshed is the evidence and
the content of the statement is not placed before the jury. Powell at ¶ 57.

State v. Webb, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100487, 2014-Ohio-2644, ¶ 25.

{¶79} We find that Bell’s reliance on Evid.R. 612 is misplaced. The witness testified

that she did not remember the statement that was being used to refresh her memory and her trial

testimony differed from the recorded statement. The state withdrew the evidence.

{¶80} In addition, the trial court acknowledged that the recording was not substantive

evidence. “In a bench trial, the trial court is presumed to have considered only admissible

evidence unless the record indicates otherwise.” State v. Reddy, 192 Ohio App.3d 108,

2010-Ohio-5759, 948 N.E.2d 454, ¶ 58 (8th Dist.), citing Cleveland v. Welms, 169 Ohio App.3d

600, 2006-Ohio-6441, 863 N.E.2d 1125 (8th Dist.). “This presumption ‘may be overcome only

by an affirmative showing to the contrary by the appellant.’” State v. Pearson, 10th Dist.

Franklin Nos. 14AP-793 and 14AP-816, 2015-Ohio-3974, ¶ 13, quoting State v. Wiles, 59 Ohio

St.3d 71, 571 N.E.2d 97 (1991).

{¶81} Evid.R. 612 does not apply. The fifth assigned error is overruled.

E. Withdrawal or Disqualification of Counsel

1. Standard of Review
 {¶82} A trial court has broad discretion in determining whether to remove

court-appointed counsel. State v. Patterson, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 100086, 2014-Ohio-1621,

¶ 19. An appellate court reviews the trial court’s decision to determine whether that discretion

has been abused. Id. An “abuse of discretion” implies that the court’s decision was

unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450

N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

2. Discussion

{¶83} Bell’s sixth assigned error objects to the denial of defense counsel’s motion to

withdraw and Bell’s motion to disqualify. A defendant’s right to counsel is guaranteed to be

free from conflicts of interest by the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Parma v. Fonte, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99147, 2013-Ohio-3804, ¶ 68, citing State v. Dillon, 74

Ohio St.3d 166, 167, 657 N.E.2d 273 (1995).

{¶84} Two defense attorneys were initially assigned to Bell’s case. Bell filed to

disqualify one of the attorneys who had also moved to withdraw. Bell was dissatisfied with the

lack of attention to his case, and counsel admitted that his schedule was overloaded. On March

29, 2017, the trial court granted the request and assigned a new co-counsel.

{¶85} At the next pretrial on July 10, 2017, the newly appointed counsel appeared with

Bell’s co-counsel. The co-counsel reported that an inmate who had been represented by the

public defender’s office on six prior cases was listed as a state witness. The inmate informed

the public defender’s office that Bell was discussing the case in the holding cell and “made

incriminating statements” against Bell. (Tr. 29.)

{¶86} Counsel requested to withdraw based on the potential conflicts of interest. The

state informed counsel that the witness would not be called and that the statements were not part
of the state’s case. Bell denied that he had discussed the case with any of the inmates and

admitted that he did not believe there was a conflict of interest. Bell requested the withdrawal

because he did not agree with counsel on how the case was being handled.

{¶87} An indigent defendant is required to demonstrate that the relationship with counsel

“has broken down to such a degree as to jeopardize [the] right to effective assistance of counsel.”

(Citations omitted.) State v. Badran, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 90725, 2008-Ohio-6649, ¶ 8.

The trial court is required to inquire into the indigent defendant’s complaint regarding the

assigned counsel and to “make the inquiry part of the record.” (Citations omitted.) Id.

{¶88} The trial court conducted an extensive inquiry on the record in this case and

determined that a disagreement with one of two counsel about defense strategy does not rise to

the level required in Badran,

[Y]ou know, Mr. Bell, having two attorneys is to your advantage in a trial, and it’s
very common for clients to disagree with what their lawyers are telling them.
And they’re just doing their job letting you know what their analysis of the law is
so you can take that into account.

(Tr. 35.)

{¶89} The sixth assigned error also fails.

F. Prior Convictions

{¶90} In the seventh assigned error, Bell argues that the trial court wrongfully allowed

the introduction of a journal entry listing Bell’s prior convictions to demonstrate disability after

the state rested its case. We disagree.

{¶91} R.C. 2945.10 sets forth the “order of proceedings of trial” and states in pertinent

part:

The trial of an issue upon an indictment or information shall proceed before the
trial court or jury as follows:
 (C) The state must first produce its evidence and the defendant shall then produce
the defendant’s evidence.

(D) The state will then be confined to rebutting evidence, but the court, for good
reason, in furtherance of justice, may permit evidence to be offered by either side
out of its order.

R.C. 2945.10(C) and (D).

{¶92} Deviation from the order of proceedings is within the sound discretion of the trial

court. State v. Truhlar, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 103312, 2016-Ohio-5338, ¶ 38, citing

Columbus v. Grant, 1 Ohio App.3d 96, 439 N.E.2d 907 (10th Dist. 1981).

{¶93} Pursuant to Evid.R. 611(A)

The court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of
interrogating witnesses and presenting evidence so as to (1) make the
interrogation and presentation effective for the ascertainment of the truth, (2)
avoid needless consumption of time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or
undue embarrassment.

“Under this evidentiary rule, trial courts also have broad discretion and control over the order and

proceedings of a trial.” Truhlar at ¶ 40, citing State v. Presley, 10th Dist. Franklin No.

02AP-1354, 2003-Ohio-6069, ¶ 44.

{¶94} In light of the trial court’s broad discretion, and the evidence in the record that

Bell shot Hopper, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion. The seventh assigned

error lacks merit.

G. Admission of Hearsay Evidence

{¶95} Bell’s eighth assigned error challenges as hearsay the testimony by Officer

McNamara that Dowell was upset, crying, and difficult to speak with. “And then, I believe, at

one point she said, ‘my son.’” The state counters that the statement was admitted as an excited

utterance pursuant to Evid.R. 803(2).
 {¶96} An excited utterance under Evid.R. 803(2) is a “statement relating to a startling

event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress of excitement caused by the

event or condition.”

For an alleged excited utterance to be admissible, four prerequisites must be
satisfied: (1) a startling event produced a nervous excitement in the declarant, (2)
the statement was made while still under the stress of excitement caused by the
event, (3) the statement related to the startling event, and (4) the declarant
personally observed the startling event. See State v. Ray, 189 Ohio App.3d 292,
2010-Ohio-2348, 938 N.E.2d 378 (8th Dist.). There is no magic time limit to
determine whether a victim of domestic violence is making a statement under the
stress of a startling occurrence; these statements must “be analyzed in light of the
particular facts and circumstances in which [they were] made.” State v. Griffitts,
2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18755, 2002-Ohio-921, citing State v. Justice, 92 Ohio
App.3d 740, 746, 637 N.E.2d 85 (9th Dist.1994). Lewis was visibly upset and
crying; her face was swollen; and she had bruises on her face, as well as on her
neck when she made the statements to the police officers. In our view, the trial
court’s decision to admit these statements was reasonable.

Cleveland v. Williams, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 101588, 2015-Ohio-1739, ¶ 13.

{¶97} Officer McNamara testified that Dowell was running around and crying

hysterically, yelling “‘help, help. Help me.’” (Tr. 163.) During cross-examination, the officer

said that he did not know who Dowell was referring to when she said, “my son” and conceded

that she could have been referring to Hopper who she also viewed as a son. He added that, when

Dowell as sitting in the zone car at the scene, “she did state that her son was on the scene but had

fled the area.” (Tr. 164-165.) Dowell did not name the son, but the officer later learned that

Bell was her son.

{¶98} Hopper had just been shot and Dowell witnessed her son Bell leaving the scene.

The evidence demonstrates that Dowell was hysterical and distressed at the scene pursuant to

Evid.R. 802(3) as confirmed by Paige’s testimony. In addition, Dowell testified during trial that

Bell left the scene in Paige’s car, rendering any asserted error harmless. Crim.R. 52(A).
State v. Djuric, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87745, 2007-Ohio-413, ¶ 21, citing State v. Allen, 102

Ohio App.3d 696, 700-701, 657 N.E.2d 843 (8th Dist.1995).

{¶99} The eighth assigned error is without merit.

H. Admission of Other Acts Evidence

{¶100} Bell asserts under his ninth assigned error that the trial court’s admission of an

officer’s testimony that Paige reported that shots were fired into her residence days after the

incident was improper and requires a new trial, citing this court’s decision in In re C.T.,

2013-Ohio-2458, 991 N.E.2d 1171 (8th Dist.). Evid.R. 404(A) bars the admission of

“[e]vidence of a person’s character or trait of character” for the purpose of “proving action in

conformity therewith.”

{¶101} Without a defense objection before the trial court, we review for plain error.

To prevail under a plain error analysis, a defendant bears the burden of
demonstrating that, but for the error, the outcome of the trial clearly would have
been different. State v. Alexander, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87109,
2006-Ohio-4760; see Crim.R. 52(B). Notice of plain error “is to be taken with the
utmost caution, under exceptional circumstances and only to prevent a manifest
miscarriage of justice.” Id., citing State v. Long, 53 Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d
804 (1978).

State v. Mallette, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87984, 2007-Ohio-715, ¶ 12.

{¶102} In re C.T. was remanded to this court to apply the then newly developed

three-part test prescribed in State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 521, 2012-Ohio-5695, 983 N.E.2d

1278, to determine whether the evidence is admissible:

“‘The first step is to consider whether the other acts evidence is relevant to
making any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more or
less probable than it would be without the evidence, Evid.R. 401. The next step
is to consider whether evidence of the other crimes, wrongs, or acts is presented to
prove the character of the accused in order to show activity in conformity
therewith or whether the other acts evidence is presented for a legitimate purpose,
such as those stated in Evid.R. 404(B). The third step is to consider whether the
 probative value of the other acts evidence is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice. See Evid.R. 403.’”

In re C.T. at ¶ 16, quoting Williams at ¶ 20.

{¶103} Det. Ford testified that he and Det. Fischbach responded to the shooting report.

During cross-examination, Det. Ford added that it had “not been determined” whether the

shooting had any connection with Bell. (Tr. 287.)

{¶104} Evid.R. 404(B) does permit “such evidence to be introduced for other purposes,

such as for ‘proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or

absence of mistake or accident.’” In re C.T. at ¶ 6, citing Evid.R. 404(B).

{¶105} Addressing the first two steps, this court finds that the testimony that shots were

fired into Paige’s residence several days after the shooting “is not relevant to making any fact that

is of consequence to the determination of the action more or less probable” or that it was

represented to prove Bell’s conduct or character. Williams at ¶ 20. Police also testified that

they had not determined whether Bell was connected. In addition, Bell was in custody at the

time and had confessed to the shooting.

{¶106} Finally, as to the third prong of the test, based on the same facts supporting our

analysis of steps one and two, we do not find that the “probative value of the other acts evidence”

“was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” Id. Bell has not

demonstrated prejudice, that but for the admission of the testimony, the outcome of the trial

would have been different. Mallette, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87984, 2007-Ohio-715, ¶ 12,

citing Alexander, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 87109, 2006-Ohio-4760 and Crim.R. 52(B).

{¶107} The ninth assignment of error is also overruled.

I. Consecutive Sentences
 {¶108} This court observes, sua sponte, that the sentencing entry in this case did not

contain the requisite consecutive sentencing findings pursuant to R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). A

sentencing judgment must make three statutory findings prior to imposing consecutive sentences

and the findings must be incorporated in the journal entry. State v. Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209,

2014-Ohio- 3177, 16 N.E.3d 659, ¶ 29. A trial court must find that consecutive sentences are

“necessary to protect the public from future crime or to punish the offender.” R.C.

2929.14(C)(4). The trial court must also find that “consecutive sentences are not

disproportionate to the seriousness of the offender’s conduct and to the danger the offender poses

to the public.” Id.

{¶109} Finally, the trial court must find that at least one of the following applies:

(a) The offender committed one or more of the multiple offenses while the
offender was awaiting trial or sentencing, was under a sanction * * *, or was
under postrelease control for a prior offense.

(b) At least two of the multiple offenses were committed as part of one or more
courses of conduct, and the harm caused by two or more of the multiple offenses
so committed was so great or unusual that no single prison term for any of the
offenses committed as part of any of the courses of conduct adequately reflects the
seriousness of the offender’s conduct.

(c) The offender’s history of criminal conduct demonstrates that consecutive
sentences are necessary to protect the public from future crime by the offender.

R.C. 2929.14(C)(4).

{¶110} The trial court advised Bell that consecutive sentences were (1) “necessary to

protect our community and [to] punish you,” (2) “not disproportionate to your acts in this

matter,” (3) appropriate because “a single term would not adequately reflect the seriousness of

your conduct,” and (4) it is “clear that this sentence will be required to protect the public.” (Tr.
425.) The trial court also cited Bell’s criminal history and that Bell was on postrelease control at

the time of the shooting.

{¶111} The trial court’s findings on the record satisfy R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). However,
the trial court failed to incorporate its findings in the journal entry.

A trial court’s inadvertent failure to incorporate the statutory findings in the
sentencing entry after properly making those findings at the sentencing hearing
does not render the sentence contrary to law; rather, such a clerical mistake may
be corrected by the court through a nunc pro tunc entry to reflect what actually
occurred in open court.

Bonnell, 140 Ohio St.3d 209, 2014-Ohio-3177, 16 N.E.2d 659, ¶ 30.

IV. Conclusion

{¶112} Bell’s convictions and sentences are affirmed. The case is remanded for the

limited purpose of issuing a nunc pro tunc entry incorporating the required statutory findings for

consecutive sentences.

It is ordered that appellee recover of appellant costs herein taxed.

The court finds there were reasonable grounds for this appeal.

It is ordered that a special mandate be sent to the common pleas court to carry this

judgment into execution.

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to Rule 27 of the

Rules of Appellate Procedure.

__________________________________________
ANITA LASTER MAYS, JUDGE

SEAN C. GALLAGHER, P.J., and
FRANK D. CELEBREZZE, JR., J., CONCUR