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NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
IN THE INTEREST OF: A.J., A MINOR
: IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF
: PENNSYLVANIA
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APPEAL OF: K.M., NATURAL MOTHER : No. 1138 WDA 2018
Appeal from the Order Entered July 13, 2018
in the Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County
Orphans’ Court at No(s): CP-02-AP-0000091-2018
BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., SHOGAN, J., and MUSMANNO, J.
MEMORANDUM BY MUSMANNO, J.: FILED FEBRUARY 12, 2019
K.M. (“Mother”) appeals from the Order granting the Petition filed by the
Allegheny County Office of Children, Youth and Families (“CYF”), involuntarily
terminating her parental rights to her minor daughter, A.J. (“Child”), born in
May 2008.1 We affirm.
The record reveals that CYF has a lengthy history of involvement with
this family, dating back to 2011. N.T., 6/22/18, at 61. Most recently, CYF
opened a case in May 2014, due to deplorable conditions in the family’s home.
Id. at 61-62. The home was dirty and infested with flies, ants, and roaches.
Id. at 62. CYF also had concerns regarding neglect of Child. Id. Importantly,
Child exhibits several special needs. Child’s diagnoses include autism
1The Order also involuntarily terminated the parental rights of Child’s father,
D.J. (“Father”). Father did not appeal the termination of his parental rights,
nor did he file a brief in connection with Mother’s appeal.
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spectrum disorder, 12P duplication syndrome,2 and seizure disorder. CYF
Exhibit 3 (May and June 2018 psychological evaluation report) at 3. Child also
displays cognitive limitations and communication difficulties, including, inter
alia, mumbling, discomfort when interacting with individuals who are
unfamiliar to her, and difficulty recognizing and understanding emotions. See
id. at 3-4 (detailing Child’s cognitive and communication difficulties).
The family’s problems persisted after CYF opened its case. The family
moved into a new home at a time unspecified in the record, but soon it became
infested with bed bugs and roaches. See CYF Exhibit 2 (Dependency Orders).
The family moved again in October 2014. Id. However, by December 2015,
bed bugs and roaches again infested their home. Id. The family also failed
to maintain the utilities in their home, with water service being shut off once
and gas service being shut off twice. Id. The Orphans’ Court adjudicated
Child dependent on December 2, 2015, but allowed her to remain in Mother’s
care. Id.
This arrangement continued for less than four months. N.T., 6/22/18,
at 64. On March 22, 2016, Child’s guardian ad litem (“GAL”), KidsVoice, filed
a Motion requesting Child’s removal due to conditions in the family’s home
and the parents’ treatment of Child. Id. The Orphans’ Court directed CYF to
2 12P duplication syndrome “is a rare chromosomal disorder that results in
physical abnormalities, combined developmental delays, [] learning
disabilities, and abnormal muscle tone.” CYF Exhibit 3 (May and June 2018
psychological evaluation report) at 3.
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investigate and request emergency custody if necessary. See CYF Exhibit 2
(Dependency Orders). The court entered an Order for emergency protective
custody the following day and entered a shelter care Order on April 4, 2016.
Id. In a permanency review Order entered April 5, 2016, the court explained
that it had removed Child due to a bug infestation and cleanliness problems
in the home, a lack of appropriate supervision and parenting, and
inappropriate discipline, including “taping [Child] to a chair with duct tape,
spanking, [and] throwing [Child] across the room,” among other things. Id.
On April 18, 2018, CYF filed a Petition to involuntarily terminate Mother’s
parental rights to Child.3 The Orphans’ Court conducted a termination hearing
on June 22, 2018, and July 12, 2018. On July 13, 2018, the parties
reconvened and the court announced its decision to terminate Mother’s rights.
The Orphans’ Court entered an Order memorializing its decision later that day.
Mother timely filed a Notice of Appeal on August 10, 2018, along with a
Concise Statement of errors complained of on appeal, pursuant to Pa.R.A.P.
1925(a)(2)(i).
Mother now raises the following claims for our review:
1. Did the [Orphans’ C]ourt abuse its discretion and/or err as a
matter of law in granting the petition to involuntarily terminate
Mother’s parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.[A.]
§[]2511(a)(2), (5), and (8)?
3 On May 15, 2018, Child’s GAL filed a Motion for appointment of separate
counsel. The Orphans’ Court granted the GAL’s Motion on May 18, 2018, and
appointed the Office of Conflict Counsel to represent Child’s legal interests.
James J. Robertson, Esquire (“Attorney Robertson”), thereafter entered his
appearance on behalf of Child.
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2. Did the [Orphans’ C]ourt abuse its discretion and/or err as a
matter of law in concluding that CYF met its burden of proving by
clear and convincing evidence that termination of Mother’s
parental rights would best serve the needs and welfare of the
[C]hild pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.[A.] §[]2511(b)?
Mother’s Brief at 6.
In reviewing an appeal from an Order terminating parental rights, we
adhere to the following standard:
The standard of review in termination of parental rights cases
requires appellate courts to accept the findings of fact and
credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported
by the record. If the factual findings are supported, appellate
courts review to determine if the trial court made an error of law
or abused its discretion. A decision may be reversed for an abuse
of discretion only upon demonstration of manifest
unreasonableness, partiality, prejudice, bias, or ill-will. The trial
court’s decision, however, should not be reversed merely because
the record would support a different result. We have previously
emphasized our deference to trial courts that often have first-hand
observations of the parties spanning multiple hearings.
In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d 251, 267 (Pa. 2013) (citations and quotation marks
omitted).
Section 2511 of the Adoption Act governs involuntary termination of
parental rights. See 23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511. It requires a bifurcated analysis:
Initially, the focus is on the conduct of the parent. The party
seeking termination must prove by clear and convincing evidence
that the parent’s conduct satisfies the statutory grounds for
termination delineated in Section 2511(a). Only if the court
determines that the parent’s conduct warrants termination of his
or her parental rights does the court engage in the second part of
the analysis pursuant to Section 2511(b): determination of the
needs and welfare of the child under the standard of best interests
of the child. One major aspect of the needs and welfare analysis
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concerns the nature and status of the emotional bond between
parent and child, with close attention paid to the effect on the child
of permanently severing any such bond.
In re L.M., 923 A.2d 505, 511 (Pa. Super. 2007) (citations omitted); see
also In re R.N.J., 985 A.2d 273, 276 (Pa. Super. 2009) (stating that “[t]he
standard of clear and convincing evidence is defined as testimony that is so
clear, direct, weighty and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to
a clear conviction, without hesitance, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.”
(citation and quotation marks omitted)).
In the instant matter, the Orphans’ Court terminated Mother’s parental
rights pursuant to Section 2511(a)(2), (5), (8), and (b). We need only agree
with the court as to any one subsection of Section 2511(a), as well as Section
2511(b), to affirm. In re B.L.W., 843 A.2d 380, 384 (Pa. Super. 2004) (en
banc). Here, we analyze the court’s decision pursuant to Section 2511(a)(2)
and (b), which provide as follows:
(a) General rule.--The rights of a parent in regard to a child may
be terminated after a petition filed on any of the following
grounds:
***
(2) The repeated and continued incapacity, abuse,
neglect or refusal of the parent has caused the child
to be without essential parental care, control or
subsistence necessary for his physical or mental well-
being and the conditions and causes of the incapacity,
abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will not be
remedied by the parent.
***
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(b) Other considerations.--The court in terminating the rights
of a parent shall give primary consideration to the developmental,
physical and emotional needs and welfare of the child. The rights
of a parent shall not be terminated solely on the basis of
environmental factors such as inadequate housing, furnishings,
income, clothing and medical care if found to be beyond the
control of the parent. With respect to any petition filed pursuant
to subsection (a)(1), (6) or (8), the court shall not consider any
efforts by the parent to remedy the conditions described therein
which are first initiated subsequent to the giving of notice of the
filing of the petition.
23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2511(a)(2), (b).
We begin by addressing whether the Orphans’ Court abused its
discretion pursuant to Section 2511(a)(2).
In order to terminate parental rights pursuant to 23 Pa.C.S.A.
§ 2511(a)(2), the following three elements must be met: (1)
repeated and continued incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal; (2)
such incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal has caused the child to
be without essential parental care, control or subsistence
necessary for his physical or mental well-being; and (3) the
causes of the incapacity, abuse, neglect or refusal cannot or will
not be remedied.
In re Adoption of M.E.P., 825 A.2d 1266, 1272 (Pa. Super. 2003) (citation
omitted). “The grounds for termination due to parental incapacity that cannot
be remedied are not limited to affirmative misconduct. To the contrary, those
grounds may include acts of refusal as well as incapacity to perform parental
duties.” In re A.L.D., 797 A.2d 326, 337 (Pa. Super. 2002) (citations
omitted).
Mother argues that she should not be held to a standard of “optimal
parenting.” Mother’s Brief at 20. Mother contends that she has sufficiently
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addressed the issues that brought Child into foster care by “obtaining and
maintaining safe and appropriate housing and by improving her parenting
skills to meet the special needs of [Child].” Id. Mother acknowledges that
“foster mother may do a better job at meeting the needs of [Child,]” but
asserts that the record does not establish that Mother is unable to parent
Child, or that she poses any risk to Child. Id. at 21.
In its Findings of Fact, the Orphans’ Court concluded that CYF
established grounds to terminate Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Section
2511(a)(2) by clear and convincing evidence. Findings of Fact, 7/13/18, at
¶ 50. The court reasoned that although Mother worked hard to remedy the
conditions that led to Child’s removal, she remains unable to meet Child’s
needs. Id. The court further reasoned that Mother participated in services
for four years with little progress, and that additional services would not
remedy these circumstances within a reasonable time, if ever. Id.
The record supports the findings and conclusions of the Orphans’ Court
with regard to Section 2511(a)(2). The record indicates that Mother has been
compliant with her reunification goals in terms of participating in services and
cooperating with CYF. However, Mother has failed to make progress regarding
her parenting skills. CYF caseworker Patrick Riley (“Riley”) testified that
Mother tends to become frustrated with Child easily and resorted to using
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corporal punishment during a visit in March or April of 2018.4 N.T., 6/22/18,
at 71, 76-77. Riley further explained that Mother’s visits with Child lack
interaction and structure. Id. at 75-76. Reports from the visitation supervisor
indicate that Mother allows Child to play on an iPad “to keep her quiet the
whole visit.” Id. at 100.
The Orphans’ Court heard similar testimony from Susan Meyer
(“Meyer”), a mental health clinician for Holy Family Institute. Meyer testified
that she worked previously as an in-home counselor for Holy Family Institute,
and that she provided services for Mother and Child in that capacity on several
occasions, beginning in August 2014. Id. at 10. Meyer explained that
Mother’s parenting abilities improved and then declined “like a roller coaster.”
Id. at 23. She also reported that Mother struggles to address Child’s special
needs. Id. at 26-27. While Mother attended Child’s medical appointments,
“sometimes there were issues with understanding everything that was going
on … within, you know, her understanding of what was happening, I think she
tried the best she could to hear what was being said.” Id. Holy Family
4 Following this incident, Mother no longer received unsupervised visits with
Child. See N.T., 6/22/18, at 76. CYF suspended Mother’s visits completely
between the first and second days of the termination hearing due to an alleged
incident of domestic violence during which Father assaulted Mother. See N.T.,
7/12/18 and 7/13/18, at 19, 29-30. At the conclusion of the hearing, the
Orphans’ Court criticized CYF’s decision to suspend Mother’s visits, observing,
“I can even sort of understand that they might have wanted to temporarily
stop [F]ather’s visitation. But I don’t know why they stopped [M]other’s
visitation. She was a victim. I don’t feel that was an appropriate response.”
Id. at 121.
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Institute closed out services unsuccessfully for the final time in December
2017. Id. at 23-24.
Finally, the Orphans’ Court admitted into evidence several psychological
evaluation reports prepared by Neil Rosenblum, Ph.D. (“Dr. Rosenblum”).
See CYF Exhibit 3. Dr. Rosenblum prepared the reports after conducting
evaluations of Mother and Child interacting together, and of Mother
individually. See id. In his reports, Dr. Rosenblum observed that Mother
displayed poor parenting abilities, in that she “was extremely passive and
largely ineffective in her interactions” with Child. Id. (October 2017 report)
at 8. He reasoned that Mother’s abilities were “highly compromised and not
likely to improve over time.” Id. Further, he diagnosed Mother with a variety
of mental health problems, including an unspecified trauma and stressor
related disorder, an unspecified depressive disorder, a learning disorder, and
a personality disorder with borderline and dependent features. Id. (March
2018 report) at 6. Dr. Rosenblum concluded that these issues prevent Mother
from providing Child “with the quality of care that is needed in order to
manage her complex mental health, behavioral, and medical needs.” Id. (May
and June 2018 report) at 8.
Thus, the record confirms that Mother is incapable of caring for Child
and that she cannot or will not remedy her parental incapacity. Her ability to
parent Child remains inadequate despite years of services and opportunities
to improve. She struggles to interact with Child and becomes frustrated
easily. She also struggles to address Child’s special needs. While Mother
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achieves occasional improvements in her parenting abilities, she has proven
unable to maintain those improvements over time. Finally, she suffers from
significant mental health issues, which only serve to compound these
problems. Thus, we discern no abuse of discretion or error of law with respect
to Section 2511(a)(2).
Next, we consider whether the Orphans’ Court abused its discretion by
terminating Mother’s parental rights pursuant to Section 2511(b).
Section 2511(b) focuses on whether termination of parental rights
would best serve the developmental, physical, and emotional
needs and welfare of the child. As this Court has explained,
Section 2511(b) does not explicitly require a bonding analysis and
the term ‘bond’ is not defined in the Adoption Act. Case law,
however, provides that analysis of the emotional bond, if any,
between parent and child is a factor to be considered as part of
our analysis. While a parent’s emotional bond with his or her child
is a major aspect of the [S]ection 2511(b) best-interest analysis,
it is nonetheless only one of many factors to be considered by the
court when determining what is in the best interest of the child.
[I]n addition to a bond examination, the trial court can
equally emphasize the safety needs of the child, and
should also consider the intangibles, such as the love,
comfort, security, and stability the child might have
with the foster parent. Additionally, this Court stated
that the trial court should consider the importance of
continuity of relationships and whether any existing
parent-child bond can be severed without detrimental
effects on the child.
In re Adoption of C.D.R., 111 A.3d 1212, 1219 (Pa. Super. 2015) (quoting
In re N.A.M., 33 A.3d 95, 103 (Pa. Super. 2011) (quotation marks and
citations omitted)); see also In re T.S.M., 71 A.3d at 267 (stating that “the
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mere existence of a bond or attachment of a child to a parent will not
necessarily result in the denial of a termination petition.”).
Mother argues that she and Child share a “strong, valuable, and
necessary bond.” Mother’s Brief at 23. Relying on Dr. Rosenblum’s
psychological evaluation reports, Mother contends that Child needs continuing
contact with Mother. Id. at 22. Additionally, Mother asserts that Child’s legal
interests cannot be ascertained from the record, and that Child’s counsel did
not indicate whether Child wished to be adopted even if the adoptive family
would not support continued contact with Mother.5 Id. at 23-24.
Here, the Orphans’ Court concluded that terminating Mother’s parental
rights would best serve Child’s needs and welfare. Findings of Fact, 7/13/18,
at ¶ 67. The court found that Child has a relationship with Mother, but that
this relationship should not deny Child the permanence that she deserves
through adoption. Id. at ¶¶ 66-67. The court emphasized that Child is
thriving in her foster home and that her pre-adoptive foster mother is
providing her with excellent care. Id. at ¶¶ 65, 67.
We conclude that the record supports the Orphans’ Court’s findings
regarding Section 2511(b). During the termination hearing, it was undisputed
that Child and Mother share a bond. Riley acknowledged the existence of this
5 Mother did not specifically challenge the representation of Child’s legal
interests in her Concise Statement or her Statement of Questions Involved.
See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)(4)(vii); Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a). Mother also failed to
include any citation to relevant case law regarding this assertion. See
Pa.R.A.P. 2119(a). Nevertheless, we decline to deem Mother’s issue waived.
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bond, but explained that CYF was seeking termination of Mother’s parental
rights anyway, due to “the longevity of this case, all the services put in and
not much progress.” N.T., 6/22/18, at 85-87. Riley opined that Child is
thriving in her current foster home and that termination would not be
detrimental to her. Id. at 85. He did state that Child should have visits with
Mother in the future, however, and that never seeing Mother again would not
“necessarily be good.” Id. at 86.
Similarly, Dr. Rosenblum explained that Child enjoys a strong bond with
Mother. CYF Exhibit 3 (May and June 2018 report) at 8. He recommended
that the Orphans’ Court act to preserve this bond by placing Child in subsidized
permanent legal custody or by requiring Child’s pre-adoptive foster mother to
enter into a post-adoption contact agreement prior to terminating Mother’s
parental rights. Id. Nonetheless, Dr. Rosenblum also observed that Child is
thriving in the care of her pre-adoptive foster mother, who is “exceptionally
attentive” to Child’s needs. Id. Dr. Rosenblum concluded that the most
appropriate long-term goal for Child “will be one which allows her to remain
in her current foster home placement on a permanent basis.” Id.
While Dr. Rosenblum found that Child shares a bond with Mother, it was
within the purview of the Orphans’ Court to conclude that this bond is not
sufficient to preserve Mother’s parental rights. The record supports the finding
that Mother is not capable of parenting Child and likely never will be capable.
Accordingly, preserving Mother’s parental rights would serve only to deny
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Child the benefits of a permanent and stable home. See In re T.D., 949 A.2d
910, 920-23 (Pa. Super. 2008) (affirming termination where “obvious
emotional ties exist between [the child] and [p]arents, but [p]arents are either
unwilling or unable to satisfy the irreducible minimum requirements of
parenthood,” and where preserving parental rights would prevent [the child]
from being adopted and enjoying permanency); see also In re T.S.M., 71
A.3d at 267.6
Further, we reject Mother’s claim that the Orphans’ Court heard
insufficient evidence concerning Child’s legal interests. The Adoption Act
requires that children receive counsel in all contested involuntarily termination
proceedings.
(a) Child.--The court shall appoint counsel to represent the child
in an involuntary termination proceeding when the proceeding is
being contested by one or both of the parents. The court may
appoint counsel or a guardian ad litem to represent any child who
has not reached the age of 18 years and is subject to any other
proceeding under this part whenever it is in the best interests of
the child. No attorney or law firm shall represent both the child
and the adopting parent or parents.
6 We note that it would not have been permissible for the Orphans’ Court to
condition termination of Mother’s parental rights on the existence of a post-
adoption contact agreement. See In re K.H.B., 107 A.3d 175, 184 (Pa.
Super. 2014) (holding that the court erred “when it placed the burden of
termination of [m]other and [f]ather's parental rights on [p]aternal [a]unt’s
willingness to enter into a voluntary agreement for continuing contact
following adoption, and when it conflated the analysis of termination of
parental rights with adoption.”).
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23 Pa.C.S.A. § 2313(a). In a plurality decision, our Supreme Court held that
under Section 2313(a), courts must appoint counsel to represent the legal
interests of a child in a contested involuntary termination proceeding. In re
L.B.M., 161 A.3d 172, 179-80 (Pa. 2017); see also id. at 174 (noting that a
child’s best interests are distinct from his or her legal interests). Three
members of the Court held that a child’s legal interests cannot be represented
by his GAL and requires separate counsel. Id. at 180-82. However, the
majority of the Court concluded that counsel may serve both as the GAL,
representing the child’s best interests, and as child’s counsel, representing the
child’s legal interests, as long as there is no conflict between the child’s legal
and best interests. Id. at 183-93; see also In re T.S., 192 A.3d 1080, 1088
(Pa. 2018), petition for cert. filed, (U.S. Dec. 11, 2018) (stating that “four
Justices in L.B.M. agreed that, where a child’s legal and best interests do not
diverge in a termination proceeding, an attorney-GAL representing the child’s
best interests can also fulfill the role of the attorney appointed per Section
2313(a) to represent the child’s legal interests.”).
Mother does not contend that Child’s legal interests conflict with her best
interests. Further, we conclude that Attorney Robertson’s representation of
Child complied with the requirements of L.B.M. and its progeny. Attorney
Robertson served as Child’s legal counsel during the termination hearing, and
he continues to represent her on appeal. Prior to the termination hearing,
Attorney Robertson met with Child and attempted to discern her legal
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interests. During the hearing, Attorney Robertson argued in support of
terminating Mother’s parental rights. He explained, “I did speak with [Child].
And despite some communication problem[s] and intellectual disabilities, she
was able to state clearly that she wants to stay in the home that she is
currently residing in.” N.T., 7/12-13/18, at 88; see also Child’s Brief at 10
(wherein Attorney Robertson indicated that he conducted an interview with
Child, but that counsel was “hampered by communications and
comprehension issues.”). The record confirms that Child displays cognitive
limitations and communication difficulties, which limited Attorney Robertson’s
ability to discern her legal interests with greater specificity. See CYF Exhibit
3 (May and June 2018 report) at 3-4. Thus, as Attorney Robertson discerned
Child’s legal interests to the extent they were ascertainable, Mother is not
entitled to relief.
Based upon the foregoing, we conclude that the Orphans’ Court did not
abuse its discretion or commit an error of law by involuntarily terminating
Mother’s parental rights to Child. We therefore affirm the court’s July 13,
2018 Order.
Order affirmed.
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Judgment Entered.
Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.
Prothonotary
Date: 2/12/2019
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