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02/08/2019 08:09 AM CST
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
301 Nebraska R eports
FRANCISCO v. GONZALEZ
Cite as 301 Neb. 1045
Eulalia Miguel Francisco, appellant, v.
Sergio R emigio De Leon Gonzalez, appellee.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed January 4, 2019. No. S-18-329.
1. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A jurisdictional question which does
not involve a factual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a
matter of law.
2. Jurisdiction: Service of Process: Waiver. Proper service, or a waiver
by voluntary appearance, is necessary to acquire personal jurisdiction
over a defendant.
3. Jurisdiction: Service of Process. Where a party serves by publication
but fails to comply with Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-520.01 (Reissue 2016), the
district court lacks personal jurisdiction over the defendant.
4. Judgments: Jurisdiction. A judgment entered without personal juris-
diction is void.
5. Judgments: Final Orders: Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. A void
order is a nullity which cannot constitute a judgment or final order that
confers appellate jurisdiction on this court.
6. Judgments: Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. An appellate court has
the power to determine whether it lacks jurisdiction over an appeal
because the lower court lacked jurisdiction to enter the order; to vacate
a void order; and, if necessary, to remand the cause with appropri-
ate directions.
Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: W.
Russell Bowie III, Judge. Vacated and dismissed.
David V. Chipman, of Monzón Guerra & Associates, and
Dorian E. Rojas, of Immigrant Legal Center, an affiliate of the
Justice for Our Neighbors Network, for appellant.
No appearance for appellee.
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
301 Nebraska R eports
FRANCISCO v. GONZALEZ
Cite as 301 Neb. 1045
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Papik, J.
A Nebraska statute, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-520.01 (Reissue
2016), requires a party providing service by publication to
mail a copy of the published notice to those individuals having
an interest in the action whose name and post office address
are known. The same statute requires the party serving by
publication to file an affidavit stating that the party and his or
her attorney, “after diligent investigation and inquiry,” were
unable to ascertain and do not know the address of any parties
having an interest who were not mailed a copy of the pub-
lished notice. In this case, Eulalia Miguel Francisco (Eulalia)
sought paternity and custody determinations concerning two
children. The district court made such determinations concern-
ing one child, but declined to do so with respect to the other
child, because it found that Eulalia failed to comply with
§ 25-520.01. On appeal, we find that Eulalia did not comply
with § 25-520.01 and that thus, the district court lacked juris-
diction to enter any of the relief sought. As a result, we vacate
the district court’s orders and dismiss the appeal.
BACKGROUND
Eulalia brought this action against Sergio Remigio De Leon
Gonzalez (Sergio). In Eulalia’s complaint, she alleged that
Sergio was the father of both of her children: Christopher
Darinel De Leon Miguel, born in 2010, and Yamileth Lizbeth
De Leon Miguel, born in 2016. She asked that Sergio be
declared the father of the children and that she be awarded sole
physical and legal custody.
She also asked that the court make certain specific findings.
She asked that the court find that reunification with Sergio was
not viable due to abandonment and neglect and that it was not
in the children’s best interests to return to Guatemala. Eulalia
moved from Guatemala to Omaha, Nebraska, while pregnant
with Yamileth. The specific findings Eulalia requested would
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
301 Nebraska R eports
FRANCISCO v. GONZALEZ
Cite as 301 Neb. 1045
have allowed for an application for special immigrant juvenile
status under federal law. See In re Guardianship of Carlos D.,
300 Neb. 646, 915 N.W.2d 581 (2018).
Eulalia filed a motion requesting that she be allowed to
serve Sergio by publication. In support of the motion, Eulalia
submitted an affidavit which stated that she had not had con-
tact with Sergio in nearly 2 years, that she did not know of any
friends or family that knew Sergio’s whereabouts, and that she
knew of no other way to locate him. The district court granted
the motion for service by publication, and thereafter, notice
was published in The Daily Record of Omaha, a legal newspa-
per in Douglas County.
After a hearing on the matter at which Eulalia appeared
with counsel and testified and Sergio did not appear and was
not represented, the district court entered an order declaring
Sergio to be the father of the children and awarding Eulalia
sole physical and legal custody of the children. The district
court declined to find that it was in the children’s best interests
to remain in the United States and not to return to Guatemala.
Desiring the specific findings the district court declined to
make, Eulalia filed a timely motion to alter or amend. But,
after another hearing, the district court again declined to
make the requested findings. Additionally, the district court
found that its earlier order establishing paternity and award-
ing Eulalia custody of Christopher should be vacated under
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1411 (Reissue 2016), because the pro-
ceeding to establish paternity was not filed within 4 years of
Christopher’s birth.
Eulalia then filed another motion to alter or amend, this time
requesting that the district court declare Sergio to be the father
of Christopher and award Eulalia custody of Christopher. It
also again requested the specific finding that it was in the chil-
dren’s best interests to remain in the United States and not to
return to Guatemala.
The district court denied Eulalia’s second motion to alter or
amend. In its written order, the court stated that while Eulalia
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
301 Nebraska R eports
FRANCISCO v. GONZALEZ
Cite as 301 Neb. 1045
obtained leave to serve Sergio by publication, she did not
comply with a Nebraska statute “by mailing a copy of the pub-
lished notice to the defendant’s last known place of residence,
or filing an affidavit required by that statute.” While the statute
cited by the district court, Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-512.01 (Reissue
2016), pertains to service on a partnership, the context suggests
that the district court found that Eulalia failed to comply with
§ 25-520.01.
The district court determined that because Eulalia failed to
constructively serve Sergio, it did not have personal jurisdic-
tion over him. In addition, the district court stated that because
Sergio was not provided with notice that was reasonably cal-
culated to inform him of this action, any orders against him
would not comport with procedural due process.
Eulalia filed a timely appeal.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Eulalia assigns the following errors by the district court:
(1) finding that Eulalia did not properly serve Sergio, (2) find-
ing that it lacked jurisdiction to establish paternity and award
custody with respect to Christopher, and (3) failing to find that
it was in the children’s best interests to remain in the United
States and not return to Guatemala.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] A jurisdictional question which does not involve a fac-
tual dispute is determined by an appellate court as a matter of
law. State on behalf of Marcelo K. & Rycki K. v. Ricky K., 300
Neb. 179, 912 N.W.2d 747 (2018).
ANALYSIS
[2,3] The district court ultimately refused to grant Eulalia
the relief she sought in her final motion to alter or amend
because it found that Eulalia had not complied with the stat-
utory requirements for service by publication set forth in
§ 25-520.01. Proper service, or a waiver by voluntary appear-
ance, is necessary to acquire personal jurisdiction over a
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
301 Nebraska R eports
FRANCISCO v. GONZALEZ
Cite as 301 Neb. 1045
defendant. Johnson v. Johnson, 282 Neb. 42, 803 N.W.2d 420
(2011). Where a party serves by publication but fails to comply
with § 25-520.01, the district court lacks personal jurisdiction
over the defendant. See, Farmers Co-op. Mercantile Co. v.
Sidner, 175 Neb. 94, 120 N.W.2d 537 (1963); In re Adoption of
Leslie P., 8 Neb. App. 954, 604 N.W.2d 853 (2000).
[4] A judgment entered without personal jurisdiction is void.
Johnson v. Johnson, supra. Because the district court’s power
to order any of the substantive relief Eulalia contends it should
have turns on whether service was proper, we begin our analy-
sis there.
Compliance With § 25-520.01.
Service by publication, while constitutionally permitted in
some circumstances, is a poor bet to provide actual notice to
a party of an action that affects his or her rights. As the U.S.
Supreme Court observed in Mullane v. Central Hanover Tr.
Co., 339 U.S. 306, 315, 70 S. Ct. 652, 94 L. Ed. 865 (1950):
Chance alone brings to the attention of even a local
resident an advertisement in small type inserted in the
back pages of a newspaper, and if he makes his home
outside the area of the newspaper’s normal circulation the
odds that the information will never reach him are large
indeed.
Based on the recognition that notice by publication is unlikely
to provide actual notice, the Court held in Mullane that it was
inconsistent with due process for known beneficiaries of a
trust with a known place of residence to receive only notice by
publication of an action affecting their rights.
Enacted within a decade of Mullane, § 25-520.01 requires a
party providing notice by publication to also take steps beyond
publication. Section 25-520.01 provides:
In any action or proceeding of any kind or nature
. . . where a notice by publication is given as authorized
by law, a party instituting or maintaining the action or
proceeding with respect to notice or his attorney shall
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
301 Nebraska R eports
FRANCISCO v. GONZALEZ
Cite as 301 Neb. 1045
within five days after the first publication of notice send
by United States mail a copy of such published notice
to each and every party appearing to have a direct legal
interest in such action or proceeding whose name and post
office address are known to him. Proof by affidavit of the
mailing of such notice shall be made by the party or his
attorney and shall be filed with the officer with whom
filings are required to be made in such action or proceed-
ing within ten days after mailing of such notice. Such
affidavit of mailing of notice shall further be required to
state that such party and his attorney, after diligent inves-
tigation and inquiry, were unable to ascertain and do not
know the post office address of any other party appearing
to have a direct legal interest in such action or proceed-
ing other than those to whom notice has been mailed
in writing.
Eulalia does not dispute that for purposes of § 25-520.01,
Sergio has a “direct legal interest” in this proceeding. Because
Sergio has such an interest, § 25-520.01 required Eulalia
to mail Sergio a copy of the published notice if his address
was “known to [her].” This language has been interpreted
to require that notice be sent to the “last known address” of
persons with an interest in the proceeding. See In re Adoption
of Leslie P., 8 Neb. App. at 960, 604 N.W.2d at 858. At oral
argument, Eulalia’s counsel conceded that Eulalia would have
known Sergio’s address at the time she departed Guatemala.
Eulalia did not, however, mail a copy of the published notice
to Sergio’s last known address.
Despite not sending notice to Sergio’s last known address,
Eulalia argues that the district court erred by concluding that
she failed to comply with § 25-520.01. She contends that
because she did not know Sergio’s whereabouts at the time
of publication, she was not required to mail a copy of the
published notice. Section 25-520.01 contemplates that there
may be situations in which the location of parties having an
interest in a proceeding is not known. In such cases, however,
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
301 Nebraska R eports
FRANCISCO v. GONZALEZ
Cite as 301 Neb. 1045
under § 25-520.01, the party relying on service by publica-
tion must file an affidavit stating that “such party and his
attorney, after diligent investigation and inquiry, were unable
to ascertain and do not know the post office address” of any
parties having an interest who were not mailed a copy of the
published notice.
Eulalia argues that she filed an affidavit that excuses her
from not mailing a copy of the published notice to Sergio and
satisfies § 25-520.01. The affidavit Eulalia points to is the affi-
davit she filed in support of her motion to serve by publication.
As noted above, the affidavit stated only that she had not had
contact with Sergio in nearly 2 years, that she did not know
any friends or family who knew his whereabouts, and that she
did not know of any other way to locate him. Even though
§ 25-520.01 seems to require the filing of a separate affidavit
after publication, Eulalia argues that her affidavit filed before-
hand contains the content required by § 25-520.01 and that
she should thus not be required to file an additional affidavit
after publication.
Even if we were to assume that an affidavit filed in support
of a motion to serve by publication could satisfy § 25-520.01,
we find that Eulalia’s affidavit does not do so for a number
of reasons. Section 25-520.01 requires that the affidavit state
that both the party and her attorney were unable to ascertain
the address after “diligent investigation and inquiry.” Eulalia’s
affidavit makes no reference at all to Eulalia’s attorney, let
alone to diligent efforts her attorney conducted to attempt to
locate Sergio.
Neither does the affidavit refer to any investigation or
inquiry of Sergio’s whereabouts undertaken by Eulalia. It
simply states that she does not know where he is or how to
locate him. Eulalia contends this is sufficient, apparently tak-
ing the position that there was nothing she could possibly
do to locate Sergio. As noted above, however, Eulalia knew
where Sergio lived prior to her departure from Guatemala.
Because Eulalia’s affidavit provides no indication that she or
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
301 Nebraska R eports
FRANCISCO v. GONZALEZ
Cite as 301 Neb. 1045
her attorney attempted to determine whether Sergio still lived
where Eulalia once knew him to live, we cannot say she dem-
onstrated a reasonably diligent investigation and inquiry. See
In re Interest of A.W., 224 Neb. 764, 768, 401 N.W.2d 477,
480 (1987) (“a search which makes no effort to determine
where the subject of the search was last known to be and which
makes no effort to check whether the subject is still there can-
not be considered reasonably diligent”).
Compliance with § 25-520.01 would not have guaranteed
that Sergio would receive actual notice of this proceeding.
Sergio may no longer live at the same address. A diligent
search to locate him may have proved fruitless. Even so, in
§ 25-520.01, the Legislature required that a person seeking to
accomplish service by publication take measures in addition
to publication in an attempt to provide actual notice. Because
Eulalia failed to comply with § 25-520.01, her constructive
service was improper and the district court lacked personal
jurisdiction over Sergio.
Proper Disposition of Appeal.
While the district court denied Eulalia the relief she sought
concerning Christopher because it determined it lacked per-
sonal jurisdiction over Sergio, it did not vacate its earlier
order determining paternity and custody as to Yamileth. As
Eulalia correctly points out, the district court could not have
had personal jurisdiction over Sergio for purposes of one child
and lack it for the other child. Eulalia is incorrect, however,
to the extent that she suggests that this incongruence in the
district court’s orders allows us to ignore the lack of personal
jurisdiction over Sergio and proceed to the merits of the relief
Eulalia seeks.
[5,6] In fact, the lack of personal jurisdiction over Sergio
requires just the opposite. As noted above, an order entered
by a court without personal jurisdiction is void. Johnson v.
Johnson, 282 Neb. 42, 803 N.W.2d 420 (2011). And a void
order is a nullity which cannot constitute a judgment or final
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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
301 Nebraska R eports
FRANCISCO v. GONZALEZ
Cite as 301 Neb. 1045
order that confers appellate jurisdiction on this court. In re
Interest of Trey H., 281 Neb. 760, 798 N.W.2d 607 (2011).
Even when appellate jurisdiction is lacking, however, an appel-
late court has the power to determine whether it lacks jurisdic-
tion over an appeal because the lower court lacked jurisdiction
to enter the order; to vacate a void order; and, if necessary, to
remand the cause with appropriate directions. Id.
CONCLUSION
In light of the foregoing, and because the orders of the
district court that purported to determine paternity and award
custody of Yamileth were made without personal jurisdiction
and were thus void, Eulalia has not appealed from a final order
or judgment. We therefore vacate the orders entered by the
district court as to Yamileth and dismiss the appeal for lack
of jurisdiction.
Vacated and dismissed.