IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-1822
Filed February 6, 2019
STATE OF IOWA,
Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
JUSTIN COLE MOORE,
Defendant-Appellant.
________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Fayette County, John J.
Bauercamper, Judge.
Defendant appeals his conviction and sentence for child endangerment
resulting in serious injury. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Vidhya K. Reddy, Assistant
Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Tyler J. Buller, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Vogel, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and McDonald, JJ.
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VOGEL, Chief Judge.
Justin Cole Moore appeals his conviction and sentence for the crime of child
endangerment resulting in serious injury, in violation of Iowa Code sections
726.6(1)(a) and 726.6(5) (2016). Moore asserts he received ineffective assistance
of counsel because his counsel failed to object to a jury instruction addressing his
out-of-court statements and did not request an instruction defining “reasonable
degree of medical certainty.” Also, Moore argues restitution should be removed
from his written sentencing order and the district court failed to assess his ability
to pay. We find counsel was not ineffective and Moore has not exhausted his
remedies under Iowa Code section 910.7 for his restitution claims.
I. Background Facts and Proceedings
On August 30, 2016, Moore was caring for his girlfriend’s son, E.B., while
the girlfriend was at work. At 9:07 that evening, the girlfriend called Moore, who
reported he was playing video games while E.B. was asleep and asked if she
would pick up brownies from his mother on the way home. The girlfriend called
again at 9:11, and Moore reported E.B. had fallen in the bathroom but assured her
E.B. “was okay now.” The girlfriend arrived home later, after stopping by Moore’s
mother’s home, and she found Moore in the master bedroom, cradling E.B. The
girlfriend testified E.B. was “fighting” to breathe, his neck was limp, his eyes were
open and rolled back in his head, and his arms and legs were “stiff like a board,
like he couldn’t move them.”
E.B. was taken to the local hospital’s emergency room. A nurse described
E.B. as “lethargic, nonresponsive, ashen gray” and, at the time he was admitted,
the nurse thought E.B. may die. E.B.’s injuries included lips that were “chapped
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but almost like a corrosive burn,” dried blood near his left ear, and bruising on his
forehead, spine, neck, buttocks, and groin. He was quickly transported to
University of Iowa hospital, where he was diagnosed with considerable internal
organ damage and head trauma requiring extensive surgery and a lengthy healing
process.
According to Moore’s explanation to the police, Moore was playing video
games in the living room when he heard a “loud bang or boom.” He claimed E.B.
had fallen off a short step stool while attempting to use the toilet, and Moore found
E.B. “splayed out on the floor with his pants down” with a “bashed” lip. Moore
picked up E.B., cleaned the blood, changed his pajamas, and cradled E.B. in the
master bedroom until the girlfriend arrived home.
After an investigation into E.B.’s injuries, Moore was charged with child
endangerment resulting in serious injury in September 2016. Trial was held over
the course of three days in September 2017. The jury returned a guilty verdict,
after which Moore was sentenced to a term of incarceration not to exceed ten
years. Moore appeals.
II. Standard of Review
“A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel requires a de novo review
because the claim is derived from the Sixth Amendment of the United States
Constitution.” Bowman v. State, 710 N.W.2d 200, 204 (Iowa 2006).
We have held that [Iowa Code] section 910.2 authorizes a
sentencing court to order restitution for court costs and attorney fees
only to the extent of the defendant’s reasonable ability to pay the
amount ordered. We have also held that a defendant who seeks to
upset an order for restitution for those items has the burden to
demonstrate a failure of the trial court to exercise discretion or abuse
of discretion.
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State v. Kaelin, 362 N.W.2d 526, 528 (Iowa 1985) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). “A determination of reasonableness . . . is more appropriately
based on the [defendant’s] ability to pay the current installments than his [or her]
ability to ultimately pay the total amount due.” State v. Van Hoff, 415 N.W.2d 647,
649 (Iowa 1987).
III. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
For Moore to prevail on his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims, he
must show counsel failed to perform an essential duty and such failure resulted in
prejudice. State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa 2006) (citing Strickland v.
Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 987–88 (1984)). Both must be proven by a
preponderance of the evidence. Ledezma v. State, 626 N.W.2d 134, 142 (Iowa
2001). “To establish the first prong, the [claimant] must demonstrate the attorney
performed below the standard demanded of a reasonably competent attorney.” Id.
For the second prong, “[p]rejudice exists where the claimant proves by ‘a
reasonable probability that, but for the counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result
of the proceeding would have been different.’” State v. Maxwell, 743 N.W.2d 185,
196 (Iowa 2008) (quoting Bowman, 710 N.W.2d at 203). We find the record
adequate to resolve Moore’s claims. See State v. Johnson, 784 N.W.2d 192, 198
(Iowa 2010) (“[I]f a defendant wishes to have an ineffective-assistance claim
resolved on direct appeal, the defendant will be required to establish an adequate
record to allow the appellate court to address the issue.”).
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a. Jury Instruction Pertaining to the Defendant’s Out-of-Court
Statements
Moore first asserts his counsel was ineffective by failing to object to a jury
instruction that Moore believes misstated the law and incorrectly instructed jurors
to consider his out-of-court statements as if they were made at trial. The
challenged instruction provides, “Evidence has been offered to show that the
defendant made statements at an earlier time and place. If you find any of the
statements were made, then you may consider them as part of the evidence, just
as if they had been made at this trial.” Moore argues,
[T]he district court erred in instructing the jury that they could
consider Moore’s out of court statements “just as if they had been
made at this trial.” While the rules of evidence provide that
statements of party opponents are admissible, the rule of evidence
and the rationale underlying the hearsay exception provides no
authority to require the jury to consider the statements as bearing the
same weight as testimony received at trial, made under oath and
under penalty of perjury. Instead the jury should have been free to
assign whatever weight and reliability to the statements as it saw fit.
As the State points out, this issue has been addressed by our court in a
number of unpublished opinions, and we have consistently held the failure to
challenge this instruction does not amount to a breach of an essential duty. 1 This
1
See, e.g., State v. Garcia, No. 17-0111, 2018 WL 3913668, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Aug. 15,
2018) (collecting cases where counsel was not ineffective by failing to object to an
instruction that informed the jury it could consider a defendant’s out-of-court statements
“just as if they had been made at trial” and finding the instruction to be proper); State v.
Yenger, No. 17-0592, 2018 WL 3060251, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. June 20, 2018) (“Although
the challenged instructional language does not appear in [Iowa Rule of Evidence]
5.801(d)(2), we believe it is a correct statement of the law.”); State v. Hayes, No. 17-0563,
2018 WL 2722782, at *5 (Iowa Ct. App. June 6, 2018) (finding counsel was not ineffective
and noting “[t]his court recently held [the] instruction correctly states the law and giving the
instruction was not in error”); State v. Payne, No. 16-1672, 2018 WL 1182624, at *9 (Iowa
Ct. App. Mar. 7, 2018) (“The instruction did not direct the jury to assign the statement any
particular weight or unduly emphasize the matter, nor did it create an improper permissive
inference or presumption.”); State v. Wynn, No. 16-2150, 2018 WL 769272, at *2–3 (Iowa
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instruction mirrors the Iowa State Bar Association Model Criminal Jury Instruction
number 200.44, adopted September 2003. Therefore, we conclude counsel did
not breach an essential duty in failing to object to this instruction.
b. Jury Instruction on a “Reasonable Degree of Medical Certainty”
Next, Moore asserts his counsel was ineffective by failing to request or
object to the omission of a jury instruction defining the phrase, “reasonable degree
of medical certainty.” At trial, both Julia Shelton, M.D., who operated on E.B., and
Resmiye Oral, M.D., testified about E.B.’s injuries employing the reasonable-
degree-of-medical-certainty standard. No instruction was presented to or
requested for the jury to define this standard. However, the State argues “no court
anywhere in the United States has required courts to instruct juries on the definition
of ‘reasonable degree of medical certainty,’” and notes Moore does not provide
any authority to support such requirement.
District courts “shall instruct the jury as to the law applicable to all material
issues in the case.” Iowa R. Civ. P. 1.924. Moore does not cite any case law
demonstrating the requirement for a defining instruction for this phrase. Since
case law does not require a jury instruction on the definition of “reasonable degree
of medical certainty,” we find counsel’s failure to request or object to the omission
of a jury instruction defining this phrase does not amount to a breach of an
essential duty.
Ct. App. Feb. 7, 2018) (concluding the instruction “makes no reference to a presumption
or an inference”); State v. Wineinger, No. 16-1471, 2017 WL 6027727, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App.
Nov. 22, 2017) (concluding the instruction was “a correct statement of law”); State v.
Tucker, No. 13-1790, 2015 WL 405970, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 28, 2015) (stating “[t]he
instruction is taken verbatim from a model instruction” and is not misleading).
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Moreover, even if counsel had breached an essential duty, Moore must
show prejudice resulted from the breach. Prejudice is established by showing
“there is a reasonable probability that, but for the counsel’s unprofessional errors,
the result of the proceeding would have been different.” State v. Hopkins, 576
N.W.2d 374, 378 (Iowa 1998) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694). Moore asserts
he was prejudiced because the State’s case relied heavily on the doctors’ opinions
and without defining “reasonable degree of medical certainty,” the jury was unable
to determine the proper weight to give to the doctors’ opinions. The State also
asserts the plain meaning of “reasonable,” “degree,” “medical,” and “certainty” can
all be readily understood by “ordinary jurors,” which should not compel further
explanation. We agree. Moreover, Moore does not provide support for this
assertion that a definition of the phrase is required to aid the jury. Therefore, we
find Moore has failed to show there is a “reasonable probability” that the
“proceeding would have been different” had a defining instruction been provided.
See id.
IV. Imposition of Jail Fees and Restitution
Finally, Moore claims the district court inappropriately imposed restitution in
the form of jail fees and asserts the district court failed to assess Moore’s ability to
pay. The court ordered:
JAIL FEE. The defendant is ordered to pay a fee established by the
sheriff for room and board at the county jail, pursuant to Section
356.7, Code of Iowa. The jail fee shall apply to all days actually
served, including those days where credit is given for time previously
served. In the event the defendant fails to pay such fee, judgment is
imposed against the defendant in favor of this county in an amount
to be certified by the sheriff to the clerk of district court.
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However, no plan of restitution, no certification by the sheriff, and no approval of
fees had been filed at the time of sentencing. See State v. Jackson, 601 N.W.2d
354, 357 (Iowa 1999) (concluding that “[i]f the sheriff fails to certify any room and
board costs, the defendant will have no obligation to make restitution for room and
board at the jail,” and “the court is not required to give consideration to the
defendant’s ability to pay” when a plan of restitution was not complete). The State
argues Moore’s claim is premature and he has failed to exhaust his remedies
under Iowa Code section 910.7. We agree.2 “Iowa Code section 910.7 permits
an offender who is dissatisfied with the amount of restitution required by the plan
to petition the district court for a modification. Unless that remedy has been
exhausted, we have no basis for reviewing the issue in this court.” Id.; see also
Iowa Code § 910.7(1); Kaelin, 362 N.W.2d at 528 (“We have recognized that a
defendant may directly appeal a sentence requiring restitution, but a modification
proceeding in district court is likely to be a simpler and more effective remedy in
most cases.”). We find Moore’s relief would be better addressed by the
modification methods provided in Iowa Code section 910.7.
2
If a restitution plan of payment had been included in the sentencing order, then our court
could have considered this issue on direct appeal. See State v. Kurtz, 878 N.W.2d 469,
472 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016) (stating a defendant may appeal a restitution order, including a
district court’s failure to determine his or her ability to pay when “the plan of restitution and
the restitution plan of payment were part of the sentencing order”).
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V. Conclusion
We find Moore has not established he received ineffective assistance of
counsel and his restitution claims are better addressed under the remedies of Iowa
Code section 910.7.
AFFIRMED.
State of Iowa v. Justin Cole Moore
Combined Opinion